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National culture has an impact on antecedents of engagement. Or does it? 民族文化对交往的前提有影响。是吗?
Q3 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.1108/sajbs-08-2022-0280
Vindhya Weeratunga, Deborah Blackman, Fiona Buick, Anthony Cotton
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of the applicability of employee engagement theories in a South Asian country, Sri Lanka, and determine whether engagement theories are universally applicable beyond the Western countries in which they have been developed and tested. Design/methodology/approach A heterogeneous sample of 451 private-sector employees in Sri Lanka was used. A mixed-method design was adopted; quantitative findings were compared with previous studies conducted in Western countries, and qualitative findings enabled a more nuanced understanding of employee engagement in the Sri Lankan context. Findings Despite cultural differences between Sri Lanka and Western countries, the antecedents of engagement did not manifest differently in a consistent way. Combined results suggest that the different manifestations of engagement in Sri Lanka cannot be attributed solely to cultural variance. Research limitations/implications The authors used cross-sectional data and tested only four antecedents of engagement. Practical implications This study highlights the importance of multinational organisations' awareness of how employee engagement manifests across different contexts and going beyond cultural adaptation when developing context-specific engagement strategies. Originality/value This is among the first studies on an Asian country to examine whether cultural differences impact the antecedents of engagement to empirically test Kahn's (1990) theory of engagement and the motivational process of the job demands-resources theory in a single study and to use a heterogeneous sample and mixed-methods design. The authors challenge the centrality of national culture as a determinant of employee engagement and highlight the importance of considering other contextual factors when examining employee engagement in different countries.
本文的目的是提高对员工敬业度理论在南亚国家斯里兰卡的适用性的理解,并确定敬业度理论是否在其发展和测试的西方国家之外普遍适用。设计/方法/方法采用了斯里兰卡451名私营部门雇员的异质样本。采用混合法设计;定量研究结果与之前在西方国家进行的研究进行了比较,定性研究结果使得对斯里兰卡背景下的员工敬业度有了更细致的了解。尽管斯里兰卡和西方国家之间存在文化差异,但参与的前因并没有以一致的方式表现出不同。综合结果表明,斯里兰卡参与的不同表现不能仅仅归因于文化差异。研究局限/启示作者使用了横断面数据,只测试了4个参与性的前因。本研究强调了跨国组织在制定特定情境的敬业度策略时,意识到员工敬业度如何在不同背景下表现出来,并超越文化适应的重要性。这是第一次在亚洲国家研究文化差异是否影响敬业的前因,在单一研究中实证检验Kahn(1990)的敬业理论和工作需求-资源理论的激励过程,并使用异质样本和混合方法设计。作者对民族文化作为员工敬业度决定因素的中心地位提出了挑战,并强调了在检查不同国家的员工敬业度时考虑其他背景因素的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-adjusted HR practices and employees' stress across continents: testing a moderated mediation model 新冠疫情调整后的人力资源实践与各大洲员工的压力:测试一个适度的调解模型
IF 2.4 Q3 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-08-03 DOI: 10.1108/sajbs-06-2022-0214
S. Kundu, Purnima Chahar, Prerna Tuteja
PurposeThe paper has intended to advance the research on the relationship between COVID-adjusted HR practices (CAHRP) and employees' stress (ES) by exploring the mediating role of employees' satisfaction from remote working (ESRW). Further, a consolidative moderated mediation model with HR pandemic readiness (HRPR) as moderator on the above-stated relationship has also been proposed.Design/methodology/approachA data set of 2266 respondents from 84 countries across six continents of the world was analysed using techniques like factor analyses, correlations and bootstrapping through PROCESS Macro in SPSS 23.FindingsThe results highlighted that ESRW significantly mediated the relationship of CAHRP and ES. Further, HRPR moderated significantly the indirect relationship between CAHRP and ES via employees' satisfaction. This relationship was found stronger at highest level as against lower level of HRPR.Originality/valueThis study has augmented empirical evidences to the existing literature of COVID-19 by presenting HRPR as a new dimension of HR and its role in handling the challenging situations of pandemics.
目的通过探索员工远程工作满意度(ESRW)的中介作用,进一步探讨新冠病毒适应型人力资源实践(CAHRP)与员工压力(ES)之间的关系。此外,还提出了一个以人力资源大流行准备程度(HRPR)作为上述关系调节因素的整合调节中介模型。设计/方法/方法来自世界六大洲84个国家的2266名受访者的数据集通过SPSS 23中的PROCESS Macro使用因子分析,相关性和bootstrapping等技术进行分析。结果表明,ESRW显著介导CAHRP与ES的关系。此外,HRPR通过员工满意度显著调节了CAHRP与绩效之间的间接关系。HRPR水平越高,这种关系越明显。独创性/价值本研究将人力资源管理作为人力资源的一个新维度及其在应对具有挑战性的大流行情况中的作用,为现有的COVID-19文献提供了丰富的经验证据。
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引用次数: 0
How does emotional intelligence influence self-efficacy among customer service representatives in Pakistan? Mediatory effects of emotional labour 情绪智力如何影响巴基斯坦客服代表的自我效能感?情绪劳动的中介作用
IF 2.4 Q3 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1108/sajbs-07-2021-0285
Mukaram Khan, Rimsha Ashfaq Butt, Saba Nawab, S. Zubair
PurposeThis study intends to explore the influence of emotional intelligence on employee self-efficacy in Pakistan's telecom industry. Besides, it explores the mediating effect of emotional labor (surface acting and deep acting) between them. This study also tests the relationship between emotional labor (surface acting and deep acting) and self-efficacy in the customer care of Pakistan's telecom division.Design/methodology/approachThe study leads forward with a positivist approach to obtain data in two different waves as a time lag study from the big five telecom companies operating in Pakistan. The data was collected from 270 employees working in Customer Services in the Telecom sector.FindingsThe results reveal that there exists a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy in customer care employees in Pakistan's telecommunication division sector. Moreover, emotional labor (deep acting) partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy, and surface acting could not mediate the relationship among the employees of customer care in Pakistan's telecom division.Originality/valueManagement of emotions at the workplace has been an immensely vital area in managing the performance of employees, especially in customer-centric jobs, where dealing with customers is the prime focus and achieving customer satisfaction is the utmost outcome. There is limited evidence of the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy specifically in the customer care of the Telecom sector.
目的本研究旨在探讨情绪智力对巴基斯坦电信行业员工自我效能感的影响。此外,还探讨了情感劳动(表面行为和深层行为)在二者之间的中介作用。本研究还测试了巴基斯坦电信部门客户服务中情感劳动(表面行为和深层行为)与自我效能之间的关系。设计/方法/方法该研究采用实证方法,从巴基斯坦运营的五大电信公司获得两个不同波的数据,作为一项时滞研究。这些数据是从电信行业客户服务部门的270名员工那里收集的。研究结果表明,巴基斯坦电信部门客户服务员工的情商与自我效能感之间存在正相关关系。此外,情绪劳动(深度行为)部分中介了情商和自我效能之间的关系,而表面行为不能中介巴基斯坦电信部门客户服务员工之间的关系。独创性/价值工作场所的情绪管理一直是管理员工绩效的一个非常重要的领域,尤其是在以客户为中心的工作中,与客户打交道是首要关注点,实现客户满意度是最大的结果。关于情商和自我效能之间的关系,特别是在电信行业的客户关怀方面,证据有限。
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引用次数: 2
Knowledge management through information and communication technology investments: the story of Indian family firms 通过信息和通信技术投资进行知识管理:印度家族企业的故事
IF 2.4 Q3 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.1108/sajbs-12-2021-0456
Arindam Mondal, A. Chakrabarti
PurposeInformation and communication technologies (ICT) are indispensable tools for Knowledge Management (KM) practices in today’s knowledge-intensive and globally interconnected marketplace. This paper seeks to investigate the impact of family ownership on ICT investments in an emerging economy (EE) context.Design/methodology/approachThis empirical paper uses data from 300 large Indian listed firms with 2,650 observations in the period 2008–2017, to test its hypothesis.FindingsThe results indicate that family firms are not favourably inclined towards ICT investments for formalizing their KM practices. However, under certain contexts, such as higher foreign institutional ownership or business group affiliation, they are more willing to invest in ICT resources.Practical implicationsThis study establishes a nuanced understanding of how family firms approach ICT investments and KM practices. This research can help family owners/managers to commit sufficient resources on ICT projects.Originality/valueLiterature on KM has largely emanated from developed countries. This is one of the first papers from an EE context that studies the impact of family ownership on ICT investments and subsequent KM practices. In this way, this paper offers specific insights into the context of Indian family firms and offers some interesting findings that can contribute to the literature, policy and practice.
目的在当今知识密集型和全球互联的市场中,信息和通信技术是知识管理实践不可或缺的工具。本文试图调查在新兴经济体(EE)背景下,家庭所有权对ICT投资的影响。设计/方法论/方法本文使用了来自300家印度大型上市公司的数据,在2008-2017年期间进行了2650次观察,以检验其假设。研究结果表明,家族企业不倾向于通过信息和通信技术投资来使其知识管理实践正规化。然而,在某些情况下,例如外国机构拥有更高的所有权或企业集团附属关系,他们更愿意投资于信息和通信技术资源。实际含义本研究建立了对家族企业如何处理信息通信技术投资和知识管理实践的细致入微的理解。这项研究可以帮助家庭所有者/管理者在信息和通信技术项目上投入足够的资源。关于知识管理的文献大多来自发达国家。这是第一篇从EE背景下研究家庭所有权对ICT投资和随后的知识管理实践的影响的论文之一。通过这种方式,本文对印度家族企业的背景提供了具体的见解,并提供了一些有趣的发现,这些发现可以为文献、政策和实践做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Responses of investors to earnings announcement: does the type of ownership holdings in banks matter? 投资者对收益公告的反应:银行持股类型重要吗?
IF 2.4 Q3 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1108/sajbs-11-2022-0369
Akila Anantha Krishnan, A. Sengupta
PurposeThis study examines the influence of the ownership structure of banks on investors' behavior by dissecting the investors' response to news regarding performance indicators in private and government-owned banks.Design/methodology/approachThe event study methodology is used for the analysis. The data for 35 banks (out of 38), listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) for a duration of 230 months (January 2001 to February 2020) is collected. A set of cross-sectional regression analyses is done to identify variables influencing the returns under differential circumstances.FindingsPrivate banks seem to display a sharper response to negative changes in earnings, while government-owned banks show a more robust reaction to a positive change. The contrast is seen in the variables, having a bearing on the abnormal returns After controlling for a set of factors, the regression analysis shows the ownership structure may not matter on abnormal returns (on event day), the factors such as a change in quarterly earnings, firm-size and three-year average-sales growth influence the positive and negative changes in abnormal returns of government banks, and predictability for private banks is found to be poor regarding selected indicators.Originality/valueThe study evaluates the role of ownership structure on the heterogeneity in investors' responses to the financial performance of banks, thereby assisting in designing strategies to ensure the optimal outcome around the quarterly earnings announcements.
目的本研究通过分析私人和国有银行投资者对业绩指标新闻的反应,考察了银行所有权结构对投资者行为的影响。设计/方法论/方法采用事件研究方法进行分析。收集了在国家证券交易所(NSE)上市230个月(2001年1月至2020年2月)的35家银行(38家)的数据。进行了一组横断面回归分析,以确定在不同情况下影响收益的变量。发现私人银行似乎对收益的负面变化表现出更敏锐的反应,而国有银行对正面变化表现出更强的反应。对比体现在变量中,这些变量与异常收益有关。在控制了一组因素后,回归分析表明,所有权结构可能对异常收益(在活动日)、季度收益变化等因素无关,企业规模和三年平均销售增长影响政府银行异常收益的正负变化,而私人银行在选定指标方面的可预测性较差。独创性/价值该研究评估了所有权结构在投资者对银行财务业绩反应的异质性中的作用,从而有助于设计策略,以确保季度盈利公告的最佳结果。
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引用次数: 1
Transformational leadership and career success: a moderated mediation model of proactive career behavior and role ambiguity 变革型领导与职业成功:主动职业行为与角色模糊的中介模型
IF 2.4 Q3 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1108/sajbs-12-2021-0432
Swati Agrawal, Sajeet Pradhan
PurposeThis study examines the mediating and moderating role of proactive career behavior (PCB) and role ambiguity (RA) in the relationship between transformational leadership and subjective career success (SCS).Design/methodology/approachThis study is a moderated mediation model with a sample size of 408 employees as respondents working in seven different organizations in the hospitality industry in the northern region of India. For the analysis of data, SmartPLS is used, and moderated mediation is done by Hayes Process Macro.FindingsThe results report that PCB mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and SCS. Also, it has been found that RA will moderate this relationship.Practical implicationsThe result of the study on SCS will be beneficial for organizations facing high attrition. Also, the paper brings forth the importance of transformational leadership and the impact of RA on employees' career success. Leaders and seniors in an organization need to focus on reducing RA.Originality/valueThis study is unique since the relationship between transformational leadership and SCS has been examined in the hospitality industry. In addition, perhaps RA as a moderator influencing PCB and career success has been studied for the first time.
目的探讨主动职业行为(PCB)和角色模糊(RA)在变革型领导与主观职业成功(SCS)关系中的中介和调节作用。设计/方法/方法本研究是一个有调节的中介模型,样本量为408名员工,作为受访者,在印度北部地区的7个不同的酒店行业组织工作。对于数据分析,使用SmartPLS,并由Hayes Process Macro进行调节中介。研究结果表明,PCB在变革型领导与SCS之间起中介作用。此外,研究发现RA会调节这种关系。实际意义本研究的结果将对面临高流失率的组织有益。此外,本文还提出了变革型领导的重要性以及RA对员工职业成功的影响。组织中的领导者和高层需要关注于减少RA。原创性/价值这项研究是独一无二的,因为变革型领导和SCS之间的关系已经在酒店业进行了研究。此外,本文也首次研究了职业生涯成功与多氯联苯之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic modeling of marginal expected shortfall under economic sensitivity: empirical evidence from Pakistan 经济敏感性下边际预期缺口的动态建模:来自巴基斯坦的经验证据
IF 2.4 Q3 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-02-13 DOI: 10.1108/sajbs-11-2021-0406
H. Hanif
PurposeSystemic risk is of concern for economic welfare as it can lower the credit supply to all the sectors within an economy. This study examines for the first time the complete hierarchy of variables that drive systemic risk during normal and crisis periods in Pakistan, a developing economy.Design/methodology/approachSecondary data of the bank, sector and country variables are used for the purpose of the analysis spanning from 2000 to 2020. Systemic risk is computed using marginal expected shortfall (MES). One-step and two-step system GMM is performed to estimate the impact of firm, sector and country-level variables on systemic risk.FindingsThe findings of the study highlight that sector-level variables are also highly significant in explaining the systemic risk dynamics along with bank and country-level variables. In addition, economic sensitivity influences the significance level of variables across crisis and post-crisis periods and modifies the direction of relationships in some instances.Research limitations/implicationsThe study examines the systemic risk of a developing economy, and findings may not be generalizable to developed economies.Practical implicationsThe outcome of the study provides a comprehensive framework for the central bank and other regulatory authorities that can be translated into timely policies to avoid systemic financial crisis.Social implicationsThe negative externalities generated by systemic risk also affect the general public. The study results can be used to avoid the systemic financial crisis and resultantly save the loss of the general public's hard-earned holdings.Originality/valueThe firm, sector and country-level variables are modeled for the first time to estimate systemic risk across different economic conditions in a developing economy, Pakistan. The study can also act as a reference for researchers in developed economies as well regarding the role of sector-level variables in explaining systemic risk.
目的:系统性风险关系到经济福利,因为它会降低经济中所有部门的信贷供应。本研究首次考察了巴基斯坦这个发展中经济体在正常和危机时期驱动系统性风险的变量的完整层次结构。设计/方法/方法银行、行业和国家变量的二手数据用于2000年至2020年的分析。系统风险是用边际预期不足(MES)来计算的。一步和两步系统GMM被用来估计企业、部门和国家层面的变量对系统风险的影响。研究结果强调,部门层面的变量与银行和国家层面的变量一样,在解释系统性风险动态方面也非常重要。此外,经济敏感性影响了危机期间和危机后时期变量的显著性水平,并在某些情况下修改了关系的方向。研究局限性/意义本研究考察了发展中经济体的系统性风险,研究结果可能无法推广到发达经济体。实际意义研究结果为中央银行和其他监管机构提供了一个全面的框架,可以转化为及时的政策,以避免系统性金融危机。社会影响系统性风险产生的负面外部性也会影响公众。研究结果可以用来避免系统性金融危机,从而避免公众辛苦赚来的资产损失。公司、行业和国家层面的变量首次建模,以估计巴基斯坦发展中经济体在不同经济条件下的系统性风险。该研究也可以为发达经济体的研究人员提供关于部门层面变量在解释系统性风险中的作用的参考。
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引用次数: 0
Are consumers willing to pay a premium for art-infused products? 消费者愿意为融入艺术的产品支付溢价吗?
IF 2.4 Q3 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.1108/sajbs-04-2022-0151
Mansi Gupta
PurposeArt-infusion has become a common practice among brands across the globe. This is because marketers leverage the uniqueness and prestige of arts to earn superior profits. Hence, this research aims to understand and measure consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for art-infused products.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was designed based on conjoint analysis and was responded to by 470 respondents from India. The estimation of preference functions in conjoint analysis was intended to use orthogonal arrays to measure WTP.FindingsThe study reveals consumers' utility and WTP for different art-infused products. The results indicated that consumers have the highest WTP for products that have artwork dominated by the visual elements of colour, shapes and space.Practical implicationsThe paper presents valuable findings for marketers to develop their product design and earn superior profits.Originality/valueThis is the first study in the domain of the art infusion phenomenon that measures WTP for non-luxury art-infused products. Also, this is the first study to measure WTP for different kinds of art forms.
目的艺术注入已经成为全球品牌的普遍做法。这是因为营销人员利用艺术的独特性和声望来赚取丰厚的利润。因此,本研究旨在了解和衡量消费者对艺术产品的支付意愿。设计/方法/方法基于联合分析设计了一份问卷,来自印度的470名受访者对此进行了回复。联合分析中偏好函数的估计旨在使用正交阵列来测量WTP。结果该研究揭示了消费者对不同艺术产品的效用和WTP。结果表明,消费者对以颜色、形状和空间等视觉元素为主的艺术品的购买意愿最高。实践意义本文为营销人员开发产品设计和赚取高额利润提供了有价值的发现。独创性/价值这是艺术注入现象领域的第一项研究,旨在衡量非奢侈品艺术注入产品的WTP。此外,这也是第一项测量不同艺术形式的WTP的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Corporate governance and cost of equity: the moderating role of ownership concentration levels 公司治理与股权成本:股权集中度的调节作用
IF 2.4 Q3 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.1108/sajbs-01-2021-0019
M. A. Hashmi, Urooj Istaqlal, R. Brahmana
PurposeThe study analyzes the influence of corporate governance and ownership concentration levels on the cost of equity. Further, the authors extend the literature by investigating the moderating effect of ownership concentration levels (i.e. at 5%, 10% and 20%) on the relationship between corporate governance and the cost of equity.Design/methodology/approachThe study applies several robust panel regression techniques to a sample of 114 active non-financial companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2016. Corporate governance was measured through a unique index comprising 30 governance attributes. The cost of equity was measured through the capital asset pricing model. Further, the authors construct three variables for ownership concentration levels, i.e. at 5%, 10% and 20%. To address the endogeneity problem, the one-lagged variable model and GMM approaches were also applied.FindingsThe results indicate that better corporate governance reduces the cost of equity, while ownership concentration at high thresholds would increase the cost of equity. Further, the authors find that ownership concentration at the 20% threshold moderates the relationship between corporate governance and the cost of equity. Thus, the authors argue that firms can minimize the risk faced by shareholders by implementing substantive corporate governance mechanisms. In addition, effective corporate governance mechanisms at high ownership concentration levels are imperative for managing the cost of equity.Originality/valueThe study reports novel evidence that ownership concentration at a high threshold moderates the effect of corporate governance on the cost of equity.
目的分析公司治理和股权集中度对股权成本的影响。此外,作者通过调查股权集中度水平(即5%,10%和20%)对公司治理与股权成本之间关系的调节作用来扩展文献。设计/方法/方法本研究对2011年至2016年在巴基斯坦证券交易所上市的114家活跃非金融公司的样本应用了几种稳健的面板回归技术。公司治理是通过包含30个治理属性的独特指数来衡量的。通过资本资产定价模型测算权益成本。进一步,作者构建了股权集中度水平的三个变量,即5%、10%和20%。为了解决内生性问题,还采用了单滞后变量模型和GMM方法。研究结果表明,较好的公司治理降低了股权成本,而高门槛的股权集中度会增加股权成本。此外,作者发现,20%门槛下的股权集中度调节了公司治理与股权成本之间的关系。因此,作者认为公司可以通过实施实质性的公司治理机制将股东面临的风险最小化。此外,高股权集中度的有效公司治理机制是控制股权成本的必要条件。原创性/价值本研究报告了新的证据,表明高门槛的股权集中度调节了公司治理对股权成本的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Developing the relationship between corporate cultural factors and employees' organizational commitment via self-efficacy 通过自我效能感研究企业文化因素与员工组织承诺的关系
IF 2.4 Q3 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2023-02-06 DOI: 10.1108/sajbs-12-2021-0459
B. Soomro, Abdul Wahid Zehri, Sadia Anwar, N. Abdelwahed, Naimatullah Shah
PurposeIn this study, the researchers explored the predictive powers of corporate cultural factors and self-efficacy on Pakistan's public sector bank employees' organizational commitment.Design/methodology/approachThe researchers designed a co-relational study based on cross-sectional data using a questionnaire to collect the data from the Pakistan public sector banks' managers, assistant managers and operational managers. Consequently, the researchers based this study's findings on the 270 valid responses to the questionnaire.FindingsThis study's findings reveal that, except for teamwork, together with self-efficacy, the corporate cultural factors comprising organizational communication, training and development and reward and recognition have positive and significant impacts on organizational commitment. More specifically, self-efficacy plays a mediating role in terms of the relationships between organizational commitment and organizational communication, training and development and reward and recognition.Practical implicationsFrom establishing the most relevant corporate cultural factors, the researchers consider that this study's findings are helpful to policymakers and organizations in developing organizational commitment among employees. More practically in the case of Pakistan's public sector banks, the employees can improve employees' performance by recognizing the significance of the corporate cultural factors on employees' organizational commitment. In addition, the researchers consider that this study's findings can improve managerial efficiency which, in turn, can lead to the organizations becoming more successful.Originality/valueIn the context of Pakistan's public sector banks, this study's findings provide empirical insights to the relationships between the corporate cultural factors and organizational commitment. In addition, the findings provide insights to the role played by self-efficacy in mediating these relationships.
目的探讨企业文化因素和自我效能感对巴基斯坦公共部门银行员工组织承诺的预测作用。设计/方法/方法研究人员设计了一项基于横断面数据的相关研究,使用问卷调查从巴基斯坦公共部门银行的经理、助理经理和业务经理那里收集数据。因此,研究人员将这项研究的结果建立在270份有效问卷的基础上。本研究发现,除团队合作外,组织沟通、培训与发展、奖励与认可等企业文化因素与自我效能感共同对组织承诺产生正向显著影响。更具体地说,自我效能感在组织承诺与组织沟通、培训与发展、奖励与认可的关系中起中介作用。实践意义研究人员认为,本研究的发现有助于决策者和组织制定员工的组织承诺。更为实际的是,在巴基斯坦公共部门银行的案例中,员工可以通过认识企业文化因素对员工组织承诺的重要性来提高员工的绩效。此外,研究人员认为本研究的发现可以提高管理效率,从而使组织变得更加成功。在巴基斯坦公共部门银行的背景下,本研究的发现为企业文化因素与组织承诺之间的关系提供了实证见解。此外,研究结果还揭示了自我效能感在调节这些关系中所起的作用。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
South Asian Journal of Business Studies
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