Analytical and Quantitative Cytopathology and Histopathology最新文献

Objective: To determine the effect of zoledronic acid on graft materials in bone calvarial defects.

Study design: Eighty adult (12 weeks) Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing from 300-350 g were divided into groups: calvarial defect, calvarial defect + synthetic graft, and calvarial defect + xenograft. All groups received zoledronate intravenously for a week after surgery and were sacrificed at either 6 or 12 weeks after their operation. The rat calvariae were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin before decalcification in 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 20 days. Calvarial bone samples were then dehydrated and processed for embedding in paraffin wax. Sections 5 μm thick were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined by light microscopy.

Results: The effects of zoledronic acid, a third-generation nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, on different graft materials in rats with critical-size calvarial defects were analyzed and compared. Significantly less graft resorption was identified in zoledronic acid-treated rats that had received a xenograft than in either the untreated rats or those with a synthetic graft. In the xenograft group primary ossification was visible at week 12, and the graft had entered the bone to a greater extent than in the other experimental groups or in the control group. Osseous structures were also observed more clearly in this group than in the others.

Conclusion: Zoledronic acid histopathologic bone graft stimulates bone formation. Zoledronic acid may be considered among the therapeutic methods available to improve the bone formation process in calvarial bone formation.

Background: Inverted papilloma (IP) is an unusual benign neoplasm, most commonly found in the bladder. Cases of malignant transformation have been reported in the past, although most of them are now considered to be urothelial carcinomas with an inverted growth pattern.

Case: A 54-year-old man was diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma in situ (UCIS), high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (HGPUC), and IP by transurethral resection specimen of the bladder. The urothelial carcinoma cells were seen colonizing the inverted papilloma.

Conclusion: The coexistence of IP with UCIS and HGPUC is rare. Immunohistochemistry helps distinguish between IP and UC in difficult cases such as this one. A brief review of other reported cases of inverted papilloma coexisting with urothelial carcinoma in the English literature over the past 25 years is presented.

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of p16(INK4a) (p16) and Ki-67 staining in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2) biopsies in order to predict CIN3 results in cone specimens, thereby sparing those not likely at risk for CIN3 from unnecessary cone excision.

Study design: We retrospectively recruited patients with CIN2 colposcopy-directed biopsy treated by loop electrosurgical excision procedure. The expression of p16 and Ki-67 was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in all biopsies and cone specimens.

Results: A total of 123 patients from January 2009 to December 2010 were included in the study. CIN3 in cone specimens was observed in 35 patients (28.5%). Ki-67 positive immunostaining in > 50% of epithelial cells was related to CIN3 diagnoses in cone specimens (p = 0.043). However, p16+ and Ki-67+ evaluated by thirds of the epithelial thickness in CIN2 biopsies did not show a significant correlation with the cone results. In multivariate analysis, Ki-67 cell expression over 50% in CIN2 biopsies and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in the previous cytology were statistically associated with CIN3 results in the cone (odds ratio [OR] 2.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-6.29; OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.07-6.72, respectively).

Conclusion: Patients with HSIL in the previous cytology and Ki-67 cell expression over 50% in their CIN2 biopsies could be considered in need of treatment by cone for their higher risk of underlying CIN3 lesions.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of urine cytology in detecting bladder cancer using meta-analysis.

Study design: Public databases, including PubMed, Embase, Springer, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, were searched before February 2015. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR), negative LR, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of urine cytology in individual studies were calculated using random effects model or fixed effect model. The summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was applied for performance of urine cytology. Publication bias of the included studies was evaluated by Egger's test.

Results: A total of 17 separate studies consisting of 5,908 patients with bladder cancer were included in the meta-analysis. Significant heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 98.6%, p < 0.01) and effect sizes were pooled using random effects model. Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive LR, negative LR, and DOR of urine cytology were 0.37 (95% CI 0.35-0.39), 0.95 (95% CI 0.94-0.95), 7.39 (95% CI 4.97-10.98), 0.56 (95% CI 0.47-0.68), and 15.76 (95% CI 9.03-27.50), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) and Q* index were 0.80 and 0.74, respectively. No publication bias was observed (p = 0.12).

Conclusion: Our data indicate that urine cytology might be more suitable as an assistant method in bladder cancer detection by combining with other diagnostic methods with high sensitivity.

Objective: To identify the incidence and clinicopathologic features of prostate cancer incidentally detected in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and to estimate the clinical value of pathologic review of all TURP specimens.

Study design: A pathologic review was performed on all TURP specimens for each patient from May 1, 2004, to June 30, 2014, in our institute. A total of 1,024 men (ages 46-98) were identified by pathology specimen. Those with a known diagnosis of prostate cancer prior to TURP (n = 16) were excluded from the analysis. The tumor volume, Gleason score, pathologic stage, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and follow-up data were evaluated for those who were found to have prostate cancer.

Results: A total of 87 (8.6%) patients (ages 50-88) were found to have prostate cancer. Significant prostate cancer was found in 25 patients. From May 1, 2004, to May 31, 2009, 30 (6.1%) patients (ages 57-83) were found to have prostate cancer. From June 1, 2009, to June 30, 2014, 57 (11.0%) patients (ages 50-88) were found to have prostate cancer.

Conclusion: Our series demonstrates that 8.6% of patients were found to have prostate cancer and that the incidence was increasing in recent years. Even in some patients with T1a disease, the tumors were significant. The pathologic review of TURP specimens is valuable in China.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of quercetin on cadmium-induced oxidative stress, testicular damage, and apoptosis in rat testes.

Study design: The rats were randomly allotted into 1 of 3 experimental groups: control, cadmium-treated, and cadmium-treated with quercetin; each group con- tained 10 animals. Control animals received daily injec- tions of the saline vehicle alone. The cadmium-treated group was injected subcutaneously with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) dissolved in saline at a dose of 2 mL/kg/ day for 30 days, resulting in a dosage of 1 mg/kg cadmium. The rats in quercetin-treated groups were given quercetin (15 mg/kg body weight) once a day i.p., starting 2 days prior to the cadmium injection during the study period. All animals were sacrificed and testes tissues were removed for histopathological and biochemical (malondialdehyde [MDA], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px], and serum testosterone levels) investigation.

Results: The mean seminiferous tubule diameter, Johnsen's mean testicular biopsy score values, biochemical parameters (MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, and serum testosterone levels), and amount of germ cell apoptosis were significantly decreased in the cadmium-treated groups as compared to the control group. Furthermore, the quercetin-treated animals showed improved histological and biochemical parameters in the cadmium-treated group.

Conclusion: The present study showed that quercetin treatment protected testes against toxic effects of cadmium. We believe that further preclinical research into the utility of quercetin may indicate its usefulness as a potential treatment for spermatogenesis after testicular injury caused by cadmium-treated rats.

Objective: Prostate cancer (PCa) patients fulfilling the Epstein criteria for insignificant disease are eligible for the treatment option of active surveillance (AS). Using the combined histological and cytological grading (Gleason/Helpap score), we aimed to investigate the significance of biopsy localization and tumor involvement in core needle biopsies as discriminators for insignificant cancer.

Study design: Primary prostate biopsies of 1,285 patients were analyzed by the combined histological and cytological grading with regard to biopsy localization and tumor involvement per core. For patients diagnosed with pT2a stage PCa, core needle biopsies were further compared with the corresponding radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens.

Results: According to the combined histological and cytological grading, 95% of low-grade PCas (Gleason score 6/2a, prognostic grading group I) presented with a tumor involvement of < 10% in 1 core biopsy, whereas intermediate-grade tumors (prognostic grading group 2) displayed dissimilar tumor localization in 1 or both lobes with higher tumor volume.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that the combined Gleason/Helpap grading may contribute to a more reliable identification of insignificant PCa with the option of AS. Ancillary criteria include the limitation of tumor involvement to < 10% per core, localized in 1 or 2 adjacent biopsies in only 1 lobe. Under this presupposition, > 90% of insignificant carcinomas concurred with low-grade PCa and stage pT2a tumors with negative margins after RP.

Objective: To identify the most useful method to detect the mitotic count (MC) by comparing different techniques, to determine a cutoff value for mitotic activity (MA), and to evaluate the correlation of this value with the recurrence of noninvasive low-grade papillary urothelial neoplasm (LGPUC).

Study design: Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of 55 LGPUC cases were evaluated for their MA. MC was determined using 4 different methods. In Method 1, cases with 3 mitoses in 1 single focus of a high-power field (HPF x 400) were found, and in Method 2, cases with ≥ 5 mitoses in 1 singlefocus of an HPF, in any level of the neoplastic epithelium, were determined. The areas with the highest MA values in the lower third and those with the highest MA values in the upper two-thirds of the neoplastic epithelium were marked in Methods 3 and 4, respectively. Then, mitotic figures were counted in these fields, and cases with 5 mitoses were determined.

Results: In the recurrent group the number of cases with ≥ 5 mitoses, as detected by Methods 2 and 4, was significantly higher than that found for the nonrecurrent group (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively). The number of mitoses, as detected by Methods 1 and 3, was not significantly different between the groups.

Conclusion: We suggest that determining MC may be used as a prognostic marker to predict LGPUC recurrence and that the mitotic numbers should be included in the initial pathology report to guide the clinician in patient management.

Objective: To evaluate the histopathological and immunohistochemical effects of systemically administered nicotine on rat tongue mucosa.

Study design: Rats were assigned to one of two groups: the experimental group received nicotine systemically (nicotine sulphate 2 mg/kg subcutaneously daily for 28 days), while the rats in the control group were administered physiological saline (1.5 mL subcutaneously for 28 days). All animals were sacrificed at the end of the study, and tongue tissue samples were removed and prepared according to routine histological procedures. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and observed by light microscopy. Immunoreactivity of tongue mucosa was assessed with E-cadherin, collagen IV, and VEGF expression by immunohistochemical staining.

Results: There were significant differences in the average histopathological score between the nicotine-treated and untreated groups. Morphological changes, including inflammatory leukocyte infiltration and cellular desquamation, blood vessel dilation, hemorrhage, and epithelial degeneration, were noted. Further, E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased in the nicotine-treated group versus the untreated group. The nicotine treatment group showed an increase in collagen IV secondary papillae and basal cells.

Conclusion: The increased level of VEGF expression in the nicotine-treated group may have affected endothelial cell apoptosis.