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Among us: How to find an optimal clutch sex ratio when the clutch sex ratios of co-foundress wasps are not known beforehand? 在我们中间:如何在事先不知道联合创始人黄蜂的离合器性别比的情况下找到最佳的离合器性别比?
IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103950
Daniel Tirapeli Felício , Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo Pereira

A female-biased clutch sex ratio is selected under local mate competition since it reduces competition between male sibs and provides extra mating opportunities for sons. Theoretical models predict that the brood sex ratio of fig wasps becomes less female-biased as the number of wasps laying eggs in the same fig increases. Empirical data have demonstrated that pollinator females lay most of their male eggs first, followed by the female ones in an oviposition bout (males first rule). As oviposition sites are limited in the fig, the brood sex ratio is positively correlated with the number of wasps laying eggs. To understand the strategy of sex ratio adjustment of Sycobia hodites, a non-pollinating fig wasp associated with Ficus benjamina, we compared observed and simulated data. The female wasp starts oviposition shortly after landing on the fig. This process involves the insertion of the ovipositor through the fig surface and into the flower's ovary via the stigma/style. The brood sex ratio of S. hodites did not significantly correlate with the fig brood size. Brood simulations supported the notion that the sex ratio of S. hodites is automatically determined by the male-first rule, involving no control by the mothers. The simulation model best fitting empirical data considered that: (1) females lay few eggs per fig (six or less) and distribute their eggs among several figs, and (2) the probability of an egg producing a male wasp decreases with its position in the egg sequence. Empirical and simulated data showed a wide variation in both brood size and sex ratio, suggesting that selection for an optimal clutch sex ratio is possibly weak. We argue that when selective pressure for sex ratio adjustment is weak, evolution favors male polymorphism as a strategy to cope with mate competition.

在本地配偶竞争中,雌性偏好的窝内性别比例被选择,因为它减少了雄性兄弟姐妹之间的竞争,并为儿子提供了额外的交配机会。理论模型预测,随着在同一棵无花果上产卵的黄蜂数量的增加,无花果黄蜂的幼蜂性别比例变得不那么偏向于雌性。经验数据表明,在一次产卵回合中,传粉者雌蜂先产卵,其次是雌蜂(雄蜂优先)。由于产卵地点有限,巢性比与产卵数量呈正相关。为了了解与本杰明榕(Ficus benjamina)有亲缘关系的非传粉榕蜂(Sycobia hodites)的性别比例调整策略,我们比较了观测数据和模拟数据。雌蜂降落在无花果上后不久就开始产卵。这个过程包括产卵器通过无花果表面插入,通过柱头/花柱进入花的子房。卵性比与无花果卵数无显著相关。繁殖模拟支持了S. hodites的性别比例是由雄性优先规则自动决定的,不涉及母亲的控制。拟合经验数据的仿真模型考虑:(1)雌蜂每只无花果产卵很少(6个或更少),并将卵分布在几个无花果中;(2)卵在卵序列中的位置越高,产生雄蜂的概率越低。经验和模拟数据显示,雏鸟的数量和性别比变化很大,这表明对最优雏鸟性别比的选择可能很弱。我们认为,当性别比例调整的选择压力较弱时,进化倾向于将雄性多态性作为应对配偶竞争的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Plants are the drivers of geographic variation of floral odours in brood site pollination mutualisms: A case study of Ficus hirta 植物是繁殖地授粉互惠中花香地理变异的驱动因素:以Ficus hirta为例
IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103952
Xiaoxia Deng , Bruno Buatois , Yan-Qiong Peng , Hui Yu , Yufen Cheng , Xuejun Ge , Magali Proffit , Finn Kjellberg

Plant odours are central for pollinator attraction. This is particularly true in obligate brood site pollination mutualisms. However, we know little about the evolution of olfactory signalling in these mutualisms. Here, we investigate geographic variation of floral odour in the obligate host-specific brood site pollination mutualism between Ficus hirta and its specialised pollinators. Floral scent samples from nine locations in China were collected using head-space adsorption and were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We evidence progressive geographic divergence of floral odours. The pattern of variation fits plant genetic structure for neutral genes but differs from pollinating insect structuring into species and populations. In our study system, the geographic variation of receptive floral odour presents a pattern that is not distinguishable from neutral drift. The variation is not canalised by the insects. We propose that this pattern characterises obligate brood site pollination mutualisms in which pollinators are host specific and dispersal of plant and insect is limited. Insects with their short generation times and large population sizes rapidly track any chance variation in host receptive inflorescence odours. Plants are the drivers and insects the followers. The source of the geographic variation in floral odours can be genetic or phenotypic in response to local conditions. Strict sense plant-insect co-evolution is not involved. In contrast, previous results on another Ficus-pollinating wasp association suggest that stabilising selection could be at work in more dispersive systems.

植物的气味是吸引传粉者的关键。这在专一育雏点授粉的相互关系中尤其如此。然而,我们对这些共生关系中嗅觉信号的进化知之甚少。在此,我们研究了Ficus hirta和它的特殊传粉者之间的专性寄主特异性育儿地传粉互惠关系中花香的地理变化。采用顶空吸附法采集了中国9个地区的花香样品,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其进行了分析。我们证明了花卉气味的渐进地理差异。变异模式符合植物中性基因的遗传结构,但不同于传粉昆虫的物种和种群结构。在我们的研究系统中,受感花香的地理变异呈现出一种与中性漂移难以区分的模式。这种变化不是由昆虫来分析的。我们认为这种模式具有寄主特有的传粉媒介和有限的植物和昆虫传播的专性育成地相互作用的特征。昆虫世代时间短,种群规模大,能迅速追踪到寄主接受花序气味的任何变化。植物是驱动者,昆虫是跟随者。花卉气味的地理差异的来源可以是遗传的或表型的,这是对当地条件的反应。严格意义上的植物-昆虫共同进化不涉及。相比之下,先前对另一种榕属传粉黄蜂的研究结果表明,稳定选择可能在更分散的系统中起作用。
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引用次数: 1
Nutrient cycling aspects as possible ecosystem functional indicators of successional stage in Semideciduous seasonal forest, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil 巴西里约热内卢州半落叶季节性森林演替阶段可能的生态系统功能指标的营养循环方面
IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103951
Rodrigo Camara de Souza , Marcos Gervasio Pereira , Deivid Lopes Machado , Luciano de Oliveira Toledo , Carlos Eduardo Gabriel Menezes , Gilsonley Lopes dos Santos , Fernando Silva Coutinho , Roni Fernandes Guareschi , Victória Maria Monteiro Mendonça

Semideciduous Seasonal Forest is a phytophysiognomy of Atlantic Forest with high plant richness but low representativeness in few remnants areas in different successional stages. The assessment of the degree of conservation of those areas helps to indicate whether there is a need for taking strategies to favor forest succession. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify litterfall and its nutrient content, accumulated litter biomass on topsoil, leaf litter decomposition, and topsoil (0–10 cm) chemical attributes as possible indicators of successional stages in areas of Seasonally Semideciduous Forest. We collected available information in literature on CAPES Portal and Google Scholar (May/2021 to February/2022) for Pinheiral municipality, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which were evaluated by multivariate analysis. Accumulated litter biomass, nutrient content (N, P, K) in total litterfall, pH and P availability in topsoil, leaf litter decomposition constant, and half-life time of leaf litter were the most sensitive attributes to indicate the successional stage in the study area, according to Principal Component Analysis. This multivariate analysis indicated that areas in early successional stage were associated with higher values of leaves contribution, half-life of leaf litterfall, contents of Ca and K in total litterfall, whereas areas in middle successional stage were associated with higher values of pH, total organic carbon, exchangeable Ca2+, K+, and Mg+, sum of bases and cation exchange capacity, and lower values of extractable acidity and exchangeable Al3+ in the topsoil. Areas in advanced stages of succession were associated to higher values of total litterfall and its nutrient content (N, K, Mg), accumulated litter biomass, available P in topsoil, and leaf litter decomposition constant. The Cluster multivariate analysis revealed that the areas in advanced successional stage presented high dissimilarity in relation to the areas in early and middle successional stage.

半落叶季节性林是大西洋森林的一种植物地貌,植物丰富度高,但代表性较低,在不同演替阶段残存区域较少。对这些地区的保护程度的评估有助于表明是否需要采取有利于森林演替的战略。因此,本研究的目的是确定季节性半落叶林区凋落物及其养分含量、表层土壤凋落物累积生物量、凋落叶分解和表层土壤(0-10 cm)化学属性作为演替阶段的可能指标。我们收集了CAPES Portal和Google Scholar(2021年5月至2022年2月)上关于巴西里约热内卢州Pinheiral市的文献信息,并通过多变量分析对其进行评估。主成分分析表明,凋落物累积生物量、总凋落物N、P、K养分含量、表层土壤pH和P有效性、凋落叶分解常数和凋落叶半衰期是反映研究区演替阶段最敏感的属性。多变量分析结果表明,演替早期区域的叶片贡献值、叶片凋落物半衰期、总凋落物中Ca和K含量较高,演替中期区域的表层土壤pH、总有机碳、交换性Ca2+、K+和Mg+、碱和阳离子交换容量较高,可提取酸度和交换性Al3+值较低。处于演替后期的地区凋落物总量及其养分含量(N、K、Mg)、凋落物累积生物量、表层土壤有效磷和凋落叶分解常数均较高。聚类多变量分析表明,演替晚期地区与演替早期和中期地区存在较大差异。
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引用次数: 0
Coarse woody debris and litter layer exert differential roles in nursing soil fungal communities across a subalpine forest successional series 粗木屑和凋落物层在亚高山森林演替序列中对土壤真菌群落的护理作用存在差异
IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103948
Zhihui Wang , Fei Li , Jianfeng Hou , Xuqing Li , Rui Cao , Yurui Jiang , Yuchen Lu , Shuning Ma , Wanqin Yang

Coarse woody debris (CWD) and litter are important habitats and nutrient sources for soil fungi. However, the roles of CWD and litter in maintaining soil fungal community composition and function at different successional stages remain unknown. Therefore, we collected soils beneath the CWD and litter from a subalpine forest successional series: shrubs, deciduous broadleaf, broadleaf-conifer mixed, mid-succession coniferous, mature coniferous, and over-mature coniferous forests in the subalpine forest region. The diversity, composition, and functional guilds of the soil fungal communities beneath the CWD and litter layer were analyzed using ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequencing. The CWD significantly changed the composition and functional guilds of the soil fungal communities in the same successional series. However, there was no significant difference in the soil fungal alpha diversity between the two microhabitats at the same successional stage. Notably, the soil beneath the litter layer had more abundant plant pathogens and mycorrhizal fungi, whereas the soil beneath CWD was enriched mainly with saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi. The relative abundance of plant pathogens and mycorrhizal fungi was significantly related to the soil pH and the CWD stock. In addition, soil nitrogen, carbon, and the C: N ratio were key driving factors for the taxonomic composition and functional guilds of the soil fungal community. In conclusion, CWD exerts critical functions in nursing soil fungal diversity and maintaining the structure and function of soil fungal community mainly due to CWD decomposes slowly, increases soil heterogeneity, and provides with microhabitats and substrates for fungi in a longer term.

粗木屑和凋落物是土壤真菌的重要生境和养分来源。然而,在不同演替阶段,CWD和凋落物对维持土壤真菌群落组成和功能的作用尚不清楚。因此,我们收集了亚高山森林演替序列下的土壤和凋落物:亚高山森林区域的灌木、落叶阔叶、阔叶针叶混交林、中演替针叶林、成熟针叶林和过成熟针叶林。利用ITS (Internal transcriptspacer)测序技术对CWD和凋落物层土壤真菌群落的多样性、组成和功能分类进行了分析。CWD显著改变了同一演替序列土壤真菌群落的组成和功能行会。但在同一演替阶段,两种微生境间土壤真菌α多样性差异不显著。值得注意的是,凋落物层下土壤中植物病原菌和菌根真菌更为丰富,而CWD下土壤中腐养菌和外生菌根真菌主要富集。植物病原菌和菌根真菌的相对丰度与土壤pH值和CWD蓄积量有显著相关。此外,土壤氮、碳和碳氮比是土壤真菌群落分类组成和功能分类的关键驱动因子。综上所述,CWD在养护土壤真菌多样性和维持土壤真菌群落结构和功能方面发挥重要作用,主要是由于CWD分解缓慢,增加了土壤异质性,长期为真菌提供了微生境和底物。
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引用次数: 0
The sticky hemiparasitic plant Parentucellia viscosa catches hostplant seeds that may provision its descendants 粘性半寄生植物粘圆管藻捕捉寄主植物的种子,这些种子可能为其后代提供食物
IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103949
Kazuo Yamazaki

In addition to physiological functions, sticky plant trichomes perform a variety of anti-herbivory functions, such as deterring invertebrate and mammalian herbivores, and attracting the natural predators of stuck arthropods by providing them with immobilized prey. However, since the adaptive value of sticky glands has only been studied in a small fraction of trichrome-bearing plant species, other functions of these structures may yet be discovered. Several hemiparasitic plants, which obtain nutrients by both photosynthesis and from the roots of other plants, bear dense glandular trichomes on their aboveground parts. Field observations of the alien hemiparasitic plant Parentucellia viscosa were conducted in central Japan. The plants colonized a sparsely vegetated riverbank and gradually increased in number over time. The glandular trichomes on the plants not only entrapped small insects, but also grass seeds. It is thus possible that various sticky hemiparasitic plants, including P. viscosa, may intercept and capture the dispersed seeds of other plants, ensuring that their own seeds germinate in the same vicinity as those of the dispersing hostplant seeds in the following season. In so doing, P. viscosa may provision future juvenile plants with potential hosts. This scenario may be restricted to the early colonizing phase on plantless areas of disturbed soil. The seed-intercepting function of the glandular trichomes may act in conjunction with direct and indirect anti-herbivore defenses, and lower the dispersal of seeds of wind-borne plants in the vicinity beyond the reach of this hemiparasite.

除了生理功能外,粘性植物的毛状体还具有多种抗食草功能,如威慑无脊椎动物和哺乳动物的食草动物,以及通过为被粘的节肢动物提供固定的猎物来吸引它们的天敌。然而,由于粘腺体的适应价值仅在一小部分三色植物物种中得到研究,因此这些结构的其他功能可能尚未被发现。几种半寄生植物既通过光合作用又从其他植物的根中获取营养,它们的地上部分长有浓密的腺状毛。本文在日本中部对外来半寄生植物粘蕨(Parentucellia viscosa)进行了野外观察。这些植物占据了植被稀少的河岸,随着时间的推移,它们的数量逐渐增加。植物上的腺状毛不仅能捕获小昆虫,还能捕获草籽。因此,包括粘虫在内的各种粘性半寄生植物可能会拦截并捕获其他植物的分散种子,确保它们自己的种子在下一个季节与分散的寄主植物种子在同一附近发芽。这样一来,粘虫可能为未来的幼体植物提供潜在的寄主。这种情况可能仅限于在扰动土壤的无植物地区的早期殖民阶段。腺状毛状体的种子拦截功能可能与直接和间接的抗食草动物防御相结合,并降低附近风传植物种子的传播,使其超出半寄生虫的范围。
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引用次数: 0
Pollinator attraction in the Ficus deltoidea complex: Varietal specificity in a fig wasp that likes to stay close to home 三角榕复合体中的传粉昆虫吸引力:喜欢呆在家附近的无花果黄蜂的不同特异性
IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103939
Siti Khairiyah Mohd Hatta , Rupert J. Quinnell , Stephen G. Compton

Species boundaries are maintained by limitations on gene flow between taxa. In flowering plants pollinator specificity can strongly influence gene flow patterns and facilitate speciation. Fig trees are species rich and ecologically significant plants. It was once believed that each species had its own unique pollinator fig wasp, but numerous exceptions are now known. The dioecious Ficus deltoidea complex is distributed across southern South-East Asia with 13 recognised varieties of uncertain status, seven of which are found in Peninsular Malaysia. We investigated the host preferences of one of their Blastophaga pollinators, reared from the epiphytic F. deltoidea var. angustifolia. Our series of experimental manipulations using free-flying fig wasps and figs on host trees showed that male figs were preferred, that only their natal variety was attractive and that pollinators only dispersed from their natal trees if no suitable figs were present there. Fig wasps can only reproduce in male hosts, so preferred entry to male figs has clear advantages for them, as does their reluctance to disperse from natal trees. This behaviour is likely to reduce seed set on female plants, with potential consequences for host population dynamics. The extreme specificity of the Blastophaga sp. suggests gene flow between varieties of F. deltoidea is low or absent and that different varieties may be different biological species.

物种边界是通过限制分类群之间的基因流动来维持的。在开花植物中,传粉者的特异性可以强烈地影响基因流动模式,促进物种形成。无花果树是种类丰富、生态意义重大的植物。人们曾经认为,每个物种都有自己独特的传粉者无花果黄蜂,但现在知道了许多例外。雄雄异株的三角榕(Ficus deltoidea)复合体分布在东南亚南部,有13个已确认的不确定品种,其中7个在马来西亚半岛发现。我们研究了一种由附生植物F. deltoidea var. angustifolia饲养的Blastophaga传粉媒介的寄主偏好。我们用自由飞行的无花果黄蜂和无花果在寄主树上进行的一系列实验表明,雄性无花果更受青睐,只有它们的原生品种才有吸引力,传粉者只有在没有合适无花果的情况下才会从它们的原生树上分散开来。无花果黄蜂只能在雄性宿主中繁殖,因此首选进入雄性无花果对它们来说有明显的优势,就像它们不愿意从出生的树上分散一样。这种行为可能会减少雌性植物的结实率,对寄主种群动态有潜在的影响。Blastophaga sp.的极端特异性表明,F. deltoidea品种之间的基因流动很低或不存在,不同的品种可能是不同的生物物种。
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引用次数: 1
Environmental predictors affect α- and β-diversity of tropical bromeliad macroinvertebrates 环境因子影响热带凤梨科大型无脊椎动物α-和β-多样性
IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103911
Túlio Paiva Chaves , Erminda da Conceição Guerreiro Couto , José Carlos Morante-Filho , Maíra Benchimol

We tested the hypothesis that abiotic predictors, both influence α and β-diversity of macroinvertebrate communities in the phytotelmata of the terrestrial bromeliad, Vriesea philippocoburgii. Macroinvertebrates were sampled in 58 bromeliads in a restinga in Brazil and estimated both the α and β-diversity in each bromeliad, and then partitioning them into nestedness and turnover. We then used Generalized Linear Models and partial Mantel tests to identify which environmental factors predict these diversity components for the macroinvertebrate communities. The size of the plant positively influenced α-diversity, whereas light intensity strongly influenced β-diversity. Both components were influenced by organic matter. Plants exhibiting large differences in values of organic matter and light intensity had different macroinvertebrate communities. Furthermore, bromeliad systems exhibit high β-diversity values governed by turnover. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering α and β-diversities in studies that assess the diversity patterns of aquatic macroinvertebrates and suggest that environmental changes that modify the structure of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities could have impacts on ecosystem processes.

我们验证了非生物预测因子同时影响陆生凤梨科植物端部大型无脊椎动物群落α和β多样性的假设。对巴西某restinga地区58个凤梨纲的大型无脊椎动物进行了取样,估算了每个凤梨纲的α和β多样性,并将其划分为巢性和转换性。然后,我们使用广义线性模型和部分Mantel检验来确定哪些环境因素预测了大型无脊椎动物群落的这些多样性成分。植株大小对α-多样性有正向影响,光照强度对β-多样性有强烈影响。两组分均受有机质影响。有机质值和光强差异较大的植物具有不同的大型无脊椎动物群落。此外,凤梨系表现出较高的β多样性值,受周转控制。我们的研究结果证明了在评估水生大型无脊椎动物多样性模式的研究中考虑α和β多样性的重要性,并表明改变水生大型无脊椎动物群落结构的环境变化可能对生态系统过程产生影响。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of road and woodland type on the invasibility of woodlands invaded by Lantana camara in southern Africa 道路和林地类型对南非马缨丹入侵林地入侵能力的影响
IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103912
Katherine Shiri, Donald Mlambo, Lloyd Mutungwazi

The susceptibility of a plant community to invasion is influenced by multiple factors including the characteristics of the invading species and the invaded environment but how road presence and woodland type affect invasibility in woodlands invaded by Lantana camara (hereafter, lantana) in southern Africa is not well known. We identified roads adjacent to miombo, Vachellia (hereafter, vachellia) and mixed woodlands. Parallel to each road, we laid two transects (200 × 30 m) and replicated them twice, one adjacent to the road and another in the interior. In each transect, we laid 5 plots (30 × 20 m), making a total of 60 plots (3 woodland types x 2 transects x 2 replicates x 5 plots). Our sampling plan yielded six woodland clusters: roadside vachellia, interior vachellia, roadside miombo, interior miombo, roadside mixed and interior mixed. Road presence increased invasibility in all clusters but was more pronounced in less diverse miombo and vachellia than in more diverse mixed woodland. Interior mixed woodland was 1.4 and 1.8 times more diverse than interior miombo and interior vachellia woodlands, respectively; whereas roadside mixed woodland was twice more diverse than roadside miombo and roadside vachellia. Invasibility in the interior mixed woodland was 19% and 24% lower than in the interior miombo and interior vachellia, respectively; whereas in the roadside mixed woodland, it was 19% and 21% lower than in roadside miombo and roadside vachellia, respectively. We found a negative diversity-invasibility relationship in all clusters. Vachellia woodlands had significantly higher soil C, N, P and K concentrations than miombo but were equally susceptible to lantana invasion. Collectively, our findings suggest that high diversity rather than low soil nutrient status might be more important in hindering plant invasion. We emphasize the importance of conserving native diversity in roadside habitats to reduce the success of invading plant species.

植物群落对入侵的易感性受到多种因素的影响,包括入侵物种的特征和入侵环境,但道路的存在和林地类型如何影响南部非洲马缨兰(以下简称马缨丹)入侵林地的入侵性尚不清楚。我们确定了米翁博、瓦切利亚(以下简称瓦切利亚)和混合林地附近的道路。平行于每条道路,我们铺设了两个横断面(200×30m),并复制了两次,一次在道路附近,另一次在内部。在每个样带中,我们铺设了5个地块(30×20m),共60个地块(3个林地类型×2个样带×2个重复×5个地块)。我们的采样计划产生了六个林地集群:路边vachellia、内部vachellia,路边miombo、内部miombo,路边混合和内部混合。道路的存在增加了所有集群的入侵性,但在多样性较低的miombo和vachellia比在多样性较高的混合林地更为明显。内部混合林地的多样性分别是内部miombo和内部vachellia林地的1.4倍和1.8倍;而路边混合林地的多样性是路边miombo和路边vachellia的两倍。内部混合林地的入侵性分别比内部miombo和内部vachellia低19%和24%;而路边混合林地的这一比例分别比路边miombo和路边vachellia低19%和21%。我们发现在所有集群中都存在负的多样性-入侵性关系。Vachellia林地的土壤C、N、P和K浓度显著高于miombo,但同样容易受到亚特兰大的入侵。总之,我们的研究结果表明,在阻碍植物入侵方面,高多样性而不是低土壤营养状况可能更重要。我们强调保护路边栖息地原生多样性的重要性,以减少入侵植物物种的成功。
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引用次数: 0
How to be a fig nematode 如何成为无花果线虫
IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103916
Justin Van Goor , Natsumi Kanzaki , Gavin Woodruff

Fig (Moraceae: Ficus) species host vast communities of organisms that are bound together by complicated ecological networks that have influenced community structure and dynamics over evolutionary timescales. Much attention has been paid to the mutualism between figs and their specialized pollinating fig wasps, as well as with often antagonistic non-pollinating fig wasps. Equally ubiquitous to fig systems, but much less understood are the multitude of nematode groups that have independently evolved obligate associations with pollinating fig wasps and proliferate inside fig syconia. In this review we describe what is currently known (and unknown) about these numerous and increasingly studied nematode taxa and how they interact with the fig systems they inhabit. We identify the groups that are currently understood to associate with fig pollinators and outline their known species distributions and evolutionary history, where possible. Special attention is paid to the life history of these nematode groups, especially which features of nematode biology are generalizable across groups and what idiosyncratic peculiarities exist within individual genera. We outline key biological features including host choice, dispersal, disembarkation, diet, mating, and proliferation within figs. We address biological conundrums that have been raised following observational work such as, why do nematodes sometimes infect the wrong host? What adaptations were required for nematodes to successfully adapt and coexist with figs and their pollinators for millions of years? How do nematodes overcome the constraints of low mating group size? Finally, we outline key considerations, gaps in the knowledge, and limitations to expand this field forward towards promising areas of future research. Through better understanding of fig nematodes, we stand to not only know more about Ficus communities, but also more about the evolution and maintenance of interspecific interactions, development, adaptation, and co-evolution in general.

无花果(桑科:榕树)物种拥有庞大的生物群落,这些生物群落通过复杂的生态网络结合在一起,这些生态网络在进化的时间尺度上影响了群落结构和动态。近年来,人们对无花果与专门授粉的榕小蜂之间的共生关系以及与不授粉的榕小蜂之间的共生关系给予了极大的关注。同样普遍存在于无花果系统中,但很少被理解的是大量的线虫群,它们独立地进化出与授粉的无花果黄蜂有义务的联系,并在无花果结体内繁殖。在这篇综述中,我们描述了目前已知的(和未知的)关于这些众多的和日益研究的线虫分类群,以及它们如何与它们所栖息的无花果系统相互作用。我们确定了目前已知的与无花果传粉者有关的群体,并在可能的情况下概述了它们已知的物种分布和进化历史。特别关注这些线虫群的生活史,特别是线虫生物学的哪些特征可以在整个群体中推广,以及在单个属中存在哪些特殊的特性。我们概述了主要的生物学特征,包括寄主选择,分散,上岸,饮食,交配和无花果内的增殖。我们解决了在观察工作之后提出的生物学难题,例如,为什么线虫有时会感染错误的宿主?线虫需要什么样的适应才能成功地与无花果及其传粉者共存数百万年?线虫如何克服交配群体规模小的限制?最后,我们概述了关键的考虑因素,知识的差距,以及将这一领域扩展到未来有希望的研究领域的限制。通过更好地了解无花果线虫,我们不仅可以了解更多关于无花果群落的信息,还可以了解更多关于种间相互作用、发育、适应和共同进化的进化和维持。
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引用次数: 0
Where are my dragons? Replicating refugia to enhance the detection probability of an endangered cryptic reptile 我的龙在哪里?复制避难所以提高对濒危神秘爬行动物的检测概率
IF 1.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2023.103910
George Madani , Rod Pietsch , Chad T. Beranek

Rare and cryptic species require effective monitoring methods in order to track populations over time. Monitoring surveys utilizing artificial refugia are an increasingly applied tool for detecting herpetofauna; yet for many species, limited information is available on the factors that influence optimal detectability. Most monitoring programs utilize only one type of artificial refuge. This approach has limitations as it may overlook the dynamic habitat needs of some species, with different refugia required under different conditions. Here we investigate whether using two different types of artificial refugia could maximize overall detection of the endangered Monaro grassland earless dragon Tympanocryptis osbornei by providing refugia that match habitat use. Tympanocryptis osbornei is a grassland specialist endemic to the Monaro Plains of southern NSW which occurs within a fragmented and altered agricultural landscape. Artificial refuge habitat in the form of customized replica ‘spider’ tubes and concrete roof tiles were utilized to infer the highest detection probability when compared to traditional rock rolling techniques. We found tubes to be more successful than tiles (mean: 0.021, 0.010–0.037 95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI) vs mean: 0.0096, 0.0045–0.018 95% BCI). However, this was dependent on air temperature, as tiles became more effective between 25 and 30 °C when dragons were more likely to be using surface shelters. Artificial refugia on a transect level (12 tubes and 12 tiles) had the greatest detection probability (mean: 0.11, 0.04–0.23 95% BCI) compared to individually checked objects. Our results identify the best current methods and conditions to detect T. osbornei and provide insights into additional considerations for optimizing survey efforts, timing, and detectability for other small reptiles in temperate climates. We recommend a combination of artificial refugia be considered in future surveys for cryptic reptiles.

稀有和隐蔽物种需要有效的监测方法,以便随着时间的推移追踪种群。利用人工避难所进行监测调查是检测疱疹病毒的一种越来越实用的工具;然而,对于许多物种来说,关于影响最佳探测能力的因素的信息有限。大多数监控程序只使用一种类型的人工避难所。这种方法有局限性,因为它可能忽略了一些物种的动态栖息地需求,在不同的条件下需要不同的避难所。在这里,我们研究了使用两种不同类型的人工避难所是否可以通过提供与栖息地使用相匹配的避难所,最大限度地全面检测濒危的莫纳罗草原无耳龙Tympanocryptis osbornei。Tympanocryptis osbornei是新南威尔士州南部Monaro平原的特有草原专家,分布在支离破碎的农业景观中。与传统的岩石滚动技术相比,采用定制的复制“蜘蛛”管和混凝土屋顶瓷砖形式的人工避难所栖息地来推断最高的检测概率。我们发现试管比瓦片更成功(平均值:0.021,0.010–0.037 95%贝叶斯可信区间(BCI)vs平均值:0.0096,0.0045–0.018 95%BCI)。然而,这取决于空气温度,因为当龙更可能使用表面避难所时,瓷砖在25至30°C之间变得更有效。与单独检查的对象相比,横断面水平上的人工避难所(12根管子和12块瓷砖)具有最大的检测概率(平均值:0.11,0.04–0.23 95%脑机接口)。我们的研究结果确定了目前检测T.osbornei的最佳方法和条件,并为优化温带气候中其他小型爬行动物的调查工作、时间和可检测性提供了额外的考虑因素。我们建议在未来对神秘爬行动物的调查中考虑人工避难所的组合。
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引用次数: 0
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Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology
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