Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2145721
M. Healey, R. Warman, C. Mohammed, S. Lawson
ABSTRACT There are over 7 million ha of eucalypt and acacia plantations in Southeast Asia (SE Asia), comprising both corporate and smallholder plantings. These plantations contribute significantly to national and regional economies and provide diverse ecosystem services. Increased trade, the global movement of people, and a changing climate increase the threat of invasive plantation pests in SE Asia. Here, we review the history of forest biosecurity research in SE Asia to determine what is needed now for the implementation of sustainable biosecurity management systems. Historically, substantial Australian aid funding has been directed at the development of eucalypt and acacia plantations in the region. Attention has been increasing on forest health and biosecurity research since the 1990s, driven by development of the timber plantation estate and the emergence of diseases such as Ceratocystis and insect pests such as Leptocybe invasa. The research agenda has focused on key insect pest and disease taxa and on understanding their biology, topical treatments, breeding responses and land-use planning approaches as means for control and management. We find there is a need for more systemic approaches, including surveillance and pre-emptive strategies, to strengthen timber plantation biosecurity. Greater consideration of socioeconomic and sociocultural contexts will be required to address these challenges. Developing new biosecurity capacity to better detect, and coordinate responses to, forest pest incursions can minimise the potential impacts of invasive pests.
{"title":"Acacia and eucalypt plantation biosecurity in Southeast Asia – a history, and directions for future research and engagement","authors":"M. Healey, R. Warman, C. Mohammed, S. Lawson","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2145721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2145721","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There are over 7 million ha of eucalypt and acacia plantations in Southeast Asia (SE Asia), comprising both corporate and smallholder plantings. These plantations contribute significantly to national and regional economies and provide diverse ecosystem services. Increased trade, the global movement of people, and a changing climate increase the threat of invasive plantation pests in SE Asia. Here, we review the history of forest biosecurity research in SE Asia to determine what is needed now for the implementation of sustainable biosecurity management systems. Historically, substantial Australian aid funding has been directed at the development of eucalypt and acacia plantations in the region. Attention has been increasing on forest health and biosecurity research since the 1990s, driven by development of the timber plantation estate and the emergence of diseases such as Ceratocystis and insect pests such as Leptocybe invasa. The research agenda has focused on key insect pest and disease taxa and on understanding their biology, topical treatments, breeding responses and land-use planning approaches as means for control and management. We find there is a need for more systemic approaches, including surveillance and pre-emptive strategies, to strengthen timber plantation biosecurity. Greater consideration of socioeconomic and sociocultural contexts will be required to address these challenges. Developing new biosecurity capacity to better detect, and coordinate responses to, forest pest incursions can minimise the potential impacts of invasive pests.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"85 1","pages":"146 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49182592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2145723
M. Horwood, H. Nahrung, C. Fitzgerald, A. Carnegie
ABSTRACT ‘Timber-in-service’ consists of tree components prepared for use in building and carpentry and other wooden infrastructure such as bridges, pylons and power poles. About 70% of timber used in Australia goes into building and construction and 15–20% goes into furniture, and 50 000 electricity poles are produced annually. Timber-in-service pests are a threat to such material throughout its service life. In this review, we identify native and non-native insects associated with timber-in-service in Australia and their impacts and current management. Border and post-biosecurity interception data of insects associated with wood and wood products are analysed to assess future risks, and key biosecurity threats (i.e. exotic timber-in-service pests) are identified. We review current biosecurity systems and processes related to the mitigation of potential threats to timber-in-service and provide examples of how detections of exotic timber-in-service pests are managed in Australia. We conclude with recommendations on how to improve biosecurity and management of timber-in-service pests.
{"title":"Insect pests of timber-in-service: an Australian review","authors":"M. Horwood, H. Nahrung, C. Fitzgerald, A. Carnegie","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2145723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2145723","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT ‘Timber-in-service’ consists of tree components prepared for use in building and carpentry and other wooden infrastructure such as bridges, pylons and power poles. About 70% of timber used in Australia goes into building and construction and 15–20% goes into furniture, and 50 000 electricity poles are produced annually. Timber-in-service pests are a threat to such material throughout its service life. In this review, we identify native and non-native insects associated with timber-in-service in Australia and their impacts and current management. Border and post-biosecurity interception data of insects associated with wood and wood products are analysed to assess future risks, and key biosecurity threats (i.e. exotic timber-in-service pests) are identified. We review current biosecurity systems and processes related to the mitigation of potential threats to timber-in-service and provide examples of how detections of exotic timber-in-service pests are managed in Australia. We conclude with recommendations on how to improve biosecurity and management of timber-in-service pests.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"85 1","pages":"199 - 210"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43970211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2145044
A. J. Carnegie, A. Kathuria
ABSTRACT Dothistroma needle blight (DNB, Dothistroma septosporum) is a significant disease in Pinus radiata plantations on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales and in the Murray Valley region of Victoria/New South Wales, Australia. Aerial application of copper oxychloride has been used to control DNB in these regions since soon after it was established. Research in New Zealand, however, has identified cuprous oxide as a more efficient and cheaper fungicide for controlling DNB. In this study, we test the efficacy of a single (applied in late October–early November) and double (October and February) application of cuprous oxide for controlling severe ( 50%) DNB in P. radiata plantations on the Northern Tablelands. We established replicated blocks 5–10 ha in size to ensure the results were operationally valid. Disease severity and defoliation were assessed on individual trees pre- and post-treatment, and aerial surveys were conducted to gauge the effect of treatments on the subsequent operational fungicide spray program. Cuprous oxide application significantly (P 0.01) reduced disease severity compared with no application, with a second application reducing severity even further. Ten months post-treatment, tree-level disease severity was 39% in unsprayed plots, 31% in single-sprayed plots and 8.5% in double-sprayed plots. The double application effectively reduced disease to negligible levels, while the single application provided adequate control for up to three months. At an operational level, even the single fungicide application reduced disease severity at the block scale when mapped during aerial surveys. Based on aerial assessments that trigger control action, all unsprayed plots required fungicide application in the season after the study (2013), while only two of seven single-sprayed blocks and none of the double-sprayed blocks required additional control. Extrapolating from this, a single fungicide application meant that 70% of the area did not require a fungicide application in the subsequent year. Based on these results and evidence from New Zealand, we recommend that cuprous oxide replace copper oxychloride for DNB control in Australia and that a double application is used in areas with severe ( 50%) levels of the disease.
{"title":"Efficacy of cuprous oxide for control of dothistroma needle blight in Pinus radiata plantations in Australia","authors":"A. J. Carnegie, A. Kathuria","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2145044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2145044","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dothistroma needle blight (DNB, Dothistroma septosporum) is a significant disease in Pinus radiata plantations on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales and in the Murray Valley region of Victoria/New South Wales, Australia. Aerial application of copper oxychloride has been used to control DNB in these regions since soon after it was established. Research in New Zealand, however, has identified cuprous oxide as a more efficient and cheaper fungicide for controlling DNB. In this study, we test the efficacy of a single (applied in late October–early November) and double (October and February) application of cuprous oxide for controlling severe ( 50%) DNB in P. radiata plantations on the Northern Tablelands. We established replicated blocks 5–10 ha in size to ensure the results were operationally valid. Disease severity and defoliation were assessed on individual trees pre- and post-treatment, and aerial surveys were conducted to gauge the effect of treatments on the subsequent operational fungicide spray program. Cuprous oxide application significantly (P 0.01) reduced disease severity compared with no application, with a second application reducing severity even further. Ten months post-treatment, tree-level disease severity was 39% in unsprayed plots, 31% in single-sprayed plots and 8.5% in double-sprayed plots. The double application effectively reduced disease to negligible levels, while the single application provided adequate control for up to three months. At an operational level, even the single fungicide application reduced disease severity at the block scale when mapped during aerial surveys. Based on aerial assessments that trigger control action, all unsprayed plots required fungicide application in the season after the study (2013), while only two of seven single-sprayed blocks and none of the double-sprayed blocks required additional control. Extrapolating from this, a single fungicide application meant that 70% of the area did not require a fungicide application in the subsequent year. Based on these results and evidence from New Zealand, we recommend that cuprous oxide replace copper oxychloride for DNB control in Australia and that a double application is used in areas with severe ( 50%) levels of the disease.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"85 1","pages":"178 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46405348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2156361
W. Haigh, B. Hassan, R. Hayes
ABSTRACT West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, is an invasive pest of particular importance due to its global distribution, cryptic lifecycle, potential to spread and economic impact. The species has been under a Queensland Government-funded prevention and control program since its detection in the 1960s, but this program ceased in 2021. It is now increasingly important to develop alternative methods for managing this pest and slowing its spread. This review synthesises information on C. brevis, its commercial impact, and the unique factors contributing to its global spread. We highlight areas where information on the species is lacking and identify corresponding research needed to fill these gaps. Results from these future research efforts may help improve the management of this termite in terms of improved detection and spot-control of colonies and creating a better understanding of at-risk timber species.
{"title":"West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, in Australia: current understanding, ongoing issues, and future needs","authors":"W. Haigh, B. Hassan, R. Hayes","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2156361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2156361","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, is an invasive pest of particular importance due to its global distribution, cryptic lifecycle, potential to spread and economic impact. The species has been under a Queensland Government-funded prevention and control program since its detection in the 1960s, but this program ceased in 2021. It is now increasingly important to develop alternative methods for managing this pest and slowing its spread. This review synthesises information on C. brevis, its commercial impact, and the unique factors contributing to its global spread. We highlight areas where information on the species is lacking and identify corresponding research needed to fill these gaps. Results from these future research efforts may help improve the management of this termite in terms of improved detection and spot-control of colonies and creating a better understanding of at-risk timber species.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"85 1","pages":"211 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49004818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2137958
S. Benedikter, T. Q. Truong, G. Kapp, M. L. Vasquez Coda
ABSTRACT Bamboo is a vital non-timber forest product (NTFP) and income source for rural communities in the Global South, including in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Due to the manifold goods and services it provides to society, bamboo has recently drawn considerable attention in the forest-development discourse. The potential that bamboo offers as a substitute for timber in the industrialised production of pulp, paper, charcoal and flooring is spurring bamboo commercialisation in light of nascent bamboo-processing industries. This is most apparent in Asia, where Viet Nam has some of the largest forest bamboo resources and ambitious government plans aim to boost sector development in the future. As is observable worldwide, the bulk of bamboo in Viet Nam grows naturally, often as a weakly regulated common-pool resource. Hence, as for many other wild-gathered NTFPs, the commercialisation of the harvesting, trading and processing of forest bamboo raises questions about balancing use and conservation to achieve long-term sustainability. Empirical studies that provide an integrative perspective on wild-gathered bamboo commercialisation are rare. To close the knowledge gap, this exploratory study investigates the social, economic and ecological dimensions of the commercialisation of lung bamboo (Bambusa longissima sp. nov.), a native bamboo species endemic to north-central Viet Nam. We combined quantitative and qualitative social science research methods with a forest inventory of selected lung bamboo exploitation sites in the Que Phong district (a mountainous region of Nghe An province), where lung bamboo use constitutes a vital element of local livelihoods. Our results highlight the need to consider the complex interplay of local livelihoods, harvesting regimes, institutional arrangements and value-chain configurations to understand the ecological outcomes of wild-gathered bamboo commercialisation. We call for the adoption of an integrative perspective when designing practical project interventions, sector plans and policies for forest bamboo commercialisation. Promoting alternative livelihood options, robust and clear institutional arrangements to regulate access and tenure, capacity building in management and harvesting and, not least, supportive commodity-chain governance are critical elements on the pathway to greater sustainability in wild-gathered bamboo commercialisation.
{"title":"Towards an integrative perspective on commercialised wild-gathered bamboo use: insights into the extraction of lung bamboo in the Vietnamese uplands","authors":"S. Benedikter, T. Q. Truong, G. Kapp, M. L. Vasquez Coda","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2137958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2137958","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Bamboo is a vital non-timber forest product (NTFP) and income source for rural communities in the Global South, including in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Due to the manifold goods and services it provides to society, bamboo has recently drawn considerable attention in the forest-development discourse. The potential that bamboo offers as a substitute for timber in the industrialised production of pulp, paper, charcoal and flooring is spurring bamboo commercialisation in light of nascent bamboo-processing industries. This is most apparent in Asia, where Viet Nam has some of the largest forest bamboo resources and ambitious government plans aim to boost sector development in the future. As is observable worldwide, the bulk of bamboo in Viet Nam grows naturally, often as a weakly regulated common-pool resource. Hence, as for many other wild-gathered NTFPs, the commercialisation of the harvesting, trading and processing of forest bamboo raises questions about balancing use and conservation to achieve long-term sustainability. Empirical studies that provide an integrative perspective on wild-gathered bamboo commercialisation are rare. To close the knowledge gap, this exploratory study investigates the social, economic and ecological dimensions of the commercialisation of lung bamboo (Bambusa longissima sp. nov.), a native bamboo species endemic to north-central Viet Nam. We combined quantitative and qualitative social science research methods with a forest inventory of selected lung bamboo exploitation sites in the Que Phong district (a mountainous region of Nghe An province), where lung bamboo use constitutes a vital element of local livelihoods. Our results highlight the need to consider the complex interplay of local livelihoods, harvesting regimes, institutional arrangements and value-chain configurations to understand the ecological outcomes of wild-gathered bamboo commercialisation. We call for the adoption of an integrative perspective when designing practical project interventions, sector plans and policies for forest bamboo commercialisation. Promoting alternative livelihood options, robust and clear institutional arrangements to regulate access and tenure, capacity building in management and harvesting and, not least, supportive commodity-chain governance are critical elements on the pathway to greater sustainability in wild-gathered bamboo commercialisation.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"85 1","pages":"116 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49495836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2137956
J. Vanclay
ABSTRACT A ground-based survey of 400 Eucalyptus tereticornis trees examined the incidence of visible hollows suitable for hollow-dependent fauna. As well as the expected relationship with stem diameter, data analysis revealed a relationship between the incidence of hollows (with entrance diameter ≥10 cm) and spacing between neighbouring trees. When the distance between trees is equivalent to 0.3 times total tree height, a tree is more likely to suffer branch breakage and subsequent hollow formation. This influence of spacing, likely due to branches clashing during storms, appears to contribute a twofold difference in the incidence of hollows. This offers opportunities for the management of regrowth forests and restoration plantings, especially where one of the objectives is to encourage the formation of hollows.
{"title":"Hollow occurrence and tree spacing in Eucalyptus tereticornis","authors":"J. Vanclay","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2137956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2137956","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A ground-based survey of 400 Eucalyptus tereticornis trees examined the incidence of visible hollows suitable for hollow-dependent fauna. As well as the expected relationship with stem diameter, data analysis revealed a relationship between the incidence of hollows (with entrance diameter ≥10 cm) and spacing between neighbouring trees. When the distance between trees is equivalent to 0.3 times total tree height, a tree is more likely to suffer branch breakage and subsequent hollow formation. This influence of spacing, likely due to branches clashing during storms, appears to contribute a twofold difference in the incidence of hollows. This offers opportunities for the management of regrowth forests and restoration plantings, especially where one of the objectives is to encourage the formation of hollows.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"85 1","pages":"105 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46645372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2107756
W. Montes, L. D. Tuffi Santos, R. E. Barros, G. A. de Paiva Ferreira, L. M. Silva Donato, M. M. Reis, L. S. D. de Oliveira
ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to assess the efficiency of applying glyphosate and imazapyr to Eucalyptus cut-stump surfaces after harvesting to control sprouting. Two experiments were conducted in Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla plantations arranged in a randomised block design with five treatments and five replicates. In experiment 1, 0, 0.84, 1.67, 2.50 and 3.34 kg of acid equivalent (a.e.) ha−1 of glyphosate was applied. Experiment 2 involved the application of 0, 0.028, 0.083, 0.140 and 0.195 kg a.e. ha−1 of imazapyr. The application was carried out between 42 and 48 hours after harvesting in replicates of 36 stumps. Increased glyphosate doses increased coppice control to more than 90%. Coppice was present on approximately 30% of the stumps treated with the highest glyphosate dose. However, these shoots showed low vigour 225 days after application, with mean values of about 0.30 m in height and 0.5 shoots per stump. In the control treatment, coppice reached 3.0 m in height and 8.0 kg green mass weight, and coppice was present on 97% of the stumps. The highest imazapyr doses increased shoot control to 80%. Post-harvesting application to cut stumps reduced coppice development. However, only the glyphosate doses of 2.50 and 3.34 kg a.e. ha−1 presented satisfactory coppice control levels without follow-up operations.
摘要本研究的目的是评估在桉树采伐后的树桩表面施用草甘膦和伊沙吡以控制发芽的效率。在巨桉×尾叶桉人工林中进行了两个试验，采用随机区组设计，共有五个处理和五个重复。在实验1中，施用了0、0.84、1.67、2.50和3.34 kg酸当量（a.e.）ha−1的草甘膦。实验2涉及施用0、0.028、0.083、0.140和0.195 kg a.e.ha−1的伊玛扎吡。在收获后42至48小时之间，对36个树桩进行重复施用。草甘膦剂量的增加使矮林控制增加到90%以上。用最高草甘膦剂量处理的树桩中，约有30%存在铜。然而，这些枝条在施用225天后表现出低活力，平均高度约为0.30米，每个树桩有0.5个枝条。在对照处理中，矮林高度达到3.0米，绿色质量达到8.0公斤，97%的树桩上都有矮林。最高剂量的imazapyr将射毒控制提高到80%。采伐后应用于切割树桩减少了矮林的发育。然而，只有2.50和3.34 kg a.e.ha−1的草甘膦剂量在没有后续操作的情况下呈现出令人满意的矮林控制水平。
{"title":"Post-harvesting glyphosate and imazapyr application on Eucalyptus stumps to control coppice","authors":"W. Montes, L. D. Tuffi Santos, R. E. Barros, G. A. de Paiva Ferreira, L. M. Silva Donato, M. M. Reis, L. S. D. de Oliveira","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2107756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2107756","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to assess the efficiency of applying glyphosate and imazapyr to Eucalyptus cut-stump surfaces after harvesting to control sprouting. Two experiments were conducted in Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla plantations arranged in a randomised block design with five treatments and five replicates. In experiment 1, 0, 0.84, 1.67, 2.50 and 3.34 kg of acid equivalent (a.e.) ha−1 of glyphosate was applied. Experiment 2 involved the application of 0, 0.028, 0.083, 0.140 and 0.195 kg a.e. ha−1 of imazapyr. The application was carried out between 42 and 48 hours after harvesting in replicates of 36 stumps. Increased glyphosate doses increased coppice control to more than 90%. Coppice was present on approximately 30% of the stumps treated with the highest glyphosate dose. However, these shoots showed low vigour 225 days after application, with mean values of about 0.30 m in height and 0.5 shoots per stump. In the control treatment, coppice reached 3.0 m in height and 8.0 kg green mass weight, and coppice was present on 97% of the stumps. The highest imazapyr doses increased shoot control to 80%. Post-harvesting application to cut stumps reduced coppice development. However, only the glyphosate doses of 2.50 and 3.34 kg a.e. ha−1 presented satisfactory coppice control levels without follow-up operations.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"85 1","pages":"97 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42921501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2137959
R. Munis, D. Camargo, J. C. Martins, D. Simões
ABSTRACT The decision to harvest planted forests transcends the adopted silvicultural schedule, given that external market factors such as fluctuations in demand for timber products intensify managerial responses regarding the supply of raw materials. Therefore, forest managers need prior planning to correctly model market uncertainties and risks and thus remain nimble in decision-making. We identify the best probability distribution for modelling the price of Eucalyptus wood to assist managerial decision-making when advanced- or postponed-harvesting options are available for planted forests. Our study was based on a planted forest of Eucalyptus in an area of 11 677 ha belonging to a forest-based company in the Midwest region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We tested harvesting in the sixth, seventh and eighth year under the single-rotation silvicultural management system of forest reform. Our decisions are based on econometric tests and incorporate flexibility through the Real Options Approach with the Monte Carlo simulation method. The modelling of the recommended wood price was performed using fractional Brownian motion, which resulted in an expanded present value of USD 40 747 966 – that is, an increase of 161% over the static present value, with a 62.7% probability of the harvest occurring in the seventh year. Thus, we conclude that the incorporation of managerial flexibility in decisions on the timing of planted-forest harvesting adds value to forest investment projects considered economically unfeasible by traditional methodologies.
{"title":"Incorporating management flexibility: a Real Options Approach to harvesting Eucalyptus plantations","authors":"R. Munis, D. Camargo, J. C. Martins, D. Simões","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2137959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2137959","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The decision to harvest planted forests transcends the adopted silvicultural schedule, given that external market factors such as fluctuations in demand for timber products intensify managerial responses regarding the supply of raw materials. Therefore, forest managers need prior planning to correctly model market uncertainties and risks and thus remain nimble in decision-making. We identify the best probability distribution for modelling the price of Eucalyptus wood to assist managerial decision-making when advanced- or postponed-harvesting options are available for planted forests. Our study was based on a planted forest of Eucalyptus in an area of 11 677 ha belonging to a forest-based company in the Midwest region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We tested harvesting in the sixth, seventh and eighth year under the single-rotation silvicultural management system of forest reform. Our decisions are based on econometric tests and incorporate flexibility through the Real Options Approach with the Monte Carlo simulation method. The modelling of the recommended wood price was performed using fractional Brownian motion, which resulted in an expanded present value of USD 40 747 966 – that is, an increase of 161% over the static present value, with a 62.7% probability of the harvest occurring in the seventh year. Thus, we conclude that the incorporation of managerial flexibility in decisions on the timing of planted-forest harvesting adds value to forest investment projects considered economically unfeasible by traditional methodologies.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"85 1","pages":"133 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45062687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2096277
P. Mcintosh, A. Slee, R. Thomson
ABSTRACT Although studies in mainland states of Australia and overseas show that the conversion of native forests to plantations can reduce carbon (C) stocks in soils, no studies have been undertaken in Tasmania to assess how plantations affect soil C stocks. To address this knowledge gap, we compared soil C concentrations and C stocks to 30 cm depth in native ‘mixed’ eucalypt forests and adjacent Eucalyptus nitens plantations on Ferrosols in north-west Tasmania, using a factorial sampling strategy. Mean soil C and nitrogen (N) concentrations were significantly lower in plantations than in mixed forests; however, because the soils in plantations had higher bulk density, mean soil C stocks under the two treatments (114 Mg ha−1 and 116 Mg ha−1, respectively) were not significantly different. It is concluded that machine removal of 5–6 cm of topsoil into windrows during land clearing for plantations would be sufficient to explain why C concentrations were lower in plantations than in mixed forests and that, apart from this physical effect of land preparation, 17–21 years of plantation growth on Ferrosols in north-west Tasmania has not significantly affected soil C stocks in mineral soil. This result can be partly explained by the ability of Ferrosols to form stable complexes between organic matter, sesquioxides and clays.
{"title":"Do eucalypt plantations on Ferrosols in north-west Tasmania contain more or less soil carbon than native forests on the same soil type?","authors":"P. Mcintosh, A. Slee, R. Thomson","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2096277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2096277","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although studies in mainland states of Australia and overseas show that the conversion of native forests to plantations can reduce carbon (C) stocks in soils, no studies have been undertaken in Tasmania to assess how plantations affect soil C stocks. To address this knowledge gap, we compared soil C concentrations and C stocks to 30 cm depth in native ‘mixed’ eucalypt forests and adjacent Eucalyptus nitens plantations on Ferrosols in north-west Tasmania, using a factorial sampling strategy. Mean soil C and nitrogen (N) concentrations were significantly lower in plantations than in mixed forests; however, because the soils in plantations had higher bulk density, mean soil C stocks under the two treatments (114 Mg ha−1 and 116 Mg ha−1, respectively) were not significantly different. It is concluded that machine removal of 5–6 cm of topsoil into windrows during land clearing for plantations would be sufficient to explain why C concentrations were lower in plantations than in mixed forests and that, apart from this physical effect of land preparation, 17–21 years of plantation growth on Ferrosols in north-west Tasmania has not significantly affected soil C stocks in mineral soil. This result can be partly explained by the ability of Ferrosols to form stable complexes between organic matter, sesquioxides and clays.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"85 1","pages":"81 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44439087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2022.2099121
D. Camargo, R. Munis, Q. S. Rocha, D. Simões
ABSTRACT Exposure to noise in the working environment of forest machine operators harvesting wood in planted forests can compromise their health, safety and quality of life. The objective of the study reported here was to assess whether full-time occupational noise exposure among forest machine operators employed in the harvesting of Pinus taeda in southern Brazil aligns with the standards of Brazil’s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Data were collected from four operators of self-propelled forestry machines that performed mechanised wood harvesting operations, including felling, extraction and processing of trees in planted P. taeda forests. The noise levels were collected during an eight-hour workday using the strategic measurement criterion for the whole day in the guidelines of Acoustics – Determination of occupational noise exposure. Noise levels were analysed according to the criteria established by NIOSH. The percentage of the risk of hearing loss was estimated according to the Portuguese Standard. In felling and processing operations, results show that the average daily exposure levels to occupational noise exceeded the action level of 80 dB(A). During timber extraction, the operators were exposed to noise levels above the exposure limit of 85 dB(A). However, given that the study’s statistics were directed to a comparative analysis, it was not possible to establish a hypothesis of inference on the observed variables.
{"title":"Evaluation of occupational noise exposure among forest machine operators: a study on the harvest of Pinus taeda trees","authors":"D. Camargo, R. Munis, Q. S. Rocha, D. Simões","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2099121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2099121","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Exposure to noise in the working environment of forest machine operators harvesting wood in planted forests can compromise their health, safety and quality of life. The objective of the study reported here was to assess whether full-time occupational noise exposure among forest machine operators employed in the harvesting of Pinus taeda in southern Brazil aligns with the standards of Brazil’s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Data were collected from four operators of self-propelled forestry machines that performed mechanised wood harvesting operations, including felling, extraction and processing of trees in planted P. taeda forests. The noise levels were collected during an eight-hour workday using the strategic measurement criterion for the whole day in the guidelines of Acoustics – Determination of occupational noise exposure. Noise levels were analysed according to the criteria established by NIOSH. The percentage of the risk of hearing loss was estimated according to the Portuguese Standard. In felling and processing operations, results show that the average daily exposure levels to occupational noise exceeded the action level of 80 dB(A). During timber extraction, the operators were exposed to noise levels above the exposure limit of 85 dB(A). However, given that the study’s statistics were directed to a comparative analysis, it was not possible to establish a hypothesis of inference on the observed variables.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"85 1","pages":"89 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48110639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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