Russell D.C. Bicknell, Katrina Kenny, Roy E. Plotnick
Pterygotid eurypterids include some of the largest aquatic arthropods in the fossil record and are known from middle Silurian to Middle Devonian deposits across the globe. These forms primarily preserve as mostly two-dimensional impressions, a situation that has impacted the accurate reconstruction of pterygotid ventral structures and organization. By documenting specimens displaying important dorsal and ventral structures from both Acutiramus—a larger, well-documented pterygotid genus—and other pterygotids, we reconstruct Acutiramus in three-dimensions (3D) to more thoroughly understand the functional morphology and limb arrangement of these large eurypterids. With this comprehensive 3D reconstruction, we demonstrate a much more anterior insertion of appendages II–V, a near-horizontal orientation of appendages II–VI coxae, the presence of reduced appendage II, and a labrum and epistomel region. The labrum and epistomel sections are identified as the locality for cheliceral articulation. This model also uncovers the streamlined nature and low-profile morphology of Acutiramus. We use our model to explore the morphofunctionality of pterygotid eurypterids, including their feeding strategies, addressing a conundrum inherent in previous pterygotid reconstructions.
{"title":"Ex Vivo Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Acutiramus: A Giant Pterygotid Sea Scorpion","authors":"Russell D.C. Bicknell, Katrina Kenny, Roy E. Plotnick","doi":"10.1206/4004.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/4004.1","url":null,"abstract":"Pterygotid eurypterids include some of the largest aquatic arthropods in the fossil record and are known from middle Silurian to Middle Devonian deposits across the globe. These forms primarily preserve as mostly two-dimensional impressions, a situation that has impacted the accurate reconstruction of pterygotid ventral structures and organization. By documenting specimens displaying important dorsal and ventral structures from both Acutiramus—a larger, well-documented pterygotid genus—and other pterygotids, we reconstruct Acutiramus in three-dimensions (3D) to more thoroughly understand the functional morphology and limb arrangement of these large eurypterids. With this comprehensive 3D reconstruction, we demonstrate a much more anterior insertion of appendages II–V, a near-horizontal orientation of appendages II–VI coxae, the presence of reduced appendage II, and a labrum and epistomel region. The labrum and epistomel sections are identified as the locality for cheliceral articulation. This model also uncovers the streamlined nature and low-profile morphology of Acutiramus. We use our model to explore the morphofunctionality of pterygotid eurypterids, including their feeding strategies, addressing a conundrum inherent in previous pterygotid reconstructions.","PeriodicalId":55527,"journal":{"name":"American Museum Novitates","volume":"319 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138526460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander V. Fateryga, James M. Carpenter, Valentina V. Fateryga
Ancistrocerus capra was described by de Saussure in 1857 from North America and then was synonymized with the Palaearctic A. antilope (Panzer, 1798) by Bequaert in 1944. Although these species share a combination of two characters (impunctate and shining metapleuron and lateral surface of the propodeum and a bifurcate apex of the aedeagus) not known in other species of Ancistrocerus, they are clearly different in the structure of the clypeus (especially in the male) and the male genitalia (structure of the volsella, general shape of the aedeagus, and the structure of its ventral lobe). Thus, A. capra is again recognized as a distinct species in the present contribution. This species is distributed in the United States and Canada while A. antilope has a trans-Palaearctic distribution. Two subspecies of A. antilope known from North America are synonymized with A. capra: A. antilope navajo Bequaert, 1925 (new synonymy), and A. antilope allegrus Bequaert, 1944 (new synonymy); the taxonomic status of A. capra spenceri Bequaert, 1944, remains unclear. Bionomics of A. antilope and A. capra are similar; particularly, these species share an association with apparently the same species of symbiotic mites, Kennethiella trisetosa (Cooreman, 1942) (Sarcoptiformes: Winterschmidtiidae), and an unusual mating behavior correlated with this association (first of all, several copulations per pair). A difference, however, exists in the number of generations per year and the sex ratio: A. antilope has a single (overwintering) generation with a female-biased sex ratio while A. capra has an overwintering generation with a male-biased sex ratio and a summer one with a female-biased sex ratio.
{"title":"Ancistrocerus capra (De Saussure, 1857), a Valid Species, Not a Synonym of A. antilope (Panzer, 1798) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)","authors":"Alexander V. Fateryga, James M. Carpenter, Valentina V. Fateryga","doi":"10.1206/4002.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/4002.1","url":null,"abstract":"Ancistrocerus capra was described by de Saussure in 1857 from North America and then was synonymized with the Palaearctic A. antilope (Panzer, 1798) by Bequaert in 1944. Although these species share a combination of two characters (impunctate and shining metapleuron and lateral surface of the propodeum and a bifurcate apex of the aedeagus) not known in other species of Ancistrocerus, they are clearly different in the structure of the clypeus (especially in the male) and the male genitalia (structure of the volsella, general shape of the aedeagus, and the structure of its ventral lobe). Thus, A. capra is again recognized as a distinct species in the present contribution. This species is distributed in the United States and Canada while A. antilope has a trans-Palaearctic distribution. Two subspecies of A. antilope known from North America are synonymized with A. capra: A. antilope navajo Bequaert, 1925 (new synonymy), and A. antilope allegrus Bequaert, 1944 (new synonymy); the taxonomic status of A. capra spenceri Bequaert, 1944, remains unclear. Bionomics of A. antilope and A. capra are similar; particularly, these species share an association with apparently the same species of symbiotic mites, Kennethiella trisetosa (Cooreman, 1942) (Sarcoptiformes: Winterschmidtiidae), and an unusual mating behavior correlated with this association (first of all, several copulations per pair). A difference, however, exists in the number of generations per year and the sex ratio: A. antilope has a single (overwintering) generation with a female-biased sex ratio while A. capra has an overwintering generation with a male-biased sex ratio and a summer one with a female-biased sex ratio.","PeriodicalId":55527,"journal":{"name":"American Museum Novitates","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135730848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Viviana Yánez-Fernández, M. Raquel Marchán-Rivadeneira, Paúl M. Velazco, Santiago F. Burneo, Nicolás Tinoco, M. Alejandra Camacho
The lesser yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira nana, is a member of the most diverse genus of the New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae). This species was considered endemic to Peru until 2009 when researchers captured a series of individuals in the Cordillera del Cóndor of southeastern Ecuador and identified them as S. nana. To assess the taxonomic status of this Ecuadorian population in relation to S. nana from Peru, we analyzed cytochrome b gene sequences and craniodental measurement data. In addition, we used principal component analysis to elucidate differences in climatic niches. Our analyses suggest that populations currently identified as S. nana from Ecuador and Peru are genetically, morphologically, and ecologically divergent. Herein, we formally describe the population of small Sturnira from Ecuador as a new species.
较小的黄肩蝙蝠，Sturnira nana，是新世界叶鼻蝙蝠(Phyllostomidae)中最多样化属的一员。该物种被认为是秘鲁特有的物种，直到2009年，研究人员在厄瓜多尔东南部的Cordillera del Cóndor捕获了一系列个体，并将它们确定为S. nana。为了评估厄瓜多尔种群与秘鲁S. nana的分类地位，我们分析了细胞色素b基因序列和颅齿测量数据。此外，我们使用主成分分析来阐明气候生态位的差异。我们的分析表明，目前鉴定为来自厄瓜多尔和秘鲁的S. nana的种群在遗传、形态和生态上都是不同的。在这里，我们正式将厄瓜多尔的小Sturnira种群描述为一个新物种。
{"title":"On the Taxonomic Identity of Sturnira nana Gardner and O'Neil, 1971 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), from Ecuador, with the Description of a New Species of Sturnira","authors":"Viviana Yánez-Fernández, M. Raquel Marchán-Rivadeneira, Paúl M. Velazco, Santiago F. Burneo, Nicolás Tinoco, M. Alejandra Camacho","doi":"10.1206/4001.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/4001.1","url":null,"abstract":"The lesser yellow-shouldered bat, Sturnira nana, is a member of the most diverse genus of the New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae). This species was considered endemic to Peru until 2009 when researchers captured a series of individuals in the Cordillera del Cóndor of southeastern Ecuador and identified them as S. nana. To assess the taxonomic status of this Ecuadorian population in relation to S. nana from Peru, we analyzed cytochrome b gene sequences and craniodental measurement data. In addition, we used principal component analysis to elucidate differences in climatic niches. Our analyses suggest that populations currently identified as S. nana from Ecuador and Peru are genetically, morphologically, and ecologically divergent. Herein, we formally describe the population of small Sturnira from Ecuador as a new species.","PeriodicalId":55527,"journal":{"name":"American Museum Novitates","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136037780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jairo A. Moreno-González, Miguel Gutierrez-Estrada, L. Prendini
ABSTRACT The ancient, enigmatic whip spider family Paracharontidae Weygoldt, 1996, representing the basalmost lineage of the arachnid order Amblypygi Thorell, 1883, is revised. The monotypic West African genus Paracharon Hansen, 1921, from Guinea Bissau, is redescribed, based on a reexamination and reinterpretation of the newly designated lectotype. A new troglobitic whip spider, Jorottui ipuanai, gen. et sp. nov., is described from a cave system in the upper basin of the Camarones River in the La Guajira Department of northeastern Colombia. This new taxon is the second extant representative of Paracharontidae and the first outside Africa. It is unambiguously assigned to the family based on several characters shared with Paracharon caecus Hansen, 1921, notably a projection of the anterior carapace margin, the tritosternum not projecting anteriorly, similar pedipalp spination, a reduced number of trichobothria on the tibia of leg IV, and cushionlike female gonopods. A detailed examination confirmed the absence of ocelli in both genera and the presence of three (Paracharon) vs. four (Jorottui, gen. nov.) prolateral teeth on the basal segment of the chelicera, the dorsalmost tooth bicuspid in both genera. The male gonopods of Paracharontidae are described for the first time. Paracharonopsis cambayensis Engel and Grimaldi, 2014, is removed from Paracharontidae and placed incertae sedis in Euamblypygi Weygoldt, 1996; amended, comparative diagnoses are presented for Paracharontidae and Paracharon; and previous interpretations of various diagnostic characters for Paracharontidae are discussed.
{"title":"Systematic Revision of the Whip Spider Family Paracharontidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi) with Description of a New Troglobitic Genus and Species from Colombia","authors":"Jairo A. Moreno-González, Miguel Gutierrez-Estrada, L. Prendini","doi":"10.1206/4000.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/4000.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The ancient, enigmatic whip spider family Paracharontidae Weygoldt, 1996, representing the basalmost lineage of the arachnid order Amblypygi Thorell, 1883, is revised. The monotypic West African genus Paracharon Hansen, 1921, from Guinea Bissau, is redescribed, based on a reexamination and reinterpretation of the newly designated lectotype. A new troglobitic whip spider, Jorottui ipuanai, gen. et sp. nov., is described from a cave system in the upper basin of the Camarones River in the La Guajira Department of northeastern Colombia. This new taxon is the second extant representative of Paracharontidae and the first outside Africa. It is unambiguously assigned to the family based on several characters shared with Paracharon caecus Hansen, 1921, notably a projection of the anterior carapace margin, the tritosternum not projecting anteriorly, similar pedipalp spination, a reduced number of trichobothria on the tibia of leg IV, and cushionlike female gonopods. A detailed examination confirmed the absence of ocelli in both genera and the presence of three (Paracharon) vs. four (Jorottui, gen. nov.) prolateral teeth on the basal segment of the chelicera, the dorsalmost tooth bicuspid in both genera. The male gonopods of Paracharontidae are described for the first time. Paracharonopsis cambayensis Engel and Grimaldi, 2014, is removed from Paracharontidae and placed incertae sedis in Euamblypygi Weygoldt, 1996; amended, comparative diagnoses are presented for Paracharontidae and Paracharon; and previous interpretations of various diagnostic characters for Paracharontidae are discussed.","PeriodicalId":55527,"journal":{"name":"American Museum Novitates","volume":"2023 1","pages":"1 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43919650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Labeo mbimbii, n. sp., and Labeo manasseeae, n. sp., two small-bodied Labeo species, are described from the lower and middle reaches of the Lulua River (Kasai ecoregion, Congo basin) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The two new species are members of the L. forskalii species group and are genetically distinct from all other species of that clade. Morphologically they can be distinguished from central African L. forskalii group congeners except L. dhonti, L. lukulae, L. luluae, L. parvus, L. quadribarbis, and L. simpsoni in the possession of 29 or fewer (vs. 30 or more) vertebrae and from those congeners by a wider interpectoral, among other features. The two new species are endemic to the Lulua River and, although overlapping in geographical range and most meristic and morphometric measures, are readily differentiated by differing numbers of fully developed supraneural bones, predorsal vertebrae, snout morphology, and additional osteological features. The description of these two species brings the total of Labeo species endemic to the Lulua basin to three. The third endemic species, L. luluae, was previously known only from the juvenile holotype, but numerous additional specimens have now been identified. The cooccurrence of 14 Labeo species in the Lulua River, three of which are endemic, highlights this system as a hotspot of Labeo diversity in the Congo basin and across the continent.
{"title":"Description of Two New Labeo (Labeoninae; Cyprinidae) Endemic to the Lulua River in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Kasai Ecoregion); a Hotspot of Fish Diversity in the Congo Basin","authors":"T. Liyandja, M. Stiassny","doi":"10.1206/3999.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/3999.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Labeo mbimbii, n. sp., and Labeo manasseeae, n. sp., two small-bodied Labeo species, are described from the lower and middle reaches of the Lulua River (Kasai ecoregion, Congo basin) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The two new species are members of the L. forskalii species group and are genetically distinct from all other species of that clade. Morphologically they can be distinguished from central African L. forskalii group congeners except L. dhonti, L. lukulae, L. luluae, L. parvus, L. quadribarbis, and L. simpsoni in the possession of 29 or fewer (vs. 30 or more) vertebrae and from those congeners by a wider interpectoral, among other features. The two new species are endemic to the Lulua River and, although overlapping in geographical range and most meristic and morphometric measures, are readily differentiated by differing numbers of fully developed supraneural bones, predorsal vertebrae, snout morphology, and additional osteological features. The description of these two species brings the total of Labeo species endemic to the Lulua basin to three. The third endemic species, L. luluae, was previously known only from the juvenile holotype, but numerous additional specimens have now been identified. The cooccurrence of 14 Labeo species in the Lulua River, three of which are endemic, highlights this system as a hotspot of Labeo diversity in the Congo basin and across the continent.","PeriodicalId":55527,"journal":{"name":"American Museum Novitates","volume":"2023 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45477634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amane Tajika, N. Landman, Hiromichi Koyasu, A. Broussard, Lian C. Anderson, Kenji Ikuno
ABSTRACT Rhyncholites and Conchorhynchs are the calcitic elements of upper and lower jaws of cephalopods, respectively. Rhyncholites and conchorhynchs occur in relatively high abundance and are widely distributed, with a long geological range, extending from the Triassic to the Miocene. While rhyncholites and conchorhynchs are relatively common in Europe, there are only a few reports from North America. Here, we document 24 specimens of rhyncholites and 12 specimens of conchorhynchs from the Upper Cretaceous Mount Laurel Formation in Delaware. The specimens were found in isolation and, thus, identifying the taxon to which the rhyncholites and conchorhynchs belong is difficult. However, the Cretaceous nautilid Eutrephoceras occurs in the same formation, suggesting that the rhyncholites and conchorhynchs may belong to this taxon. We performed a morphometric analysis of these structures based on linear measurements. Our results reveal that some morphological parameters in rhyncholites are correlated with size. Additionally, our specimens exhibit high intraspecific variation, which may have been overlooked in previous studies.
{"title":"New Discovery of Rhyncholites and Conchorhynchs (Cephalopod Jaw Elements) from the Upper Cretaceous Mount Laurel Formation of Delaware","authors":"Amane Tajika, N. Landman, Hiromichi Koyasu, A. Broussard, Lian C. Anderson, Kenji Ikuno","doi":"10.1206/3998.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/3998.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rhyncholites and Conchorhynchs are the calcitic elements of upper and lower jaws of cephalopods, respectively. Rhyncholites and conchorhynchs occur in relatively high abundance and are widely distributed, with a long geological range, extending from the Triassic to the Miocene. While rhyncholites and conchorhynchs are relatively common in Europe, there are only a few reports from North America. Here, we document 24 specimens of rhyncholites and 12 specimens of conchorhynchs from the Upper Cretaceous Mount Laurel Formation in Delaware. The specimens were found in isolation and, thus, identifying the taxon to which the rhyncholites and conchorhynchs belong is difficult. However, the Cretaceous nautilid Eutrephoceras occurs in the same formation, suggesting that the rhyncholites and conchorhynchs may belong to this taxon. We performed a morphometric analysis of these structures based on linear measurements. Our results reveal that some morphological parameters in rhyncholites are correlated with size. Additionally, our specimens exhibit high intraspecific variation, which may have been overlooked in previous studies.","PeriodicalId":55527,"journal":{"name":"American Museum Novitates","volume":"2023 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43960435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The highest single-site species diversity known thus far in the world for Drosophilidae is in Costa Rica, based on findings in this report. A total of 352 species of Drosophilidae (Diptera) were found in a cloud forest (1580 m) in Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province (hereafter “Zurquí”), based on 2908 specimens collected continuously for one year, using eight trapping and collecting methods. There are currently 305 described species from Costa Rica. Zurquí is at the edge of a large, protected area and was the site of an All-Diptera inventory project. For this study, drosophilid specimens were identified to genus/subgenus, sorted to morphospecies, and their abundances plotted by collection method: Malaise traps, flight intercept traps, baited traps, light and yellow pan traps, emergence traps, and hand collecting with nets. The standard method used by drosophilists, bait trapping, captured a small fraction of species. Malaise traps captured 87% of all species, and 41% of the 352 species were captured only this way. Emergence traps captured a surprising diversity (47 species) of Diathoneura and Drosophila, establishing that leaf litter/humus is an important breeding site for some taxa. Combining all collection methods, 11 species were abundant, as defined by 50 or more specimens, and comprised 35% of all specimens in the study; two-thirds (66%) of all species were rare, as defined by five or fewer specimens. Comparisons are made to other well-collected sites and regions around the world. Lowland to mid-montane forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes may be the most diverse area for Drosophilidae, a family that is exemplary for studying the ecology and evolution of tropical diversity.
根据本报告的发现，迄今为止，世界上已知的果蝇科单点物种多样性最高的地区是哥斯达黎加。在圣何塞省Zurquí de Moravia(以下简称Zurquí)一片1580 m的云雾林中，连续1年采集2908份标本，采用8种诱捕方法，共发现果蝇科(双翅目)352种。目前在哥斯达黎加有305种被描述的物种。Zurquí位于一个大型保护区的边缘，是一个全双翅目昆虫清单项目的所在地。本研究将果蝇标本鉴定为属/亚属，分类为形态种，并采用蝇病诱捕法、飞阻诱捕法、诱饵诱捕法、光黄诱捕法、出苗诱捕法和手网采集法绘制其丰度图。果蝇学家使用的标准方法，诱饵诱捕，只捕获了一小部分果蝇。诱虫法捕获的种数为87%，仅诱虫法捕获的种数为41%。羽化陷阱捕获了令人惊讶的多样性(47种)，表明落叶/腐殖质是某些分类群的重要繁殖地。综合各种采集方法，有11种标本丰富(≥50份)，占研究标本总数的35%;所有物种的三分之二(66%)是罕见的，定义为五个或更少的标本。与世界上其他收集良好的地点和地区进行比较。安第斯山脉东坡的低地到山地中部的森林可能是果蝇科最多样化的地区，果蝇科是研究热带多样性生态学和进化的典范。
{"title":"Exceptional Species Diversity of Drosophilidae (Diptera) in a Neotropical Forest","authors":"D. Grimaldi, Courtney Richenbacher","doi":"10.1206/3997.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/3997.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The highest single-site species diversity known thus far in the world for Drosophilidae is in Costa Rica, based on findings in this report. A total of 352 species of Drosophilidae (Diptera) were found in a cloud forest (1580 m) in Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province (hereafter “Zurquí”), based on 2908 specimens collected continuously for one year, using eight trapping and collecting methods. There are currently 305 described species from Costa Rica. Zurquí is at the edge of a large, protected area and was the site of an All-Diptera inventory project. For this study, drosophilid specimens were identified to genus/subgenus, sorted to morphospecies, and their abundances plotted by collection method: Malaise traps, flight intercept traps, baited traps, light and yellow pan traps, emergence traps, and hand collecting with nets. The standard method used by drosophilists, bait trapping, captured a small fraction of species. Malaise traps captured 87% of all species, and 41% of the 352 species were captured only this way. Emergence traps captured a surprising diversity (47 species) of Diathoneura and Drosophila, establishing that leaf litter/humus is an important breeding site for some taxa. Combining all collection methods, 11 species were abundant, as defined by 50 or more specimens, and comprised 35% of all specimens in the study; two-thirds (66%) of all species were rare, as defined by five or fewer specimens. Comparisons are made to other well-collected sites and regions around the world. Lowland to mid-montane forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes may be the most diverse area for Drosophilidae, a family that is exemplary for studying the ecology and evolution of tropical diversity.","PeriodicalId":55527,"journal":{"name":"American Museum Novitates","volume":"2023 1","pages":"1 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48652018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Q. Jiangzuo, J. J. Flynn, Shiqi Wang, Sukuan Hou, T. Deng
ABSTRACT Among the fossil members of the giant panda subfamily of ursid carnivorans, Ailuropodinae, one group of species is of giant size, those of Indarctos. Indarctos species have some dental resemblances to and may be closely related to Agriotherium, although there are other clear differences between these taxa, and no known species has definitive shared derived traits that could link these two genera. Here we describe a rich suite of fossil material from both North America and eastern Asia, all belonging to a new genus, Huracan, which possesses characters shared with both Agriotherium and Indarctos but also has diagnostic autapomorphies. The new taxon was distributed widely in the Holarctic during the latest Miocene, including at least four species: the type species Huracan schneideri (previously Agriotherium schneideri) from the latest Hemphillian (Hh4) and possibly early Blancan North American Land Mammal “Ages” (NALMAs), North America; H. coffeyi from the early Late Hemphillian (Hh3) NALMA, North America; H. qiui, sp. nov., from the Baodean Asian Land Mammal “Age” (ALMA), northern China; and H. roblesi from the MN13 zone (latest Miocene–earliest Pliocene) of Spain. Huracan is the nearest sister taxon to Agriotherium, the latter herein considered to be an ailuropodine (in the tribe Agriotheriini) rather than a hemicyonid, and the common ancestor of both genera evolved from Indarctos (with resultant paraphyly of that taxon) or another Indarctos-like ailuropodine bear, likely in eastern Asia. The dentitions of Huracan and Agriotherium both are more specialised for carnivory than most Indarctos species, indicating a radiation of diverse ecological carnivores earlier in the history of the later-diverging, highly specialized herbivores in the giant panda lineage. Their postcranial morphology suggests that species in both genera (Huracan and Agriotherium) were more cursorial than species assigned to Indarctos, and thus well adapted to more open habitats. These derived traits may explain the worldwide replacement of Indarctos species by Huracan and Agriotherium species during the latest Miocene, in response to significant global cooling and expansion of C4 grasslands that occurred at that time.
{"title":"New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores","authors":"Q. Jiangzuo, J. J. Flynn, Shiqi Wang, Sukuan Hou, T. Deng","doi":"10.1206/3996.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/3996.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Among the fossil members of the giant panda subfamily of ursid carnivorans, Ailuropodinae, one group of species is of giant size, those of Indarctos. Indarctos species have some dental resemblances to and may be closely related to Agriotherium, although there are other clear differences between these taxa, and no known species has definitive shared derived traits that could link these two genera. Here we describe a rich suite of fossil material from both North America and eastern Asia, all belonging to a new genus, Huracan, which possesses characters shared with both Agriotherium and Indarctos but also has diagnostic autapomorphies. The new taxon was distributed widely in the Holarctic during the latest Miocene, including at least four species: the type species Huracan schneideri (previously Agriotherium schneideri) from the latest Hemphillian (Hh4) and possibly early Blancan North American Land Mammal “Ages” (NALMAs), North America; H. coffeyi from the early Late Hemphillian (Hh3) NALMA, North America; H. qiui, sp. nov., from the Baodean Asian Land Mammal “Age” (ALMA), northern China; and H. roblesi from the MN13 zone (latest Miocene–earliest Pliocene) of Spain. Huracan is the nearest sister taxon to Agriotherium, the latter herein considered to be an ailuropodine (in the tribe Agriotheriini) rather than a hemicyonid, and the common ancestor of both genera evolved from Indarctos (with resultant paraphyly of that taxon) or another Indarctos-like ailuropodine bear, likely in eastern Asia. The dentitions of Huracan and Agriotherium both are more specialised for carnivory than most Indarctos species, indicating a radiation of diverse ecological carnivores earlier in the history of the later-diverging, highly specialized herbivores in the giant panda lineage. Their postcranial morphology suggests that species in both genera (Huracan and Agriotherium) were more cursorial than species assigned to Indarctos, and thus well adapted to more open habitats. These derived traits may explain the worldwide replacement of Indarctos species by Huracan and Agriotherium species during the latest Miocene, in response to significant global cooling and expansion of C4 grasslands that occurred at that time.","PeriodicalId":55527,"journal":{"name":"American Museum Novitates","volume":"2023 1","pages":"1 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48058222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT A key to the genera of the Eumeninae occurring in Oceania is presented. Hitherto there has been no published key to these genera, making routine identification difficult. New combinations are Pararrhynchium atrum emifasciatum (Giordani Soika), Pararrhynchium simillimum (Giordani Soika), Parodynerus mariannensis (Bequaert and Yasumatsu), and Phimenes solomonis malaitensis (van der Vecht).
{"title":"A Key to the Pacific Genera of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)","authors":"J. Carpenter","doi":"10.1206/3995.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/3995.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A key to the genera of the Eumeninae occurring in Oceania is presented. Hitherto there has been no published key to these genera, making routine identification difficult. New combinations are Pararrhynchium atrum emifasciatum (Giordani Soika), Pararrhynchium simillimum (Giordani Soika), Parodynerus mariannensis (Bequaert and Yasumatsu), and Phimenes solomonis malaitensis (van der Vecht).","PeriodicalId":55527,"journal":{"name":"American Museum Novitates","volume":"2023 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42177897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The North American Hallodapini are revised. Cyrtopeltocoris Reuter includes 12 species, five of which (C. brailovskyi, n. sp., C. fractifasciatus, n. sp., C. hallodapoides, n. sp., C. nudipronotum, n. sp., and C. pronotosus, n. sp.) are described as new. Five nominal species of Cyrtopeltocoris and three commingled species of Sericophanes Reuter are placed in synonymy, and a neotype is designated for C. mexicanus Carvalho and Costa. Phoradendrepulus Polhemus and Polhemus, described based on brachypterous males and females, is synonymized under Cyrtopeltocoris, new synonymy, and P. myrmecomorphus Polhemus and Polhemus is synonymized under C. ajo Knight. The new genus Neocyrtopeltocoris, described to include Sericophanes triangularis Knight (with Sericophanes albomaculatus Knight, S. fuscicornis Knight, and S. nevadensis Knight treated as junior synonyms) and N. froeschneri, n. sp., is placed in the Hallodapini. We provide habitus images, illustrations, measurements, and distribution maps for all taxa; genitalic illustrations for most taxa; and a key to the species of Cyrtopeltocoris and Neocyrtopeltocoris to aid in identification.
摘要对北美的哈洛达皮尼进行了修订。cytopeltocoris Reuter包括12种，其中5种为新种(C. brailovskyi, n. sp, C. fractifasciatus, n. sp, C. hallodapoides, n. sp, C. nudipronotum, n. sp, C. pronotosus, n. sp)。将Cyrtopeltocoris的5个名义种和Sericophanes Reuter的3个杂交种放在同义词中，并将C. mexicanus Carvalho和Costa指定为一个新型。Phoradendrepulus Polhemus和Polhemus是根据短肢动物的雄性和雌性描述的，在Cyrtopeltocoris新同义词下同义，P. myrmecomorphus Polhemus和Polhemus在C. ajo Knight下同义。新属neocytopeltocoris，被描述为包括Sericophanes triangularis Knight(与Sericophanes albomaculatus Knight, S. fuscicornis Knight和S. nevadensis Knight作为初级同义词)和N. froeschneri, N. sp.，被归入Hallodapini。我们提供所有分类群的习性图像、插图、测量和分布图;大多数分类群的生殖器插图;以及一份关于Cyrtopeltocoris和necyrtopeltocoris种类的钥匙，以帮助鉴定。
{"title":"Revision of the North American Hallodapini (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)","authors":"D. Wyniger, R. Schuh, T. Henry","doi":"10.1206/3994.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1206/3994.1","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The North American Hallodapini are revised. Cyrtopeltocoris Reuter includes 12 species, five of which (C. brailovskyi, n. sp., C. fractifasciatus, n. sp., C. hallodapoides, n. sp., C. nudipronotum, n. sp., and C. pronotosus, n. sp.) are described as new. Five nominal species of Cyrtopeltocoris and three commingled species of Sericophanes Reuter are placed in synonymy, and a neotype is designated for C. mexicanus Carvalho and Costa. Phoradendrepulus Polhemus and Polhemus, described based on brachypterous males and females, is synonymized under Cyrtopeltocoris, new synonymy, and P. myrmecomorphus Polhemus and Polhemus is synonymized under C. ajo Knight. The new genus Neocyrtopeltocoris, described to include Sericophanes triangularis Knight (with Sericophanes albomaculatus Knight, S. fuscicornis Knight, and S. nevadensis Knight treated as junior synonyms) and N. froeschneri, n. sp., is placed in the Hallodapini. We provide habitus images, illustrations, measurements, and distribution maps for all taxa; genitalic illustrations for most taxa; and a key to the species of Cyrtopeltocoris and Neocyrtopeltocoris to aid in identification.","PeriodicalId":55527,"journal":{"name":"American Museum Novitates","volume":"2023 1","pages":"1 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47606096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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