Highlights The concentrations of major plant nutrients, key minor plant nutrients, and carbon were measured for finished turkey poult litter compost that had been stored for 29 to 583 days in open windrows at a commercial composting facility. It was found that the concentrations of TN, P2O5, K2O, and minor plant nutrients were not significantly correlated with respect to compost age. Significant negative correlations were observed for the concentrations of organic matter and carbon resulting in a decrease in C:N. Significant decreases in compost pH and increases in bulk density were also observed. Abstract. Several studies have provided information concerning the loss of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, carbon, and organic matter from manures and plant residues during active composting. However, very little information was found to provide insight into the changes in compost composition as the product ages during curing and storage in uncovered windrows. The objective of this study was to observe changes in compost composition after it was removed from a composting shed and was stored in large un-covered windrows at a compost production site that used turkey poult litter (manure and wood shavings) as the primary ingredient. Compost samples and production records were obtained for 7 windrows and it was determined that the active composting time under the shed (AC) averaged 99 days and the time allowed for curing and storage in the uncovered windrows (CS) ranged from 29 to 583 days. As a result, the total compost age (CA = AC + CS) at the time of sampling ranged from 131 to 674 days. The quantities measured were moisture, pH, bulk density, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon (C). organic matter (OM), total ammoniacal N (TAN = NH4+-N + NH3-N), nitrate-N, organic-N, total-N (TN), P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Na, and Al. The TN content was not found to change significantly while being stored in the outside windrows. However, the TAN content decreased significantly with storage time while nitrate-N and organic-N concentrations increased. The results showed evidence of nitrification of ammonium-N and a build-up of organic-N during storage. Storage time did not significantly impact concentrations of P2O5, K2O, Al, Na, and all minor plant nutrients measured. The pH fell from 8.9 at a compost age of 131 days to a mean of 6.8 by day 363 providing evidence of formation of organic acids during storage. Significant decreases during storage were observed for C, OM, and C:N. The rate of organic matter loss during storage was -0.623 g OM/kg DM/day and carbon was lost at the rate of -0.447 g C/kg DM/day. The electrical conductivity was not correlated with storage time and the mean was 3.80 ± 3.25 mmhos/cm. The bulk density increased significantly during curing and storage (R2 = 0.693) and was believed to be the result of compression settling. Keywords: Compost, Manure Management, Plant nutrients, Treatment.
在商业堆肥设施的开放式窗口中储存29至583天的成品火鸡粪便堆肥中，测量了主要植物营养物质、关键次要植物营养物质和碳的浓度。结果表明，TN、P2O5、K2O和其他植物营养物质的浓度与堆肥龄的关系不显著。有机质浓度与碳浓度呈显著负相关，导致碳氮比降低。堆肥pH值显著降低，堆积密度显著增加。摘要一些研究已经提供了有关活性堆肥过程中粪便和植物残留物中氮、磷、钾、碳和有机物损失的信息。然而，很少的信息被发现，以提供深入了解堆肥组成的变化，因为产品的老化过程中，固化和储存在无盖的窗口。本研究的目的是观察堆肥从堆肥棚中取出并储存在以火鸡粪便(粪便和木屑)为主要成分的堆肥生产现场的大型无盖窗户中后堆肥成分的变化。通过7个窗的堆肥样品和生产记录，确定棚下有效堆肥时间(AC)平均为99 d，无盖窗养护和贮存时间(CS)为29 ~ 583 d。结果表明，采样时的总堆肥龄(CA = AC + CS)为131 ~ 674 d。水分、pH、容重、电导率(EC)、碳(C)、有机质(OM)、总氨态N (TAN = NH4+-N + NH3-N)、硝态N、有机N、总N (TN)、P2O5、K2O、Ca、Mg、S、Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Na、Al含量在外窗存放期间无明显变化。随着贮藏时间的延长，甘油三酯含量显著降低，硝态氮和有机氮含量增加。结果表明，在贮藏过程中，氨氮的硝化作用和有机氮的积累。贮藏时间对P2O5、K2O、Al、Na和所有次要植物养分的浓度没有显著影响。pH值从131天堆肥时的8.9下降到363天的平均6.8，提供了有机酸在储存过程中形成的证据。贮藏期间，C、OM和C:N显著降低。贮藏期间有机质损失率为-0.623 g OM/kg DM/d，碳损失率为-0.447 g C/kg DM/d。电导率与贮存时间无关，平均值为3.80±3.25 mmhos/cm。在养护和贮藏过程中，容重显著增加(R2 = 0.693)，认为这是压缩沉降的结果。关键词:堆肥，肥料管理，植物养分，处理
{"title":"Impact of Storage Time on the Composition of a Finished Compost Product: A Case Study","authors":"John P. Chastain","doi":"10.13031/aea.15312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15312","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights The concentrations of major plant nutrients, key minor plant nutrients, and carbon were measured for finished turkey poult litter compost that had been stored for 29 to 583 days in open windrows at a commercial composting facility. It was found that the concentrations of TN, P2O5, K2O, and minor plant nutrients were not significantly correlated with respect to compost age. Significant negative correlations were observed for the concentrations of organic matter and carbon resulting in a decrease in C:N. Significant decreases in compost pH and increases in bulk density were also observed. Abstract. Several studies have provided information concerning the loss of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, carbon, and organic matter from manures and plant residues during active composting. However, very little information was found to provide insight into the changes in compost composition as the product ages during curing and storage in uncovered windrows. The objective of this study was to observe changes in compost composition after it was removed from a composting shed and was stored in large un-covered windrows at a compost production site that used turkey poult litter (manure and wood shavings) as the primary ingredient. Compost samples and production records were obtained for 7 windrows and it was determined that the active composting time under the shed (AC) averaged 99 days and the time allowed for curing and storage in the uncovered windrows (CS) ranged from 29 to 583 days. As a result, the total compost age (CA = AC + CS) at the time of sampling ranged from 131 to 674 days. The quantities measured were moisture, pH, bulk density, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon (C). organic matter (OM), total ammoniacal N (TAN = NH4+-N + NH3-N), nitrate-N, organic-N, total-N (TN), P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Na, and Al. The TN content was not found to change significantly while being stored in the outside windrows. However, the TAN content decreased significantly with storage time while nitrate-N and organic-N concentrations increased. The results showed evidence of nitrification of ammonium-N and a build-up of organic-N during storage. Storage time did not significantly impact concentrations of P2O5, K2O, Al, Na, and all minor plant nutrients measured. The pH fell from 8.9 at a compost age of 131 days to a mean of 6.8 by day 363 providing evidence of formation of organic acids during storage. Significant decreases during storage were observed for C, OM, and C:N. The rate of organic matter loss during storage was -0.623 g OM/kg DM/day and carbon was lost at the rate of -0.447 g C/kg DM/day. The electrical conductivity was not correlated with storage time and the mean was 3.80 ± 3.25 mmhos/cm. The bulk density increased significantly during curing and storage (R2 = 0.693) and was believed to be the result of compression settling. Keywords: Compost, Manure Management, Plant nutrients, Treatment.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67052323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highlights Effects of knee braces, with and without fastener slippage, on a post-frame structure with diaphragm-action design. Modeling techniques of knee braces with fastener slippage. Effects of fastener slippage on a primary frame with knee braces. Knee brace may have an undesired (negative) effect on posts and roof trusses. Abstract. Knee braces should not be an add on after the post-frame building is designed because they do affect the behavior of the structure. It is recommended that the building designer first check the need for knee bracing when diaphragm action is included in the design. Knee braces may benefit buildings with certain geometrical configurations and loading conditions where diaphragm action alone is not enough. Modeling knee bracing within a post-frame building is complex. The complexity extends to the roof-truss design because the truss design must include the knee brace reaction forces. The building designer is responsible for reviewing truss drawings to verify that knee brace loads are applied correctly, and that correct governing load combinations are applied. In this study, a structural analog that includes knee braces, with and without slippage, was developed to model the effects of knee braces on designs of post-frame buildings with diaphragm action. In the five buildings analyzed in this study, use of knee braces produced inconsistent results. Knee braces may increase or decrease horizontal eave deflection, load demand on the diaphragm and endwalls, load demand on the foundation, and stress unity in the posts. In all buildings with knee braces, posts were subjected to additional bending stresses under gravity loads. This behavior was more pronounced in buildings with long truss spans. Knee braces should not be specified in the design documents unless their effects on the building are considered by structural analysis. Keywords: Diaphragm action, Knee braces, Modeling connection slippage, Post-frame buildings.
{"title":"Modeling Knee-Brace Fastener Slippage in Post-Frame Buildings with Diaphragm-Action Design","authors":"Dimitry Reznik, Kifle G. Gebremedhin","doi":"10.13031/aea.15596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15596","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Effects of knee braces, with and without fastener slippage, on a post-frame structure with diaphragm-action design. Modeling techniques of knee braces with fastener slippage. Effects of fastener slippage on a primary frame with knee braces. Knee brace may have an undesired (negative) effect on posts and roof trusses. Abstract. Knee braces should not be an add on after the post-frame building is designed because they do affect the behavior of the structure. It is recommended that the building designer first check the need for knee bracing when diaphragm action is included in the design. Knee braces may benefit buildings with certain geometrical configurations and loading conditions where diaphragm action alone is not enough. Modeling knee bracing within a post-frame building is complex. The complexity extends to the roof-truss design because the truss design must include the knee brace reaction forces. The building designer is responsible for reviewing truss drawings to verify that knee brace loads are applied correctly, and that correct governing load combinations are applied. In this study, a structural analog that includes knee braces, with and without slippage, was developed to model the effects of knee braces on designs of post-frame buildings with diaphragm action. In the five buildings analyzed in this study, use of knee braces produced inconsistent results. Knee braces may increase or decrease horizontal eave deflection, load demand on the diaphragm and endwalls, load demand on the foundation, and stress unity in the posts. In all buildings with knee braces, posts were subjected to additional bending stresses under gravity loads. This behavior was more pronounced in buildings with long truss spans. Knee braces should not be specified in the design documents unless their effects on the building are considered by structural analysis. Keywords: Diaphragm action, Knee braces, Modeling connection slippage, Post-frame buildings.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135559708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Koc, Brendan M. MacInnis, M. Aguerre, John P. Chastain, A. P. Turner
{"title":"Alfalfa Biomass Estimation Using Crop Surface Modeling and NDVI","authors":"A. Koc, Brendan M. MacInnis, M. Aguerre, John P. Chastain, A. P. Turner","doi":"10.13031/aea.15367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15367","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67052738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel L. Brabec, Sophia Grothe, Christos Athanassiou
Highlights The conductance mill successfully detected seeds infested with large larvae, over 80% in barley and wheat. Barley seeds, infested with medium larvae, were detected at a lower rate than wheat; ~40% for barley vs. ~65% for wheat. The feed-rate of barley samples was slower than the wheat and the resulting ground barley material contained higher fractions of large particles, over #20 mesh sieve. Abstract. A laboratory mill was developed by Pearson and Brabec (2007) which typically detects 50% to 80% of infested kernels of wheat, brown rice, or popcorn. Barley is another cereal grain of similar size as wheat. Barley is normally sold with its hull attached to the seed, which makes detection of insect infestations more difficult. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of using the conductance mill to detect barley kernels infested by the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), in comparison to detection in wheat. As in previous studies, these experiments found that the conductance mill could detect infested kernels of wheat containing large and medium larvae at a rate of ~90% and ~65%, respectively. For barley, the detection of infested kernels was over ~80% for large larvae and ~40% for medium larvae. Also, we showed that adults that were freely moving throughout the grain mass could also be detected. Approximately ~65% of the adults were detected in wheat while that percentage was reduced to ~35% in barley. The hull on the barley seems to function as an insulator during the conductance measurement and thus reduces detections. Also, the hull seems to affect the feed rate of material through the mill. The feed-rate for wheat was 500 g in 50 s, while the feed-rate for barley was 500 g in ~80 s. Despite these pitfalls, the conductance mill could still be considered as a useful tool with inspecting barley sample, because there was significant detection of insects in the samples and 1000 g sample of barley could be processed in ~4 min. Keywords: Barley, Detection, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sampling, Wheat, X-ray.
{"title":"Testing Barley Samples for Potential Insect Infestations with a Conductance Mill","authors":"Daniel L. Brabec, Sophia Grothe, Christos Athanassiou","doi":"10.13031/aea.15663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15663","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights The conductance mill successfully detected seeds infested with large larvae, over 80% in barley and wheat. Barley seeds, infested with medium larvae, were detected at a lower rate than wheat; ~40% for barley vs. ~65% for wheat. The feed-rate of barley samples was slower than the wheat and the resulting ground barley material contained higher fractions of large particles, over #20 mesh sieve. Abstract. A laboratory mill was developed by Pearson and Brabec (2007) which typically detects 50% to 80% of infested kernels of wheat, brown rice, or popcorn. Barley is another cereal grain of similar size as wheat. Barley is normally sold with its hull attached to the seed, which makes detection of insect infestations more difficult. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of using the conductance mill to detect barley kernels infested by the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), in comparison to detection in wheat. As in previous studies, these experiments found that the conductance mill could detect infested kernels of wheat containing large and medium larvae at a rate of ~90% and ~65%, respectively. For barley, the detection of infested kernels was over ~80% for large larvae and ~40% for medium larvae. Also, we showed that adults that were freely moving throughout the grain mass could also be detected. Approximately ~65% of the adults were detected in wheat while that percentage was reduced to ~35% in barley. The hull on the barley seems to function as an insulator during the conductance measurement and thus reduces detections. Also, the hull seems to affect the feed rate of material through the mill. The feed-rate for wheat was 500 g in 50 s, while the feed-rate for barley was 500 g in ~80 s. Despite these pitfalls, the conductance mill could still be considered as a useful tool with inspecting barley sample, because there was significant detection of insects in the samples and 1000 g sample of barley could be processed in ~4 min. Keywords: Barley, Detection, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sampling, Wheat, X-ray.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135559336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara E. Weyer, B. Ramirez, D. Andersen, Benjamin C. Smith
Highlights Carcass and room temperatures, as well as CO, CO2, O2, and NH3, were continuously monitored. NH3 release was approximately half when carcass leachate was removed from the shallow pit. Gompertz and logistic models fit data well for daily carcass mass reduction and leachate production. Abstract. A catastrophic mortality event for swine would present numerous challenges with the management and disposal of infected carcasses. This study explored a new strategy for biosecure in-barn processing of swine carcasses as an alternative to traditional management and disposal approaches. A small-scale, mobile laboratory with two discovery rooms (DRs), replicating a swine finishing facility, was constructed to execute tests of in-barn disposal methods. Carcasses were desiccated by subjection to heat at a room air temperature of 43°C (110°F) for 16 days. Three carcasses (average = 82 kg, SE=1.27 kg) were elevated over individual leachate collection systems in DRA, thereby removing leachate from the room. Three carcasses in DRB were placed on concrete slats with cumulative leachate collection in the pit below. Environmental data were collected for DR, outdoor, and slat temperatures; and CO2, CO, O2, and NH3 gas concentrations. Carcasses were characterized by rectal and shoulder temperature monitoring and daily weighing of carcasses and leachate in DRA. The air exchange rate for this unventilated system was quantified based on wind and thermal-driven infiltration. Room environments were compared for thermal performance and gas levels. Carcass temperatures were compared, and data suggested no significant impact of flooring material on internal carcass temperature. Gompertz and logistic models were fit to leachate production data and carcass mass reduction data. Ammonia generation rates were found to have a peak production rate of 96.5 g AU-1 day-1 (15.8 g animal-1 day-1) in DRA and 120 g AU-1 day-1 (19.7 g animal-1 day-1) in DRB. Over the study, the generation of NH3 in DRB (360 g) was nearly twice that of DRA (182 g) due to leachate removal. Further quantification and qualification of in-barn management strategies will better define biosecure disposal approaches in the event of a catastrophic mortality event. Keywords: Ammonia, Catastrophic event, Disposal, Foreign animal disease, Mortality management, Pig.
连续监测胴体温度和室温，以及CO、CO2、O2和NH3。从浅坑中去除胴体渗滤液时，NH3释放量约为一半。Gompertz和logistic模型很好地拟合了每日胴体质量减少和渗滤液产量的数据。摘要猪的灾难性死亡事件将对受感染尸体的管理和处理提出许多挑战。本研究探索了一种新的猪舍内生物安全处理策略，作为传统管理和处理方法的替代方案。建造了一个带有两个探索室(dr)的小型移动实验室，复制了养猪设施，以执行猪舍内处理方法的测试。尸体在43°C(110°F)的室温下加热16天，使其干燥。三具尸体(平均= 82公斤，SE=1.27公斤)被放置在DRA的各个渗滤液收集系统上，从而从房间中清除渗滤液。在DRB中的三具尸体被放置在混凝土板条上，并在下面的坑中收集累积的渗滤液。收集了室内温度、室外温度和室内温度的环境数据;以及CO2、CO、O2和NH3气体的浓度。通过直肠和肩部温度监测以及DRA中胴体和渗滤液的每日称重来表征胴体。这个不通风系统的空气交换率是基于风和热驱动的渗透来量化的。房间环境的热性能和气体水平进行了比较。对比胴体温度，数据表明地板材料对胴体内部温度没有显著影响。对渗滤液产量数据和胴体减重数据进行了Gompertz和logistic模型拟合。氨生成率在DRA组和DRB组的峰值产量分别为96.5 g AU-1 day-1 (15.8 g动物-1 day-1)和120 g AU-1 day-1 (19.7 g动物-1 day-1)。在研究中，由于去除渗滤液，DRB中NH3的生成(360 g)几乎是DRA (182 g)的两倍。进一步量化和鉴定畜舍管理策略将更好地确定发生灾难性死亡事件时的生物安全处置方法。关键词:氨，灾难性事件，处理，外来动物疾病，死亡率管理，猪。
{"title":"Responses of Swine Carcasses Continuously Exposed to 43°C Inside a Small-Scale Finishing Room","authors":"Sara E. Weyer, B. Ramirez, D. Andersen, Benjamin C. Smith","doi":"10.13031/aea.14844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14844","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Carcass and room temperatures, as well as CO, CO2, O2, and NH3, were continuously monitored. NH3 release was approximately half when carcass leachate was removed from the shallow pit. Gompertz and logistic models fit data well for daily carcass mass reduction and leachate production. Abstract. A catastrophic mortality event for swine would present numerous challenges with the management and disposal of infected carcasses. This study explored a new strategy for biosecure in-barn processing of swine carcasses as an alternative to traditional management and disposal approaches. A small-scale, mobile laboratory with two discovery rooms (DRs), replicating a swine finishing facility, was constructed to execute tests of in-barn disposal methods. Carcasses were desiccated by subjection to heat at a room air temperature of 43°C (110°F) for 16 days. Three carcasses (average = 82 kg, SE=1.27 kg) were elevated over individual leachate collection systems in DRA, thereby removing leachate from the room. Three carcasses in DRB were placed on concrete slats with cumulative leachate collection in the pit below. Environmental data were collected for DR, outdoor, and slat temperatures; and CO2, CO, O2, and NH3 gas concentrations. Carcasses were characterized by rectal and shoulder temperature monitoring and daily weighing of carcasses and leachate in DRA. The air exchange rate for this unventilated system was quantified based on wind and thermal-driven infiltration. Room environments were compared for thermal performance and gas levels. Carcass temperatures were compared, and data suggested no significant impact of flooring material on internal carcass temperature. Gompertz and logistic models were fit to leachate production data and carcass mass reduction data. Ammonia generation rates were found to have a peak production rate of 96.5 g AU-1 day-1 (15.8 g animal-1 day-1) in DRA and 120 g AU-1 day-1 (19.7 g animal-1 day-1) in DRB. Over the study, the generation of NH3 in DRB (360 g) was nearly twice that of DRA (182 g) due to leachate removal. Further quantification and qualification of in-barn management strategies will better define biosecure disposal approaches in the event of a catastrophic mortality event. Keywords: Ammonia, Catastrophic event, Disposal, Foreign animal disease, Mortality management, Pig.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67050348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhaomei Qiu, Tengfei Ma, Xin Jin, Fan Xing, Jiangtao Ji, Gaoxiang Shi
Highlights A situ compensation system for miss-seeding of spoon-chain potato seeders was designed. Human/computer interaction system for visual quality monitoring of spoon chain potato planting. The miss-seeding problem of spoon-chain potato seeder was improved. Design of miss-seeding compensation device for spoon chain potato seeder. Abstract. To address the problem of miss-seeding in spoon chain potato seeders, a set of in situ compensation systems for miss-seeding of spoon chain potato based on compensation technology was designed. The system consists of three parts: a miss-seeding detection system, a miss-seeding compensation system, and a visual monitoring system that can realize real-time feedback and reseeding of miss-seeding. The actual seeding situation of the compensated potato will be visually monitored by the industrial camera, and the seeding count will be conducted. The real-time seeding screen is displayed on the upper computer. The design of miss-seeding detection device, in situ reseeding device, structure design of miss-seeding in situ compensation system based on PLC visual monitoring human-computer interaction system were carried out. Then the potato miss-seeding compensation bench test and field test were carried out. Field experiments showed that when the seeding rate of the potato seeder was 0.3 to 0.7 m/s, the detection accuracy of the miss-seeding detection system could reach more than 98.5%, and the miss-seeding rates after reseeding were all below 5%. The visual monitoring effect of seeding quality was good, and the counting accuracy was 99.5%. The designed in situ compensation system has stable working state, light structure, high compensation and monitoring accuracy, and can solve the problem of miss-seeding in the operation of spoon and chain potato seeders. Keywords: Cut potato, In situ reseeding, Miss-seeding detection, Spoon-chain type.
{"title":"Design and Experiment of a Situ Compensation System for Miss-Seeding of Spoon-Chain Potato Seeders","authors":"Zhaomei Qiu, Tengfei Ma, Xin Jin, Fan Xing, Jiangtao Ji, Gaoxiang Shi","doi":"10.13031/aea.15118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15118","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights A situ compensation system for miss-seeding of spoon-chain potato seeders was designed. Human/computer interaction system for visual quality monitoring of spoon chain potato planting. The miss-seeding problem of spoon-chain potato seeder was improved. Design of miss-seeding compensation device for spoon chain potato seeder. Abstract. To address the problem of miss-seeding in spoon chain potato seeders, a set of in situ compensation systems for miss-seeding of spoon chain potato based on compensation technology was designed. The system consists of three parts: a miss-seeding detection system, a miss-seeding compensation system, and a visual monitoring system that can realize real-time feedback and reseeding of miss-seeding. The actual seeding situation of the compensated potato will be visually monitored by the industrial camera, and the seeding count will be conducted. The real-time seeding screen is displayed on the upper computer. The design of miss-seeding detection device, in situ reseeding device, structure design of miss-seeding in situ compensation system based on PLC visual monitoring human-computer interaction system were carried out. Then the potato miss-seeding compensation bench test and field test were carried out. Field experiments showed that when the seeding rate of the potato seeder was 0.3 to 0.7 m/s, the detection accuracy of the miss-seeding detection system could reach more than 98.5%, and the miss-seeding rates after reseeding were all below 5%. The visual monitoring effect of seeding quality was good, and the counting accuracy was 99.5%. The designed in situ compensation system has stable working state, light structure, high compensation and monitoring accuracy, and can solve the problem of miss-seeding in the operation of spoon and chain potato seeders. Keywords: Cut potato, In situ reseeding, Miss-seeding detection, Spoon-chain type.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67051388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pengxiang Wang, Cong-Xuan Zhang, Dingqian Wang, Shaohua Zhang, Jun Wang, Xianzhi Wang, Lan Huang
HighlightsWith the aim to reduce the burden of acquiring expert knowledge and strengthen the connection between written knowledge and the fields, this article investigated the problem of automatically extracting and organizing soybean pests and disease knowledge from text.Entities and relations were extracted using multiple models with deep neural network structures. Performance of these models were compared and evaluated in detail.A knowledge graph was automatically constructed using the extracted information, and made publicly available.ABSTRACT. Precision agriculture is an emerging type of agriculture that intensively uses information technology to automate agricultural production. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merri.), is an important crop in China, with an annual demand of approximately 110 million tons. However, in China, soybean production is threatened by more than 30 kinds of disease and 100 kinds of pests. With the rapidly increasing specialized information in the literature, it is difficult for farmers to keep up. Relation extraction automatically identifies and extracts structured knowledge from natural language text and thus can help to alleviate the problem. In this study, we propose to employ relation extraction to systematically extract information from expert-written text, and generate a knowledge graph from the extracted information. This case study was planned in China, therefore we mainly used Chinese texts. Firstly, we carefully chose expert-written text on soybean pests and disease, labeled the entities, and classified their thematic relations into five categories. Then, we built and trained three relation extraction models using state-of-the-art deep learning architectures and evaluated their performance on our task. Finally, we constructed an example knowledge graph from the extracted information and demonstrated their potential usage for automatic reasoning and solution recommendation for pests and disease prevention. In total, this study sampled 1038 entities and 1569 relation instances. Experimental results showed that our best model achieved an F1 score of 98.49% on identifying relations from text. Experimental results also showed the effectiveness of the example knowledge graph. Keywords: Bidirectional encoder representation from transformers, Knowledge graph, Relation extraction, Soybean pests and disease.
{"title":"Relation Extraction for Knowledge Graph Generation in the Agriculture Domain: A Case Study on Soybean Pests and Disease","authors":"Pengxiang Wang, Cong-Xuan Zhang, Dingqian Wang, Shaohua Zhang, Jun Wang, Xianzhi Wang, Lan Huang","doi":"10.13031/aea.15124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15124","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsWith the aim to reduce the burden of acquiring expert knowledge and strengthen the connection between written knowledge and the fields, this article investigated the problem of automatically extracting and organizing soybean pests and disease knowledge from text.Entities and relations were extracted using multiple models with deep neural network structures. Performance of these models were compared and evaluated in detail.A knowledge graph was automatically constructed using the extracted information, and made publicly available.ABSTRACT. Precision agriculture is an emerging type of agriculture that intensively uses information technology to automate agricultural production. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merri.), is an important crop in China, with an annual demand of approximately 110 million tons. However, in China, soybean production is threatened by more than 30 kinds of disease and 100 kinds of pests. With the rapidly increasing specialized information in the literature, it is difficult for farmers to keep up. Relation extraction automatically identifies and extracts structured knowledge from natural language text and thus can help to alleviate the problem. In this study, we propose to employ relation extraction to systematically extract information from expert-written text, and generate a knowledge graph from the extracted information. This case study was planned in China, therefore we mainly used Chinese texts. Firstly, we carefully chose expert-written text on soybean pests and disease, labeled the entities, and classified their thematic relations into five categories. Then, we built and trained three relation extraction models using state-of-the-art deep learning architectures and evaluated their performance on our task. Finally, we constructed an example knowledge graph from the extracted information and demonstrated their potential usage for automatic reasoning and solution recommendation for pests and disease prevention. In total, this study sampled 1038 entities and 1569 relation instances. Experimental results showed that our best model achieved an F1 score of 98.49% on identifying relations from text. Experimental results also showed the effectiveness of the example knowledge graph. Keywords: Bidirectional encoder representation from transformers, Knowledge graph, Relation extraction, Soybean pests and disease.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67051439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David A. Pintens, K. Shinners, Joshua C. Friede, M. Digman, K. Kalscheur
HighlightsA screenless hammermill utilizing impact and shredding was used to process wilted alfalfa.Processing increased specific surface area and ruptured plant cells as quantified by a processing level index.Processed material was more compliant than the chopped material resulting in 26% to 56% greater compacted density.Processing reduced silage pH and increased fermentation acids compared to the chopped silage.Abstract. Intensive mechanical processing of wilted alfalfa could potentially increase ruminant utilization of alfalfa. A novel forage processing mechanism which combines impact and shredding was used to investigate intensive physical disruption of wilted alfalfa. Physical disruption was quantified by a processing level index (PLI) defined as the ratio of treatment leachate conductivity relative to that of an ultimately processed treatment. Utilizing this index, four processing levels defined by the number of passes through the processor were compared to a control treatment of conventionally chopped material. Processing three times through the processing device achieved a PLI of greater than 60%, with the greatest increase in PLI occurring in the first pass through the device. Processing reduced particle-size, but 45% to 56% of the material dry mass was greater than 6 mm at the greatest processing level. Processing severely disrupted the mechanical structure of the stems, making them more compliant resulting in 26% to 56% greater compacted density than the chopped control. Processing reduced silage pH and increased fermentation acids compared to the chopped silage, indicating processing improved silage quality. Keywords: Alfalfa, Density, Haylage, Impact, Particle-size, Shredding.
{"title":"Altering Physical Properties of Wilted Alfalfa by Impact – Shredding Processing","authors":"David A. Pintens, K. Shinners, Joshua C. Friede, M. Digman, K. Kalscheur","doi":"10.13031/aea.15168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15168","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsA screenless hammermill utilizing impact and shredding was used to process wilted alfalfa.Processing increased specific surface area and ruptured plant cells as quantified by a processing level index.Processed material was more compliant than the chopped material resulting in 26% to 56% greater compacted density.Processing reduced silage pH and increased fermentation acids compared to the chopped silage.Abstract. Intensive mechanical processing of wilted alfalfa could potentially increase ruminant utilization of alfalfa. A novel forage processing mechanism which combines impact and shredding was used to investigate intensive physical disruption of wilted alfalfa. Physical disruption was quantified by a processing level index (PLI) defined as the ratio of treatment leachate conductivity relative to that of an ultimately processed treatment. Utilizing this index, four processing levels defined by the number of passes through the processor were compared to a control treatment of conventionally chopped material. Processing three times through the processing device achieved a PLI of greater than 60%, with the greatest increase in PLI occurring in the first pass through the device. Processing reduced particle-size, but 45% to 56% of the material dry mass was greater than 6 mm at the greatest processing level. Processing severely disrupted the mechanical structure of the stems, making them more compliant resulting in 26% to 56% greater compacted density than the chopped control. Processing reduced silage pH and increased fermentation acids compared to the chopped silage, indicating processing improved silage quality. Keywords: Alfalfa, Density, Haylage, Impact, Particle-size, Shredding.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67051585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan H. Dean, A. P. Turner, A. Koc, R. Karthikeyan
HighlightsThe influence of moisture content and fine levels on the angle of repose (AoR) was evaluated for multiple pellet types.Filling angle of repose (AoR) show some increases with moisture, but values remained in the “free-flowing” range.Emptying and tilting table AoR were more impacted by additional moisture and fines.Image analysis was successfully used to measure the angle of repose.Abstract. Biomass and feed pellets can be handled and stored using similar equipment to that used for other bulk materials; however, their unique physical characteristics can lead to handling challenges. Understanding the flow characteristics of these materials is essential for handling and storage system design, but these characteristics are not well defined in less-than-ideal conditions. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate how moisture content and level of fines influence the angle of repose (AoR) of hardwood, pine bedding, and feed pellets. Three moisture levels (unconditioned, two and four percentage points above equilibrium) and four particle fine levels (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% fines) were evaluated. Multiple methods for measuring AoR were assessed, including the fixed funnel (both lose and confined base), tilting table, and a clear-sided test fixture to measure emptying and filling AoR simultaneously. An image analysis tool using a polyline fit to the pellet boundary was developed and used to measure the respective angles. The impact of increasing moisture and fine levels varied by pellet type and AoR measurement method, but generally resulted in an increase in AoR. The filling (dynamic) AoR was least impacted by moisture and fine levels, showing no differences among fine levels, and limit differences among moisture levels. Emptying (static) AoR was linearly correlated with the tilting table method, but the tilting table AoR was on average 15.5° higher. Utilizing the combined test fixture, the overall filling (dynamic) AoR for hardwood, pine bedding, and feed pellets inclusive of all moisture contents and percent fine levels were 33.8°, 35.0°, and 35.4°, respectively, while emptying (static) AoR’s were 39.9°, 44.2°, and 42.7°. Keywords: Angle of repose, Biomass, Moisture content, Particle size, Pellets, Physical properties.
{"title":"Influence of Moisture Content and Fine Levels on Angle of Repose for Pelletized Materials","authors":"Ryan H. Dean, A. P. Turner, A. Koc, R. Karthikeyan","doi":"10.13031/aea.15141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15141","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsThe influence of moisture content and fine levels on the angle of repose (AoR) was evaluated for multiple pellet types.Filling angle of repose (AoR) show some increases with moisture, but values remained in the “free-flowing” range.Emptying and tilting table AoR were more impacted by additional moisture and fines.Image analysis was successfully used to measure the angle of repose.Abstract. Biomass and feed pellets can be handled and stored using similar equipment to that used for other bulk materials; however, their unique physical characteristics can lead to handling challenges. Understanding the flow characteristics of these materials is essential for handling and storage system design, but these characteristics are not well defined in less-than-ideal conditions. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate how moisture content and level of fines influence the angle of repose (AoR) of hardwood, pine bedding, and feed pellets. Three moisture levels (unconditioned, two and four percentage points above equilibrium) and four particle fine levels (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% fines) were evaluated. Multiple methods for measuring AoR were assessed, including the fixed funnel (both lose and confined base), tilting table, and a clear-sided test fixture to measure emptying and filling AoR simultaneously. An image analysis tool using a polyline fit to the pellet boundary was developed and used to measure the respective angles. The impact of increasing moisture and fine levels varied by pellet type and AoR measurement method, but generally resulted in an increase in AoR. The filling (dynamic) AoR was least impacted by moisture and fine levels, showing no differences among fine levels, and limit differences among moisture levels. Emptying (static) AoR was linearly correlated with the tilting table method, but the tilting table AoR was on average 15.5° higher. Utilizing the combined test fixture, the overall filling (dynamic) AoR for hardwood, pine bedding, and feed pellets inclusive of all moisture contents and percent fine levels were 33.8°, 35.0°, and 35.4°, respectively, while emptying (static) AoR’s were 39.9°, 44.2°, and 42.7°. Keywords: Angle of repose, Biomass, Moisture content, Particle size, Pellets, Physical properties.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67051828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HighlightsVision-based approach for detecting outlet flow of tile drains in a laboratory environment.Method accurately detects and estimates flow within 12% or less of ground truth flow rate.A real-time application was developed that provides estimated flow rates from collected video.Abstract. This article presents a computer vision-based approach for monitoring water flow at outlet points of a tile drain system. The approach relies only on video capture of events at outlet points, thus a camera can be installed remotely and without contact with water. The algorithm detects, identifies, and tracks flows by motion, shape, and color features and measures flow rate based on a proposed model and two provided dimensions. The software was tested in a laboratory environment with three different target flow rate conditions: 0.312, 0.946, and 1.58 L/s (5, 15, and 25 gal/min). Flow rates reported by the computer vision approach are within 12% of the ground-truth flow rate baseline. The results of this work show that computer vision can be used as a reliable method for monitoring outlet flows from free-standing outlet structures under laboratory conditions. This work opens the possibility of applying computer vision techniques in tile drain monitoring from outlet points with mobile video recording devices in the field. Keywords: Keywords., Morphological transformations, Outflow detection, Outlet flow, Real-time application.
{"title":"Computer Vision Approach for Tile Drain Outflow Rate Estimation","authors":"Sierra N. Young, Meng Han, J. Peschel","doi":"10.13031/aea.15157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15157","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsVision-based approach for detecting outlet flow of tile drains in a laboratory environment.Method accurately detects and estimates flow within 12% or less of ground truth flow rate.A real-time application was developed that provides estimated flow rates from collected video.Abstract. This article presents a computer vision-based approach for monitoring water flow at outlet points of a tile drain system. The approach relies only on video capture of events at outlet points, thus a camera can be installed remotely and without contact with water. The algorithm detects, identifies, and tracks flows by motion, shape, and color features and measures flow rate based on a proposed model and two provided dimensions. The software was tested in a laboratory environment with three different target flow rate conditions: 0.312, 0.946, and 1.58 L/s (5, 15, and 25 gal/min). Flow rates reported by the computer vision approach are within 12% of the ground-truth flow rate baseline. The results of this work show that computer vision can be used as a reliable method for monitoring outlet flows from free-standing outlet structures under laboratory conditions. This work opens the possibility of applying computer vision techniques in tile drain monitoring from outlet points with mobile video recording devices in the field. Keywords: Keywords., Morphological transformations, Outflow detection, Outlet flow, Real-time application.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67051957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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