Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1715016
P. West, R. G. Smith
ABSTRACT Branch development in trees 1.6–5.7 years after planting was studied in a plantation experiment involving Eucalyptus pilularis in subtropical eastern Australia. The experiment compared stocking densities at planting in the range of 816–1667 stems ha−1 and rectangularities of tree spacing in the range of 1–6. Branch diameters at their bases were measured on the lowest 5 m of the stems of trees judged likely to yield sawn timber of high quality at final harvest. Neither stocking density nor rectangularity had substantial effects on branch numbers or diameters. Particular interest was paid to the presence of branches with diameters in excess of 2.5 cm that might produce knots large enough to degrade the quality of sawn timber. Such branches developed on lower stems between 2–4 years of age. An average of nearly five such branches was found on more widely spaced trees, reducing to 2–3 on more closely spaced trees. The results confirmed other work suggesting that pruning of high-quality eucalypt plantations should start near 2–3 years of age to both limit the development of large branches and restrict the size of knotty cores in logs. There was no evidence that changing the rectangularity of spacing to 3 or a little more, from the more normal practice of close to square, would affect such pruning regimes: increasing the distance between rows can reduce establishment and harvest costs and allow easier access for silvicultural operations.
{"title":"Effects of tree spacing on branch-size development during early growth of an experimental plantation of Eucalyptus pilularis in subtropical Australia","authors":"P. West, R. G. Smith","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1715016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1715016","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Branch development in trees 1.6–5.7 years after planting was studied in a plantation experiment involving Eucalyptus pilularis in subtropical eastern Australia. The experiment compared stocking densities at planting in the range of 816–1667 stems ha−1 and rectangularities of tree spacing in the range of 1–6. Branch diameters at their bases were measured on the lowest 5 m of the stems of trees judged likely to yield sawn timber of high quality at final harvest. Neither stocking density nor rectangularity had substantial effects on branch numbers or diameters. Particular interest was paid to the presence of branches with diameters in excess of 2.5 cm that might produce knots large enough to degrade the quality of sawn timber. Such branches developed on lower stems between 2–4 years of age. An average of nearly five such branches was found on more widely spaced trees, reducing to 2–3 on more closely spaced trees. The results confirmed other work suggesting that pruning of high-quality eucalypt plantations should start near 2–3 years of age to both limit the development of large branches and restrict the size of knotty cores in logs. There was no evidence that changing the rectangularity of spacing to 3 or a little more, from the more normal practice of close to square, would affect such pruning regimes: increasing the distance between rows can reduce establishment and harvest costs and allow easier access for silvicultural operations.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"83 1","pages":"39 - 45"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1715016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49340519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1728470
P. Smith
Sandalwood is an important international commodity recognised for its aromatic oil, which is a key ingredient in many fragrances and cosmetics. Western Australian (WA) sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) is identified as a cheaper, lowerquality alternative to the superior Indian sandalwood (Santalum album). Natural stocks of both S. album and S. spicatum have declined due to historical mismanagement. Subsequently, WA sandalwood has been established in plantations in Western Australia to attempt to meet the demands of the sandalwood industry. Plantation WA sandalwood is promoted as agroforestry, promising economic and environmental benefits. While these benefits are attractive, WA sandalwood has an estimated 25-year rotation. This research aimed to determine the effect of physical and chemical treatments on oil production and heartwood formation in WA sandalwood, aiming to increase oil production, thus reducing the time between establishment and harvesting. The study was conducted over three plantations in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia: ‘Sandawindy’, ‘Kylie Reserve’ and ‘Brookton’. At each site, four treatments were applied: a dowel soaked with the plant hormone methyl salicylate (MeSA) and inserted into the tree (Treated Dowel), a dowel with noMeSA inserted into the tree (BlankDowel), a drill hole left empty (Empty Drill), and a section of bark removed from the tree (Bark Removed). A group of treeswas left as a control comparison. The Blank Dowel and Empty Drill treatments were established to determine if any significant increases of sandalwood oil in the Treated Dowel treatment were a result of the MeSA, the dowel or drilling into the tree. The Bark Removed treatment was used to mimic drysidedness, a naturally occurring condition common in the rangelands of Western Australia as a result of sun scald. Sandalwood trees were measured and treated in November 2016. Three hundred trees were treated at each plantation, allowing for 60 trees of each treatment at each plantation. Twenty trees for every treatment and control group at each plantation were harvested in November 2017, and all trees were remeasured. Of the approximately 300 trees harvested, 150 were cored using a 12 mm auger drill. These core samples were analysed for oil yield and composition. Total oil was measured and analysed, as well as oil constituents αsantalol, β-santalol, farnesol, nuciferol and β-bisabalol oil compositions (percentage) and yields (%w/w). All harvested trees were cut into eight 25 mm discs, and the percentage of heartwood area at each height was measured. All data were statistically analysed using a univariate general linear model. No treatment consistently increased total oil, or oil component yields, qualities or heartwood area percentages. The presence of MeSA did not have a significant effect on oil production; rather, the physical wounding of the tree had the overall greatest effect. Kylie Reserve showed low oil yield and low heartwood area percentages co
{"title":"Stimulation of Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) oil production using multiple treatments","authors":"P. Smith","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1728470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1728470","url":null,"abstract":"Sandalwood is an important international commodity recognised for its aromatic oil, which is a key ingredient in many fragrances and cosmetics. Western Australian (WA) sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) is identified as a cheaper, lowerquality alternative to the superior Indian sandalwood (Santalum album). Natural stocks of both S. album and S. spicatum have declined due to historical mismanagement. Subsequently, WA sandalwood has been established in plantations in Western Australia to attempt to meet the demands of the sandalwood industry. Plantation WA sandalwood is promoted as agroforestry, promising economic and environmental benefits. While these benefits are attractive, WA sandalwood has an estimated 25-year rotation. This research aimed to determine the effect of physical and chemical treatments on oil production and heartwood formation in WA sandalwood, aiming to increase oil production, thus reducing the time between establishment and harvesting. The study was conducted over three plantations in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia: ‘Sandawindy’, ‘Kylie Reserve’ and ‘Brookton’. At each site, four treatments were applied: a dowel soaked with the plant hormone methyl salicylate (MeSA) and inserted into the tree (Treated Dowel), a dowel with noMeSA inserted into the tree (BlankDowel), a drill hole left empty (Empty Drill), and a section of bark removed from the tree (Bark Removed). A group of treeswas left as a control comparison. The Blank Dowel and Empty Drill treatments were established to determine if any significant increases of sandalwood oil in the Treated Dowel treatment were a result of the MeSA, the dowel or drilling into the tree. The Bark Removed treatment was used to mimic drysidedness, a naturally occurring condition common in the rangelands of Western Australia as a result of sun scald. Sandalwood trees were measured and treated in November 2016. Three hundred trees were treated at each plantation, allowing for 60 trees of each treatment at each plantation. Twenty trees for every treatment and control group at each plantation were harvested in November 2017, and all trees were remeasured. Of the approximately 300 trees harvested, 150 were cored using a 12 mm auger drill. These core samples were analysed for oil yield and composition. Total oil was measured and analysed, as well as oil constituents αsantalol, β-santalol, farnesol, nuciferol and β-bisabalol oil compositions (percentage) and yields (%w/w). All harvested trees were cut into eight 25 mm discs, and the percentage of heartwood area at each height was measured. All data were statistically analysed using a univariate general linear model. No treatment consistently increased total oil, or oil component yields, qualities or heartwood area percentages. The presence of MeSA did not have a significant effect on oil production; rather, the physical wounding of the tree had the overall greatest effect. Kylie Reserve showed low oil yield and low heartwood area percentages co","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"83 1","pages":"46 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1728470","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47696669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1739883
G. Morgan, K. Tolhurst, M. Poynter, N. Cooper, T. McGuffog, R. Ryan, M. Wouters, N. Stephens, P. Black, D. Sheehan, P. Leeson, S. Whight, S. Davey
ABSTRACT Fire has been part of the natural environment of south-eastern Australia for tens of millions of years. Aboriginal people used fire selectively, with skill, for many reasons. The removal of Aboriginal people from most of the region after European settlement changed fire regimes and the composition and structure of vegetation. This study explores the history of fire in south-eastern Australia, describes the development of prescribed burning as a forest management tool, and discusses the factors that have influenced changes in fire regimes. It draws on published and unpublished literature and data held by the Forest Fire Management Committee of the Institute of Foresters of Australia. The study finds that the use of prescribed burning in south-eastern Australia in the past 100 years has been driven primarily by political and legal factors. Since 1939, more than 50 public inquiries, reviews and royal commissions have been held into matters concerning the management of fire in landscapes, including prescribed burning. Prescribed burning has been used for wildfire mitigation, agricultural practices (such as stubble reduction and grazing land management), property protection, the maintenance of ecological processes and biodiversity conservation. Prescribed burning in the region has only ever been practised on a small percentage of forest and land each year. The study finds that a substantial body of fire and ecosystem science has been generated in the past 50 years, with rapid technological developments to support prescribed burning and fire management. Research has provided tools and methods for broadscale prescribed burning, but negative public perceptions of fire have prevented the deployment of comprehensive fire management programs in the region. Although much has been achieved, considerable changes are still required in fire management for it to be sustainable and optimal in protecting economic, social and environmental values. The risks to human lives, property, biodiversity and the environment associated with wildfire are increasing in south-eastern Australia due to climate change, and the wider use of prescribed burning is essential for managing these. The increasing extent and occurrence of wildfire disasters in the region indicates that current fire management will not sustain the full range of ecosystem processes and biodiversity, nor reduce to an acceptable level the impact of wildfires on human lives and property. There is compelling evidence for the greater use of prescribed burning to reduce wildfire risks and impacts, rather than committing increasing resources to wildfire suppression. The potential negative impacts of prescribed burning can be managed effectively using existing knowledge and tools. Clear communication of the benefits of prescribed burning can influence political and public opinion in its favour. More investment in training, human capacity and supporting resources is required to safely and effectively deploy p
{"title":"Prescribed burning in south-eastern Australia: history and future directions","authors":"G. Morgan, K. Tolhurst, M. Poynter, N. Cooper, T. McGuffog, R. Ryan, M. Wouters, N. Stephens, P. Black, D. Sheehan, P. Leeson, S. Whight, S. Davey","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1739883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1739883","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fire has been part of the natural environment of south-eastern Australia for tens of millions of years. Aboriginal people used fire selectively, with skill, for many reasons. The removal of Aboriginal people from most of the region after European settlement changed fire regimes and the composition and structure of vegetation. This study explores the history of fire in south-eastern Australia, describes the development of prescribed burning as a forest management tool, and discusses the factors that have influenced changes in fire regimes. It draws on published and unpublished literature and data held by the Forest Fire Management Committee of the Institute of Foresters of Australia. The study finds that the use of prescribed burning in south-eastern Australia in the past 100 years has been driven primarily by political and legal factors. Since 1939, more than 50 public inquiries, reviews and royal commissions have been held into matters concerning the management of fire in landscapes, including prescribed burning. Prescribed burning has been used for wildfire mitigation, agricultural practices (such as stubble reduction and grazing land management), property protection, the maintenance of ecological processes and biodiversity conservation. Prescribed burning in the region has only ever been practised on a small percentage of forest and land each year. The study finds that a substantial body of fire and ecosystem science has been generated in the past 50 years, with rapid technological developments to support prescribed burning and fire management. Research has provided tools and methods for broadscale prescribed burning, but negative public perceptions of fire have prevented the deployment of comprehensive fire management programs in the region. Although much has been achieved, considerable changes are still required in fire management for it to be sustainable and optimal in protecting economic, social and environmental values. The risks to human lives, property, biodiversity and the environment associated with wildfire are increasing in south-eastern Australia due to climate change, and the wider use of prescribed burning is essential for managing these. The increasing extent and occurrence of wildfire disasters in the region indicates that current fire management will not sustain the full range of ecosystem processes and biodiversity, nor reduce to an acceptable level the impact of wildfires on human lives and property. There is compelling evidence for the greater use of prescribed burning to reduce wildfire risks and impacts, rather than committing increasing resources to wildfire suppression. The potential negative impacts of prescribed burning can be managed effectively using existing knowledge and tools. Clear communication of the benefits of prescribed burning can influence political and public opinion in its favour. More investment in training, human capacity and supporting resources is required to safely and effectively deploy p","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"83 1","pages":"28 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1739883","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42377792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2020.1723044
M. Brown, M. Ghaffariyan, M. Berry, M. Acuna, M. Strandgard, R. Mitchell
Globally, from the time of early mechanisation through to the early 2000s, trends in forest operations and supply-chain research, development and engineering (RD&E) centred around improving mechanical performance. Projects improved understanding of what affected machine performance and productivity and then developed, tested and deployed improved technologies or work methods to increase machine productivity. More recently, multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques were introduced to operations research to include environmental and social factors with the aim of improving harvesting system selections (Blagojević et al. 2019). RD&E included the development of onboard systems technology that both helped better measure and manage operations, and further developments in modelling and analytics. An ongoing meta-study driven by the Swedish forest industry demonstrated real and predicted (post-1990s) productivity gains through this approach (Fig. 1). There was a significant change in the trend from the mid2000s, with an actual fall in productivity identified (Fig. 2). Effectively, new advances in technology in that timeframe were more focused on value and were prepared to compromise productivity and costs in the interests of higher-value product realisation and increased volume recovery. Although the performance of comparable mechanised Australian plantation operations is equivalent to the described Scandinavian operations, there tends to be greater variability across Australian operations and a larger gap between the best and poorest. When first discovered, it was a point of concern that the improvements that had been so important for keeping forest supply chains economically competitive had stopped and possibly even regressed. A closer review reveals a shift in the focus of the RD&E effort to not only look at cost reductions, as delivered through higher operational productivity, but also to take a broader view of value—getting higher-value product out-turn at a reasonable cost. Although machine performance and productivity remained important, increased RD&E effort was now being applied to the production ofmore valuable products. New harvesting technologies were being developed tomeasure trees in real time and support optimal—or near-optimal—product segregations (Marshall & Murphy 2004). Later, this focus on value further evolved to increase the total volume recovered by minimising wastage and expanding the types and range of products recovered, like biomass for energy (Ghaffariyan et al. 2017). Technology was developed tomake products from stems that in the past were too small or for which the form was too poor to be considered economically viable. Developments like multi-stem processing heads helped increase the overall return on investment (ROI) per area of forest and brought more forest areas into consideration for production (Gingras 2004). Most recently, RD&E efforts have created technologies to extend the scope of mechanical operations
{"title":"The progression of forest operations technology and innovation","authors":"M. Brown, M. Ghaffariyan, M. Berry, M. Acuna, M. Strandgard, R. Mitchell","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2020.1723044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2020.1723044","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, from the time of early mechanisation through to the early 2000s, trends in forest operations and supply-chain research, development and engineering (RD&E) centred around improving mechanical performance. Projects improved understanding of what affected machine performance and productivity and then developed, tested and deployed improved technologies or work methods to increase machine productivity. More recently, multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques were introduced to operations research to include environmental and social factors with the aim of improving harvesting system selections (Blagojević et al. 2019). RD&E included the development of onboard systems technology that both helped better measure and manage operations, and further developments in modelling and analytics. An ongoing meta-study driven by the Swedish forest industry demonstrated real and predicted (post-1990s) productivity gains through this approach (Fig. 1). There was a significant change in the trend from the mid2000s, with an actual fall in productivity identified (Fig. 2). Effectively, new advances in technology in that timeframe were more focused on value and were prepared to compromise productivity and costs in the interests of higher-value product realisation and increased volume recovery. Although the performance of comparable mechanised Australian plantation operations is equivalent to the described Scandinavian operations, there tends to be greater variability across Australian operations and a larger gap between the best and poorest. When first discovered, it was a point of concern that the improvements that had been so important for keeping forest supply chains economically competitive had stopped and possibly even regressed. A closer review reveals a shift in the focus of the RD&E effort to not only look at cost reductions, as delivered through higher operational productivity, but also to take a broader view of value—getting higher-value product out-turn at a reasonable cost. Although machine performance and productivity remained important, increased RD&E effort was now being applied to the production ofmore valuable products. New harvesting technologies were being developed tomeasure trees in real time and support optimal—or near-optimal—product segregations (Marshall & Murphy 2004). Later, this focus on value further evolved to increase the total volume recovered by minimising wastage and expanding the types and range of products recovered, like biomass for energy (Ghaffariyan et al. 2017). Technology was developed tomake products from stems that in the past were too small or for which the form was too poor to be considered economically viable. Developments like multi-stem processing heads helped increase the overall return on investment (ROI) per area of forest and brought more forest areas into consideration for production (Gingras 2004). Most recently, RD&E efforts have created technologies to extend the scope of mechanical operations ","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"83 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2020.1723044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49356183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2019.1681723
A. Wesolowski
This thesis assessed the effects of future climate factors (i.e. [CO2], heat waves and soil water availability) on growth and physiology of Eucalyptus species originating in different climates-of-origin. The main aim was to test intra-specific variation of plant traits to climate change. Four tree species native to Australia were selected due to their national ecological and international economic importance: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus melliodora and Eucalyptus coolabah. I tested the response of E. camaldulensis to elevated atmospheric [CO2] (eCO2), heat and drought stress; E. grandis to eCO2 and drought stress; and the acclimation response of E. melliodora and E. coolabah to wetting and drying cycles with final drought to mortality. Phenotypic plasticity in leaf gas exchange, growth and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves was significantly different in E. camaldulensis and E. grandis when subjected to heat and/or water stress. In E. grandis, the tallest trees from cool temperatures had the largest growth reductions during stress. In E. camaldulensis, trees originating in semi-arid climates initiated leaf abscission early and conserved NSC, which led to faster stem and leaf area recovery than trees frommore mesic climates. Moreover, eCO2 ameliorated stress responses related to photosynthesis when trees were either heat-stressed or water-limited; timeto-leaf-death was extended in one provenance of E. camaldulensis in eCO2. There was no acclimation of leaf gas exchange to variable water availability during the series of droughts in E. melliodora and E. coolabah. Yet, species had contrasting water-use strategies linked to their distributional range across Australia. Eucalyptus coolabah originating in a semi-arid climate reduced its leaf area to prevent hydraulic failure, while E. melliodora originating in a mesic climate utilised NSC reserves to tolerate water limitation. These results highlight the importance of soil water availability for physiological functioning and growth, but they also show that intra-specific differences exist in response to heat and drought. In conclusion, my PhD research extends information on interand intra-specific differences in phenotypic plasticity of trees to the main and interactive effects of climate factors, which can be used to identify plantation trees for future climate regimes.
{"title":"The effects of drought, heat and elevated atmospheric CO2 on physiology and growth of Eucalyptus – Does climate-of-origin matter?**","authors":"A. Wesolowski","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2019.1681723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2019.1681723","url":null,"abstract":"This thesis assessed the effects of future climate factors (i.e. [CO2], heat waves and soil water availability) on growth and physiology of Eucalyptus species originating in different climates-of-origin. The main aim was to test intra-specific variation of plant traits to climate change. Four tree species native to Australia were selected due to their national ecological and international economic importance: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus melliodora and Eucalyptus coolabah. I tested the response of E. camaldulensis to elevated atmospheric [CO2] (eCO2), heat and drought stress; E. grandis to eCO2 and drought stress; and the acclimation response of E. melliodora and E. coolabah to wetting and drying cycles with final drought to mortality. Phenotypic plasticity in leaf gas exchange, growth and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves was significantly different in E. camaldulensis and E. grandis when subjected to heat and/or water stress. In E. grandis, the tallest trees from cool temperatures had the largest growth reductions during stress. In E. camaldulensis, trees originating in semi-arid climates initiated leaf abscission early and conserved NSC, which led to faster stem and leaf area recovery than trees frommore mesic climates. Moreover, eCO2 ameliorated stress responses related to photosynthesis when trees were either heat-stressed or water-limited; timeto-leaf-death was extended in one provenance of E. camaldulensis in eCO2. There was no acclimation of leaf gas exchange to variable water availability during the series of droughts in E. melliodora and E. coolabah. Yet, species had contrasting water-use strategies linked to their distributional range across Australia. Eucalyptus coolabah originating in a semi-arid climate reduced its leaf area to prevent hydraulic failure, while E. melliodora originating in a mesic climate utilised NSC reserves to tolerate water limitation. These results highlight the importance of soil water availability for physiological functioning and growth, but they also show that intra-specific differences exist in response to heat and drought. In conclusion, my PhD research extends information on interand intra-specific differences in phenotypic plasticity of trees to the main and interactive effects of climate factors, which can be used to identify plantation trees for future climate regimes.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"82 1","pages":"190 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2019.1681723","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44660298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2019.1681067
C. Brack
When foresters ask me, as a university academic, about forestry education, they appear to be thinking predominately about bachelor, master’s and PhD programs that include ‘forestry’ or ‘forest science’ in their titles. In the course of these conversations, many foresters lament the demise of the four-year professional and ‘named’ forestry bachelor degrees in Australia, now that the Australian National University (ANU) and the University of Melbourne have disestablished their programs (although the Bachelor of Forest Science and Management continues at Southern Cross University (SCU)). With the exception of the SCU’s Bachelor and Master of Forest Science and Management, and ANU’s Master of Forestry, no bachelor or master’s programs in Australia now include the words ‘forestry’ or ‘forest science’. Tertiarylevel students can and still do enrol in bachelor and master’s programs with titles that include ‘environment’, ‘ecosystem’, ‘sustainability’ or ‘conservation’, in which they can craft programs comprising courses that focus on ‘forestry’. The ANU, for example, offers three master’s programs in its Fenner School of Environment and Society—‘Environment’; ‘Environmental Science’; and ‘Forestry’—and candidates in each of these can focus on forestry and include courses that cover essentials like silviculture, mensuration, forest policy and management. Nevertheless, there remains a perception that a forest focus is optional and all too easily diluted unless the program is specifically named. In the ANU master’s programs, only graduates in the Master of Forestry typically self-identify as foresters, and only those graduates are required to take forestry-oriented courses that are optional for the others. ‘Education’ is increasingly defined in wide-ranging terms: for example, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO 2016, fig. 0.1, reproduced in Fig. 1) identifies ‘formal’, ‘non-formal’ and ‘informal’ forms of education, at multiple levels. A focus on named bachelor and master’s programs as ‘the’ level at which forestry education occurs misses many types and levels where the whole concept of forestry can be learned and practised. For example, there are formal apprenticeships, certificates and diplomas (at International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 3–4 or, at the graduate level, ISCED 6–7) in which participants focus on technical or other bounded aspects of forestry needed to keep the industry and profession viable. In 2019, the University of the Sunshine Coast and the University of Tasmania both proposed a number of new graduate certificates and diplomas to focus on wood science, engineering, harvesting and wood use. These levels of education could lead to graduates who support improved productivity, stronger economic growth and better service delivery in forest management and wood use (World Bank 2018). A recent ANU Master of Environment graduate, Dollie Yao (whose thesis abstract appears in this issue)
{"title":"Forestry education that goes beyond the standard and unoriginal","authors":"C. Brack","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2019.1681067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2019.1681067","url":null,"abstract":"When foresters ask me, as a university academic, about forestry education, they appear to be thinking predominately about bachelor, master’s and PhD programs that include ‘forestry’ or ‘forest science’ in their titles. In the course of these conversations, many foresters lament the demise of the four-year professional and ‘named’ forestry bachelor degrees in Australia, now that the Australian National University (ANU) and the University of Melbourne have disestablished their programs (although the Bachelor of Forest Science and Management continues at Southern Cross University (SCU)). With the exception of the SCU’s Bachelor and Master of Forest Science and Management, and ANU’s Master of Forestry, no bachelor or master’s programs in Australia now include the words ‘forestry’ or ‘forest science’. Tertiarylevel students can and still do enrol in bachelor and master’s programs with titles that include ‘environment’, ‘ecosystem’, ‘sustainability’ or ‘conservation’, in which they can craft programs comprising courses that focus on ‘forestry’. The ANU, for example, offers three master’s programs in its Fenner School of Environment and Society—‘Environment’; ‘Environmental Science’; and ‘Forestry’—and candidates in each of these can focus on forestry and include courses that cover essentials like silviculture, mensuration, forest policy and management. Nevertheless, there remains a perception that a forest focus is optional and all too easily diluted unless the program is specifically named. In the ANU master’s programs, only graduates in the Master of Forestry typically self-identify as foresters, and only those graduates are required to take forestry-oriented courses that are optional for the others. ‘Education’ is increasingly defined in wide-ranging terms: for example, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO 2016, fig. 0.1, reproduced in Fig. 1) identifies ‘formal’, ‘non-formal’ and ‘informal’ forms of education, at multiple levels. A focus on named bachelor and master’s programs as ‘the’ level at which forestry education occurs misses many types and levels where the whole concept of forestry can be learned and practised. For example, there are formal apprenticeships, certificates and diplomas (at International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 3–4 or, at the graduate level, ISCED 6–7) in which participants focus on technical or other bounded aspects of forestry needed to keep the industry and profession viable. In 2019, the University of the Sunshine Coast and the University of Tasmania both proposed a number of new graduate certificates and diplomas to focus on wood science, engineering, harvesting and wood use. These levels of education could lead to graduates who support improved productivity, stronger economic growth and better service delivery in forest management and wood use (World Bank 2018). A recent ANU Master of Environment graduate, Dollie Yao (whose thesis abstract appears in this issue)","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":"82 1","pages":"163 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00049158.2019.1681067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42646428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2019.1681053
D. Yao
Education is recognised as a fundamental tool to promote the transformative behavioural change necessary to address contemporary environmental and sustainability challenges, many of which stem from human activities. Forests, and the numerous important benefits they deliver, are under threat from a range of pressures. However, the nexus between education, behaviour and forests is not well understood. Previous research suggests that the relationship between education and behaviour is complex, with various influencing factors. A body of literature has addressed this topic in the context of pro-environmental behaviour. The research reported here investigates the relationship between education and a subset of pro-environment behaviour characterised as pro-forest behaviour. In a case study of the Australian upper secondary school curriculum, this study used qualitative methods to assess the representation of forests in the context of pro-forest behaviour. This was done through document analyses of curriculum texts at the national and state and territory level and interviews of teachers of forest-related courses. Forests were predominantly represented indirectly in Australian course curriculum texts. Forests were typically portrayed in narrow contexts and not necessarily in ways which might underpin pro-forest behaviour. Teachers were identified as critical elements of the education system, able to interpret and build on official course curricula to deliver classes that addressed forests and fostered pro-forest behaviour in greater depth and breadth. These results also suggest, consistent with the sustainability education literature, that education has the potential to foster transformative behaviour. However, this potential is not likely to be fully realised at present for the case of forests in Australian upper secondary education. Strengthening education to support pro-forest behaviour will likely require a broader understanding of pro-forest concepts in Australian education and greater teacher capacity and opportunities to deliver pro-forest learning more effectively.
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Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2019.1680594
T. Booth
ABSTRACT A 2017 paper intended to assist climate-change studies concluded that provenances of the widely distributed Eucalyptus tereticornis ‘are not differentiated in their thermal responses’ in terms of photosynthesis, respiration and growth. The aim here was to place this surprising result, based on a short-term (48-day) experiment with seedlings of just three provenances, into the broader context of several years’ growth of provenances of the same species. To do this, a re-analysis of results from trials of 14 provenances of E. tereticornis was undertaken. These were grown for 3.5 or 5.0 years at four contrasting sites in southern China spanning mean annual temperatures (MAT) from 15.0°C to 23.5°C. The analysis described here compares MATs at climate-of-origin with volume growth. It demonstrates an approach that could easily be applied to provenance studies of other commercially important species. It makes use of the ready access to distributional and climatic data provided by a modern biodiversity database, the Atlas of Living Australia. Some of the provenances showed a surprising level of adaptability to climates markedly different to those of their origin. At the warmest site in China, however, the growth of the provenances was significantly related to the MAT at their climate-of-origin. It is concluded that researchers considering the likely impacts of climate change on tree species may find it useful to examine results from commercial provenance trials as well as from glasshouse experiments with seedlings.
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Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2019.1678797
T. Kaakkurivaara, N. Kaakkurivaara
ABSTRACT Precise information on the origin of timber can be obtained by using an identifier system, which can help in preventing illegal logging, managing timber supply chains and increasing value adding. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is increasingly used in log-tracking systems. The RFID tags currently available on the market are not directly suitable for forestry applications, however, unless the tags are protected by a housing. Harsh working environments mean that tag housings must be robust in order to keep their valuable information safe throughout a logging operation. The aim of this study was to provide a testing method for use as a decision-making tool by RFID users. The study used five tests to evaluate the applicability of eight kinds of tag housing for forestry applications. The tests considered climatic aspects, mechanical stress, readability and survival in the field. The method was found to work well with tested tag housings, revealing their strengths and weaknesses. Using the testing method, a procedure is recommended to determine the most appropriate tag housing.
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Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2019.1680595
P. Nykiel
Forestry, as a profession, tends towards requiring an understanding of multiple traditional academic and non-academic disciplines. Given the importance of integrating social and environmental concerns, it could even be said to tend towards needing transdisciplinary approaches. Accordingly, it would be of some value to examine what this means and the core skills necessary to train the next generation of foresters. Transdisciplinary thinking is not a term easily defined, for it refers to knowledge created outside of and beyond the conventional frame of academic disciplines. From a theoretical perspective, transdisciplinary thinking can be broken down into three ‘pillars’ or key high-level ideas (Nicolescu 1996; Klein 2004; Max-Neef 2005). The first of these pillars is the notion that there exist complex relationships between all things, beyond simple cause and effect (Nicolescu 1996). The second states that there are multiple levels of reality, defined by a change in fundamental rules between each (Nicolescu 1996). In simpler terms, some ‘universal’ rules may not hold in all circumstances, such as between the macro and quantum realms (Max-Neef 2005). Some transdisciplinary theorists go further and suggest that disciplines which gather raw scientific data such as physics, biology or chemistry differ sufficiently from professional, normative or philosophical disciplines to be considered different academic realities (Max-Neef 2005). The third pillar provides a system of logic to help navigate these multiple realities. This is referred to as the ‘logic of the included middle’ and allows contradictory information to exist in a middle state of consensus (Nicolescu 1996). Much as a photon can be either a wave or a particle depending on the reality from which it is reserved, there is a third state, a quanton, which accepts that both are true (Max-Neef 2005). If you can manage to consider all these ideas at once while conducting work or research, congratulations, you are a transdisciplinary thinker. For the rest of us, this is more of an ideal to work towards that requires more training and new skills to be able to practice. What follows is the need to translate these highly abstract concepts, which have already been greatly distilled, into a more applicable framework for teaching. This was one of the key aims of my research. What emerged was a testable framework of six skills and understandings. Following a process of refinement based on thematic analysis of a qualitative dataset of interviews, three learning outcomes emerged. Transdisciplinary thinking can be said to require the following:
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