Tsuyoshi Hara, Tatsuya Igawa, M. Ishizaka, Yohei Sawaya, Akihiro Ito, Akihiro Yakabi, A. Kubo
The performance and physical status of professional cyclists in Japan who train with pycnogenol-containing supplements have not been evaluated. This pilot study aimed to investigate how off-season training and ingesting PycnoRacerTM containing branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and pycnogenol can influence cycling performance in cyclists. Eight professional male cyclists (mean age, 24.0 ± 2.4 years) were included in this study. All athletes received and ingested PycnoRacerTM containing 60 mg of pycnogenol, 4,800 mg of BCAA, and 1,200 mg of arginine daily for 28 days. We evaluated the cycling performance and other parameters of each athlete before using PycnoRacerTM and after 28 days of training with the supplement. Measures of performance, such as maximum oxygen consumption, maximum aerobic power, and maximum heart rate, were evaluated with breath-by-breath exercise tolerance tests using a gas analyzer. Additionally, other parameters, including body composition, respiratory function, and degree of cycling training, were measured. The maximum oxygen consumption, maximum aerobic power, and caloric expenditure during cycling training increased significantly after 28 days of training with PycnoRacerTM. However, no significant differences were found in the maximum heart rate, body composition, and respiratory function before and after using PycnoRacerTM. Pycnogenol-containing supplements enhance off-season cycling performance and caloric expenditure during cycling training of professional cyclists.
{"title":"Effects of pycnogenol-containing supplement on professional cycling performance: a single-group pretest-posttest pilot study","authors":"Tsuyoshi Hara, Tatsuya Igawa, M. Ishizaka, Yohei Sawaya, Akihiro Ito, Akihiro Yakabi, A. Kubo","doi":"10.7600/JPFSM.10.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7600/JPFSM.10.219","url":null,"abstract":"The performance and physical status of professional cyclists in Japan who train with pycnogenol-containing supplements have not been evaluated. This pilot study aimed to investigate how off-season training and ingesting PycnoRacerTM containing branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and pycnogenol can influence cycling performance in cyclists. Eight professional male cyclists (mean age, 24.0 ± 2.4 years) were included in this study. All athletes received and ingested PycnoRacerTM containing 60 mg of pycnogenol, 4,800 mg of BCAA, and 1,200 mg of arginine daily for 28 days. We evaluated the cycling performance and other parameters of each athlete before using PycnoRacerTM and after 28 days of training with the supplement. Measures of performance, such as maximum oxygen consumption, maximum aerobic power, and maximum heart rate, were evaluated with breath-by-breath exercise tolerance tests using a gas analyzer. Additionally, other parameters, including body composition, respiratory function, and degree of cycling training, were measured. The maximum oxygen consumption, maximum aerobic power, and caloric expenditure during cycling training increased significantly after 28 days of training with PycnoRacerTM. However, no significant differences were found in the maximum heart rate, body composition, and respiratory function before and after using PycnoRacerTM. Pycnogenol-containing supplements enhance off-season cycling performance and caloric expenditure during cycling training of professional cyclists.","PeriodicalId":55847,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44381729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nobuyasu Tomabechi, Kazuki Takizawa, Keisuke Shibata, M. Mizuno
Work-matched high-intensity intermittent cycling training (HIICT) reportedly improves VO2max regardless of the combination of loads and cadences. However, the effect of work-matched HIICT with different combinations of loads and cadences on anaerobic work capacity is unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of work-matched HIICT with different loads and cadences on Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) performance, which is an index of anaerobic work capacity. University athletes performed HIICT either with high-load / 60 rpm (HL60, n = 8) or low-load / 120 rpm (LL120, n = 8). HIICT consisted of eight sets of pedaling for 20 s with 10 s of passive rest between each set. Initial exercise intensity was set at 135% of VO2peak and decreased by 5% after every two sets. HIICT was performed for 18 sessions during the 6-week period. Pre and post the training period, peak power, peak rpm, average power, and time to reach peak power during WAnT and VO2peak were measured. According to two-way analysis of variance (time × group), the main effect of time was observed in VO2peak, peak power, peak rpm, and average power during WAnT (p < 0.05). However, time × group interaction was not observed for any indices (p > 0.05). Conversely, time × group interaction was observed in time to reach peak power during WAnT, and significantly shortened only in HL60 (p < 0.05). These results suggest the effectiveness of work-matched HIICT with high-load / low cadence on WAnT performance.
据报道，无论负荷和节奏如何，工作匹配的高强度间歇自行车训练(HIICT)都能提高VO2max。然而，与工作匹配的HIICT与不同负荷和节奏组合对无氧工作能力的影响尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨不同负荷和节奏的工作匹配HIICT对无氧工作能力指标Wingate厌氧测试(WAnT)性能的影响。大学运动员以高负荷/ 60 rpm (HL60, n = 8)或低负荷/ 120 rpm (LL120, n = 8)进行HIICT。HIICT包括8组蹬车，每组蹬车20秒，每组间被动休息10秒。初始运动强度设定为vo2峰值的135%，每两组降低5%。HIICT在6周期间进行了18次。测量训练前后、峰值功率、峰值转速、平均功率以及在WAnT和vo2峰值期间达到峰值功率的时间。通过双向方差分析(时间×组)，观察到时间对WAnT期间vo2峰值、峰值功率、峰值转速和平均功率的主要影响(p < 0.05)。但各指标均未见时间与组间交互作用(p < 0.05)。相反，时间×组相互作用在WAnT期间达到峰值功率的时间上观察到，仅在HL60时显著缩短(p < 0.05)。这些结果表明，高负载/低节奏的工作匹配HIICT对WAnT性能的有效性。
{"title":"Effects of work-matched high-intensity intermittent cycling training with different loads and cadences on Wingate anaerobic test performance in university athletes","authors":"Nobuyasu Tomabechi, Kazuki Takizawa, Keisuke Shibata, M. Mizuno","doi":"10.7600/jpfsm.10.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7600/jpfsm.10.191","url":null,"abstract":"Work-matched high-intensity intermittent cycling training (HIICT) reportedly improves VO2max regardless of the combination of loads and cadences. However, the effect of work-matched HIICT with different combinations of loads and cadences on anaerobic work capacity is unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of work-matched HIICT with different loads and cadences on Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) performance, which is an index of anaerobic work capacity. University athletes performed HIICT either with high-load / 60 rpm (HL60, n = 8) or low-load / 120 rpm (LL120, n = 8). HIICT consisted of eight sets of pedaling for 20 s with 10 s of passive rest between each set. Initial exercise intensity was set at 135% of VO2peak and decreased by 5% after every two sets. HIICT was performed for 18 sessions during the 6-week period. Pre and post the training period, peak power, peak rpm, average power, and time to reach peak power during WAnT and VO2peak were measured. According to two-way analysis of variance (time × group), the main effect of time was observed in VO2peak, peak power, peak rpm, and average power during WAnT (p < 0.05). However, time × group interaction was not observed for any indices (p > 0.05). Conversely, time × group interaction was observed in time to reach peak power during WAnT, and significantly shortened only in HL60 (p < 0.05). These results suggest the effectiveness of work-matched HIICT with high-load / low cadence on WAnT performance.","PeriodicalId":55847,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42826940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher Reyes, Joshua Carlos, Tony Guerra, Jenny Vo, S. Loy
It is tragic and ironic, as we speak of the pandemic of physical inactivity, that we already know the cure for physical inactivity, the 4 th leading risk factor for mortality costing billions of dollars in medically related costs and losses in productivity. The solution is simple. People must move more often. And of exceptional relevance, physical activity can prevent diseases which increase the population’s susceptibility to the new coronavirus pandemic, CO-VID-19. Creating innovative programs which encourage movement is a beginning, but these programs must be sustainable and accessible to a country’s vulnerable populations. 3 WINS Fitness is a free scalable and innovative community-based exercise program serving over 300 participants requiring no external funding for daily operations due to its implementation by university kinesiology students. If we apply our knowledge and work together in significant col-laborations, millions of lives can be saved. Population physical activity has not increased since the late 1990’s. We must take a fresh look at identifying new or unique collaboratives and re-in-venting current systems. At the core is the education system of university kinesiology/exercise science programs, teaching students the complete landscape of what is required for increases in population physical activity. The Call to Action (CTA) is kinesiology/exercise science departments around the world vigorously taking on the challenge and owning the responsibility for increasing population physical activity. The students of today can control the health destiny of millions of people around the world. The first steps to these departments taking the lead must begin today.
{"title":"An innovative solution and call to action for the physical inactivity pandemic","authors":"Christopher Reyes, Joshua Carlos, Tony Guerra, Jenny Vo, S. Loy","doi":"10.7600/JPFSM.10.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7600/JPFSM.10.165","url":null,"abstract":"It is tragic and ironic, as we speak of the pandemic of physical inactivity, that we already know the cure for physical inactivity, the 4 th leading risk factor for mortality costing billions of dollars in medically related costs and losses in productivity. The solution is simple. People must move more often. And of exceptional relevance, physical activity can prevent diseases which increase the population’s susceptibility to the new coronavirus pandemic, CO-VID-19. Creating innovative programs which encourage movement is a beginning, but these programs must be sustainable and accessible to a country’s vulnerable populations. 3 WINS Fitness is a free scalable and innovative community-based exercise program serving over 300 participants requiring no external funding for daily operations due to its implementation by university kinesiology students. If we apply our knowledge and work together in significant col-laborations, millions of lives can be saved. Population physical activity has not increased since the late 1990’s. We must take a fresh look at identifying new or unique collaboratives and re-in-venting current systems. At the core is the education system of university kinesiology/exercise science programs, teaching students the complete landscape of what is required for increases in population physical activity. The Call to Action (CTA) is kinesiology/exercise science departments around the world vigorously taking on the challenge and owning the responsibility for increasing population physical activity. The students of today can control the health destiny of millions of people around the world. The first steps to these departments taking the lead must begin today.","PeriodicalId":55847,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43119829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
tes and sedentariness. The program in public parks is provided free to residents in their own community and it benefits: participants who enjoy the workouts (1 st WIN), the communities where they live (2 nd WIN), and kine-siology-major students who gain first-hand experience in organizing and teaching fitness to adults (3 rd WIN). The major benefits associated with these training approaches are addressed and summarized in this issue as well as some of the risks and disadvantages for specialized adult populations.
{"title":"Global trends in high-intensity interval training (HIIT)","authors":"Kiyoji Tanaka, T. Matsuo","doi":"10.7600/JPFSM.10.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7600/JPFSM.10.127","url":null,"abstract":"tes and sedentariness. The program in public parks is provided free to residents in their own community and it benefits: participants who enjoy the workouts (1 st WIN), the communities where they live (2 nd WIN), and kine-siology-major students who gain first-hand experience in organizing and teaching fitness to adults (3 rd WIN). The major benefits associated with these training approaches are addressed and summarized in this issue as well as some of the risks and disadvantages for specialized adult populations.","PeriodicalId":55847,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48493412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) research has drastically increased globally in the last decade. This might be owing to the application of HIIT in various fields such as among cardiovascular disease and cancer populations, and its increasing popularity in the media and fitness industries. It is crucial to realize the substantial benefits of HIIT, keeping safety in mind, for these target groups. In this narrative review, HIIT is discussed from multifaceted perspectives. First, I describe the rationale behind the improvement in aerobic and metabolic capacity with HIIT requiring less time compared to moderate-intensity continuous training, as well as the enjoyable and affective factors and the broad applicability of HIIT due to the “relative” high-intensity training. Second, I describe ways to maximize the effects of HIIT, which include optimising a potential genetic factor in HIIT responder, decreasing non-responders by attaining a targeted intensity, and adhering to the exercise intensity and unsupervised long-term participation. Recent development of HIIT/sprint interval training protocols and several unique clinical studies in the world have helped overcome the barriers against high adherence. Finally, safety and potential risks were only discussed briefly due to insufficient available data. In conclusion, to utilise the benefits of HIIT effectively and safely for unfit subjects with lifestylerelated and chronic diseases, optimising HIIT protocols to include high adherence to exercise intensity and long-term participation should be considered.
{"title":"Rationale and optimising of outcomes in high-intensity interval training for health and disease","authors":"S. Ito","doi":"10.7600/JPFSM.10.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7600/JPFSM.10.151","url":null,"abstract":"High-intensity interval training (HIIT) research has drastically increased globally in the last decade. This might be owing to the application of HIIT in various fields such as among cardiovascular disease and cancer populations, and its increasing popularity in the media and fitness industries. It is crucial to realize the substantial benefits of HIIT, keeping safety in mind, for these target groups. In this narrative review, HIIT is discussed from multifaceted perspectives. First, I describe the rationale behind the improvement in aerobic and metabolic capacity with HIIT requiring less time compared to moderate-intensity continuous training, as well as the enjoyable and affective factors and the broad applicability of HIIT due to the “relative” high-intensity training. Second, I describe ways to maximize the effects of HIIT, which include optimising a potential genetic factor in HIIT responder, decreasing non-responders by attaining a targeted intensity, and adhering to the exercise intensity and unsupervised long-term participation. Recent development of HIIT/sprint interval training protocols and several unique clinical studies in the world have helped overcome the barriers against high adherence. Finally, safety and potential risks were only discussed briefly due to insufficient available data. In conclusion, to utilise the benefits of HIIT effectively and safely for unfit subjects with lifestylerelated and chronic diseases, optimising HIIT protocols to include high adherence to exercise intensity and long-term participation should be considered.","PeriodicalId":55847,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49471517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Facing the rapid growth in the elderly population worldwide, the need for exercise prescriptions according to individual physical fitness has become increasingly apparent. Despite this, the training system broadly available has not been developed. Accordingly, we have developed a system with internet of things (IoT) for middle-aged and older people called “eHealth Promotion System”, based on interval walking training (IWT). IWT is a training regimen repeating 5 sets of fast walking at more than 70% peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak) and slow walking at ~40% VO2peak for 3 min each per day. The system is composed of a device that is equipped with a tri-axial accelerometer and a barometer, and connected to a central server. The sever has a program for storing walking records transferred from the device through the internet, as well as for instructing participants regarding IWT in a feedback manner based on the server database. Using this system, we examined the effects of 5-month IWT in more than 8,700 middle-aged and older people, and found that the training increased VO2peak by 15%, improved lifestyle-related disease symptoms by 20%, and reduced healthcare costs by ~20% on average. We subsequently reported that the effects of IWT depended only on average fast walking time, rather than average slow or total walking time per week. Recently, we also developed a mobile application program to provide participants with this service on their smartphone so that we can examine the effects of IWT in a much larger population of people at the same time and across generations. The system has great potential to increase interdisciplinary studies between sports sciences and other fields of science to establish and promote a society for health and longevity.
{"title":"High-intensity interval walking training using internet of things (IoT): past and future","authors":"H. Nose, M. Morikawa, Mayuka Furihata, S. Masuki","doi":"10.7600/JPFSM.10.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7600/JPFSM.10.139","url":null,"abstract":"Facing the rapid growth in the elderly population worldwide, the need for exercise prescriptions according to individual physical fitness has become increasingly apparent. Despite this, the training system broadly available has not been developed. Accordingly, we have developed a system with internet of things (IoT) for middle-aged and older people called “eHealth Promotion System”, based on interval walking training (IWT). IWT is a training regimen repeating 5 sets of fast walking at more than 70% peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak) and slow walking at ~40% VO2peak for 3 min each per day. The system is composed of a device that is equipped with a tri-axial accelerometer and a barometer, and connected to a central server. The sever has a program for storing walking records transferred from the device through the internet, as well as for instructing participants regarding IWT in a feedback manner based on the server database. Using this system, we examined the effects of 5-month IWT in more than 8,700 middle-aged and older people, and found that the training increased VO2peak by 15%, improved lifestyle-related disease symptoms by 20%, and reduced healthcare costs by ~20% on average. We subsequently reported that the effects of IWT depended only on average fast walking time, rather than average slow or total walking time per week. Recently, we also developed a mobile application program to provide participants with this service on their smartphone so that we can examine the effects of IWT in a much larger population of people at the same time and across generations. The system has great potential to increase interdisciplinary studies between sports sciences and other fields of science to establish and promote a society for health and longevity.","PeriodicalId":55847,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47440145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun Hamano, Takayuki Shimizu, Katsunori Tsuji, W. Kohrt, I. Tabata
Increased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) during moderate-intensity exercise has been reported, suggesting that such exercise may stimulate bone resorption. This study was undertaken to observe the effects of exhausting high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on serum PTH and on blood parameters that may affect PTH secretion during exercise. Seven young trained adults exercised on 2 days after overnight fasting. On the HIIE day, they performed 6–7 exhausting bouts of 20-sec bicycle exercise (intensity, 170% V・O2max) with intervening 10sec rests. On the moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) day, the subjects biked for 60 min at 70% V・O2max. The peak lactate concentration in blood after the HIIE was 15.2 ± 1.3 mmol/l. The blood lactate concentration at the end of the MIE was 2.2 ± 0.9 mmol/l. The HIIE significantly reduced the serum PTH (Pre: 30 ± 5 pg/ml, 10 min post-HIIE: 22 ± 4 pg/ml, p < 0.05), whereas the MIE significantly elevated the serum PTH. The HIIE induced a significant increase in serum ionized Ca (iCa); but MIE did not affect iCa. The serum cortisol concentration post-MIE was significantly higher than that observed pre-exercise; no changes from the pre-exercise value were noted post-HIIE. The serum phosphate concentration immediately post-HIIE increased significantly to the same level as that post-MIE. No changes in serum C-terminal telopeptide of Type I collagen (a marker of bone resorption) was observed after the HIIE or MIE. Although these results do not identify stimulator(s) for PTH secretion during HIIE and MIE, they indicate that HIIE does not induce an exercise-induced increase in PTH (which might deteriorate bone metabolism).
{"title":"Effects of exhaustive high-intensity intermittent exercise on serum parathyroid hormone","authors":"Jun Hamano, Takayuki Shimizu, Katsunori Tsuji, W. Kohrt, I. Tabata","doi":"10.7600/JPFSM.10.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7600/JPFSM.10.129","url":null,"abstract":"Increased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) during moderate-intensity exercise has been reported, suggesting that such exercise may stimulate bone resorption. This study was undertaken to observe the effects of exhausting high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on serum PTH and on blood parameters that may affect PTH secretion during exercise. Seven young trained adults exercised on 2 days after overnight fasting. On the HIIE day, they performed 6–7 exhausting bouts of 20-sec bicycle exercise (intensity, 170% V・O2max) with intervening 10sec rests. On the moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) day, the subjects biked for 60 min at 70% V・O2max. The peak lactate concentration in blood after the HIIE was 15.2 ± 1.3 mmol/l. The blood lactate concentration at the end of the MIE was 2.2 ± 0.9 mmol/l. The HIIE significantly reduced the serum PTH (Pre: 30 ± 5 pg/ml, 10 min post-HIIE: 22 ± 4 pg/ml, p < 0.05), whereas the MIE significantly elevated the serum PTH. The HIIE induced a significant increase in serum ionized Ca (iCa); but MIE did not affect iCa. The serum cortisol concentration post-MIE was significantly higher than that observed pre-exercise; no changes from the pre-exercise value were noted post-HIIE. The serum phosphate concentration immediately post-HIIE increased significantly to the same level as that post-MIE. No changes in serum C-terminal telopeptide of Type I collagen (a marker of bone resorption) was observed after the HIIE or MIE. Although these results do not identify stimulator(s) for PTH secretion during HIIE and MIE, they indicate that HIIE does not induce an exercise-induced increase in PTH (which might deteriorate bone metabolism).","PeriodicalId":55847,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41515079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An astronaut’s maximal oxygen intake (V ・ O 2max ), along with cardiac function, decreases during space life; and many astronauts experience unhealthy weight loss due to energy imbalances. In fact, excessive exercise may promote an energy deficit. Moreover, a typical scheduled exercise program (2.5 hours per day) appears to be excessive for time-pressed astronauts. Hence, more efficient exercise programs need to be developed for future space missions. With this background, the study of “ high-intensity interval aerobic exercise training (HIAT) ” was initiated. The HIAT protocol in our study consisted of 3 sets of 3-min high-intensity cycling with 2-min active rest between sets. Two intervention studies conducted with sedentary male adults revealed that V ・ O 2max improvement by HIAT was significantly higher than improvement by moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT); and that cardiac function significantly improved in HIAT, but not in MICT, even though the exercise duration and volume of HIAT (15 mins, 180 kcal) were substantially lower than those of MICT (42 mins, 360 kcal). Further studies on general workers with metabolic syndrome also showed the superior effect of HIAT to MICT on V ・ O 2max . Studies conducted on astronaut health may provide clues to solving lifestyle-related public health issues because the microgravity environment is similar to physical inactivity in reducing the load on the heart. Lack of time is a significant barrier to exercise habituation in our time-pressed society. Therefore, time-efficient exercise may contribute to the prevention of health risks not only in astronauts, but also in working adults in a modern society with time constraints and sedentary lifestyles.
{"title":"High-intensity interval aerobic exercise training (HIAT) in occupational health","authors":"T. Matsuo, R. So, Kiyoji Tanaka, C. Mukai","doi":"10.7600/JPFSM.10.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7600/JPFSM.10.145","url":null,"abstract":"An astronaut’s maximal oxygen intake (V ・ O 2max ), along with cardiac function, decreases during space life; and many astronauts experience unhealthy weight loss due to energy imbalances. In fact, excessive exercise may promote an energy deficit. Moreover, a typical scheduled exercise program (2.5 hours per day) appears to be excessive for time-pressed astronauts. Hence, more efficient exercise programs need to be developed for future space missions. With this background, the study of “ high-intensity interval aerobic exercise training (HIAT) ” was initiated. The HIAT protocol in our study consisted of 3 sets of 3-min high-intensity cycling with 2-min active rest between sets. Two intervention studies conducted with sedentary male adults revealed that V ・ O 2max improvement by HIAT was significantly higher than improvement by moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT); and that cardiac function significantly improved in HIAT, but not in MICT, even though the exercise duration and volume of HIAT (15 mins, 180 kcal) were substantially lower than those of MICT (42 mins, 360 kcal). Further studies on general workers with metabolic syndrome also showed the superior effect of HIAT to MICT on V ・ O 2max . Studies conducted on astronaut health may provide clues to solving lifestyle-related public health issues because the microgravity environment is similar to physical inactivity in reducing the load on the heart. Lack of time is a significant barrier to exercise habituation in our time-pressed society. Therefore, time-efficient exercise may contribute to the prevention of health risks not only in astronauts, but also in working adults in a modern society with time constraints and sedentary lifestyles.","PeriodicalId":55847,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42865566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Hikihara, C. Tanaka, Y. Oshima, K. Ohkawara, K. Ishikawa-Takata, Shigeho Tanaka
Several recent studies reported that a lack of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in combination with a high degree of sedentary behavior (SB) is associated with health problems including overweight and obesity in children, as well as psychosocial stress. Therefore, it is important that methods are developed to objectively evaluate both MVPA and SB. The aim of this study was to redevelop the existing equation for estimating SB to improve its accuracy. Healthy boys (n = 42) and girls (n = 26) attending primary school were invited to participate in this study. Participants were asked to perform 2 SB tasks, which were desk work and Nintendo DS, 2 light intensity activities such as sweeping up and clearing away, and higher intensity activities such as sweeping up and throwing a ball, with a few minutes of recovery time between tasks. The tasks and activities were performed in order of PA intensity (lower to higher). All participants wore a triaxial accelerometer on their waist. In addition, they wore a facemask connected to a Douglas bag to gather respiratory gas samples while performing each activity. First, we proposed the two linear regression equations (TL), including an equation for SB, and another equation for light or higher intensity activities with a fixed intercept of 0.9. Moreover, we redeveloped a quadratic polynomial (QP) equation that takes into account all activities. Both models were demonstrated to improve the accuracy of estimations of PA (about 0.2 to 0.3 METs), including SB (about 1.0 METs) other than sweeping up and wiping floor, compared to the existing model.
{"title":"Estimating model of sedentary behavior with tri-axial accelerometer in elementary school children","authors":"Y. Hikihara, C. Tanaka, Y. Oshima, K. Ohkawara, K. Ishikawa-Takata, Shigeho Tanaka","doi":"10.7600/JPFSM.10.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7600/JPFSM.10.119","url":null,"abstract":"Several recent studies reported that a lack of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in combination with a high degree of sedentary behavior (SB) is associated with health problems including overweight and obesity in children, as well as psychosocial stress. Therefore, it is important that methods are developed to objectively evaluate both MVPA and SB. The aim of this study was to redevelop the existing equation for estimating SB to improve its accuracy. Healthy boys (n = 42) and girls (n = 26) attending primary school were invited to participate in this study. Participants were asked to perform 2 SB tasks, which were desk work and Nintendo DS, 2 light intensity activities such as sweeping up and clearing away, and higher intensity activities such as sweeping up and throwing a ball, with a few minutes of recovery time between tasks. The tasks and activities were performed in order of PA intensity (lower to higher). All participants wore a triaxial accelerometer on their waist. In addition, they wore a facemask connected to a Douglas bag to gather respiratory gas samples while performing each activity. First, we proposed the two linear regression equations (TL), including an equation for SB, and another equation for light or higher intensity activities with a fixed intercept of 0.9. Moreover, we redeveloped a quadratic polynomial (QP) equation that takes into account all activities. Both models were demonstrated to improve the accuracy of estimations of PA (about 0.2 to 0.3 METs), including SB (about 1.0 METs) other than sweeping up and wiping floor, compared to the existing model.","PeriodicalId":55847,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44200832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masafumi Maruyama, A. Yozu, Y. Okamoto, H. Shiraki
Assessment of the total weight-bearing response of the navicular and talus bones is essential for evaluating the load absorption function. Although the weight-bearing response of the hindfoot valgus is likely related to the total weight-bearing response of the navicular and talus bones, this relationship is not well-understood. We evaluated the relationship between the total weight-bearing response of the navicular and talus bones and the weight-bearing response of the hindfoot valgus in the normal foot arch. Twenty-three males with normal foot arches were analyzed. We scanned the right foot of each participant under both non-loading and full weight-bearing conditions, using positional magnetic resonance imaging (pMRI). We measured the vertical and medial positions of the navicular and talus bones. The total positional changes of the navicular and talus bones (ΔTPCN and ΔTPCT, respectively) were calculated from the vertical and medial displacement values, using the Pythagorean theorem. To evaluate the weight-bearing response of the hindfoot valgus, the hindfoot alignment view (HAV) was measured. The difference in HAV (ΔHAV) between non-loading and full weight-bearing conditions was considered the weight-bearing response of the hindfoot valgus. Correlations between ΔTPCN, ΔTPCT, and ΔHAV were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and ΔTPCN and ΔTPCT were found to be moderately correlated with ΔHAV. Our study indicated that the total weight-bearing response of the navicular and talus bones correlated with the weight-bearing response of the hindfoot valgus in healthy adult males with normal foot arch.
{"title":"Relationship between total weight-bearing response of the navicular and talus bones and weight-bearing response of hindfoot valgus in normal foot arch","authors":"Masafumi Maruyama, A. Yozu, Y. Okamoto, H. Shiraki","doi":"10.7600/JPFSM.10.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7600/JPFSM.10.75","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of the total weight-bearing response of the navicular and talus bones is essential for evaluating the load absorption function. Although the weight-bearing response of the hindfoot valgus is likely related to the total weight-bearing response of the navicular and talus bones, this relationship is not well-understood. We evaluated the relationship between the total weight-bearing response of the navicular and talus bones and the weight-bearing response of the hindfoot valgus in the normal foot arch. Twenty-three males with normal foot arches were analyzed. We scanned the right foot of each participant under both non-loading and full weight-bearing conditions, using positional magnetic resonance imaging (pMRI). We measured the vertical and medial positions of the navicular and talus bones. The total positional changes of the navicular and talus bones (ΔTPCN and ΔTPCT, respectively) were calculated from the vertical and medial displacement values, using the Pythagorean theorem. To evaluate the weight-bearing response of the hindfoot valgus, the hindfoot alignment view (HAV) was measured. The difference in HAV (ΔHAV) between non-loading and full weight-bearing conditions was considered the weight-bearing response of the hindfoot valgus. Correlations between ΔTPCN, ΔTPCT, and ΔHAV were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and ΔTPCN and ΔTPCT were found to be moderately correlated with ΔHAV. Our study indicated that the total weight-bearing response of the navicular and talus bones correlated with the weight-bearing response of the hindfoot valgus in healthy adult males with normal foot arch.","PeriodicalId":55847,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44638664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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