A vibration sensing system with optical fiber speckles is demonstrated and optimized with different optical fiber diameters and speckle statistical algorithms. The types of fiber diameter and material lead to a different performance of fiber specklegram sensor (FSS), which has been experimentally explored. The signal intensity, demodulated from the speckles, is different when using multimode fibers with different diameters. At the same time, the sensing effect of different fibers depends on the speckle statistical algorithms. Accordingly, we use different statistical methods in theory and experiment to analyze the influence of fiber diameter and speckle statistical methods on the sensing performance. A vibration sensing system with optimized performance is achieved by the optimized types of optical fiber and the corresponding optimized algorithms, which are promising for sensing weak vibration, such as detecting.
{"title":"The Optimization of Multimode Fiber Speckle Sensor for Microvibration","authors":"Haoyang Song, Feiyu Sun, Yunxu Sun, Wei Liu","doi":"10.1155/2023/3356849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3356849","url":null,"abstract":"A vibration sensing system with optical fiber speckles is demonstrated and optimized with different optical fiber diameters and speckle statistical algorithms. The types of fiber diameter and material lead to a different performance of fiber specklegram sensor (FSS), which has been experimentally explored. The signal intensity, demodulated from the speckles, is different when using multimode fibers with different diameters. At the same time, the sensing effect of different fibers depends on the speckle statistical algorithms. Accordingly, we use different statistical methods in theory and experiment to analyze the influence of fiber diameter and speckle statistical methods on the sensing performance. A vibration sensing system with optimized performance is achieved by the optimized types of optical fiber and the corresponding optimized algorithms, which are promising for sensing weak vibration, such as detecting.","PeriodicalId":55995,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Optics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49636404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Farooq Saleem, G. A. Ashraf, Muhamad Faisal Iqbal, R. Khan, Muhammad Javid, Tianwu Wang
InGaN quantum wells (QWs) grown on c-plane sapphire substrate experience strain due to the lattice mismatch. The strain generates a strong piezoelectric field in QWs that contributes to THz emission under ultrafast excitation. Physical parameters such as QW width, period number, and Indium concentration can affect the strength of the piezoelectric field and result in THz emission. Experimental parameters such as pump fluence, laser energy, excitation power, pump polarization angle, and incident angle can be tuned to further optimize the THz emission. This review summarizes the effects of physical and experimental parameters of THz emission on InGaN QWs. Comparison and relationship between photoluminescence properties and THz emission in QWs are given, which further explains the origin of THz emission in InGaN QWs.
{"title":"Factors Affecting Terahertz Emission from InGaN Quantum Wells under Ultrafast Excitation","authors":"Muhammad Farooq Saleem, G. A. Ashraf, Muhamad Faisal Iqbal, R. Khan, Muhammad Javid, Tianwu Wang","doi":"10.1155/2023/5619799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5619799","url":null,"abstract":"InGaN quantum wells (QWs) grown on c-plane sapphire substrate experience strain due to the lattice mismatch. The strain generates a strong piezoelectric field in QWs that contributes to THz emission under ultrafast excitation. Physical parameters such as QW width, period number, and Indium concentration can affect the strength of the piezoelectric field and result in THz emission. Experimental parameters such as pump fluence, laser energy, excitation power, pump polarization angle, and incident angle can be tuned to further optimize the THz emission. This review summarizes the effects of physical and experimental parameters of THz emission on InGaN QWs. Comparison and relationship between photoluminescence properties and THz emission in QWs are given, which further explains the origin of THz emission in InGaN QWs.","PeriodicalId":55995,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Optics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48263800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the paper, we applied the customized AI module to the OTDR device and, combined with the optical power monitoring module, realized the AI-assisted optical network fault location mechanism for the high-density interconnection scenario of data centers. The mechanism can make full use of the data from optical links. Based on the link data, the AI module can predict the links that may fail, and then the target links will be monitored by the optical power module. The mechanism can quickly locate and respond to faulty links. Through the test, the introduction of an AI model can improve the average fault detection efficiency of the link by 98.41%.
{"title":"AI-Assisted Failure Location Platform for Optical Network","authors":"Pengcheng Liu, W. Ji, Qiang Liu, X. Xue","doi":"10.1155/2023/1707815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1707815","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper, we applied the customized AI module to the OTDR device and, combined with the optical power monitoring module, realized the AI-assisted optical network fault location mechanism for the high-density interconnection scenario of data centers. The mechanism can make full use of the data from optical links. Based on the link data, the AI module can predict the links that may fail, and then the target links will be monitored by the optical power module. The mechanism can quickly locate and respond to faulty links. Through the test, the introduction of an AI model can improve the average fault detection efficiency of the link by 98.41%.","PeriodicalId":55995,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Optics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48198474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the integrated free-space optics (FSO) and fiber optic model is evaluated using new radio (NR) sub-THz link to sustain next generation 5G capacity. The proposed integrated model effectively applies over 25 km single mode fiber, 0.5 m RF wireless, and 500 m optical wireless. In addition, four different sub-THz frequencies (125, 150, 175, and 200 GHz) are estimated on NR-based 5G FSO network, including 22 Gbps 64quadrature amplitude modulation-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (64QAM-OFDM) signal speed. The proposed FSO enabled fiber optic system is also measured mathematically to satisfy the data transmission accuracy. For confirmation, the theoretical approach of the presented FSO and fiber optic network is realized with an aggregate 342 Gbps speed 16 × 22 . The performance metrics comprising forward error limit (FEL), bit error rate (BER), and error vector magnitude (EVM) are used for weighing simulation results. The outlets of an integrated fiber-FSO network show that by applying NR 5G sub-THz, a high data rate with multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO) transmission capacity can be adjusted victoriously.
{"title":"Integrated Free-Space Optics and Fiber Optic Network Performance Enhancement for Sustaining 5G High Capacity Communications","authors":"Meshari Alsharari, Khaled Aliqab, Farman Ali, Ammar Armghan","doi":"10.1155/2023/8685686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8685686","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the integrated free-space optics (FSO) and fiber optic model is evaluated using new radio (NR) sub-THz link to sustain next generation 5G capacity. The proposed integrated model effectively applies over 25 km single mode fiber, 0.5 m RF wireless, and 500 m optical wireless. In addition, four different sub-THz frequencies (125, 150, 175, and 200 GHz) are estimated on NR-based 5G FSO network, including 22 Gbps 64quadrature amplitude modulation-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (64QAM-OFDM) signal speed. The proposed FSO enabled fiber optic system is also measured mathematically to satisfy the data transmission accuracy. For confirmation, the theoretical approach of the presented FSO and fiber optic network is realized with an aggregate 342 Gbps speed \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 16\u0000 ×\u0000 22\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 . The performance metrics comprising forward error limit (FEL), bit error rate (BER), and error vector magnitude (EVM) are used for weighing simulation results. The outlets of an integrated fiber-FSO network show that by applying NR 5G sub-THz, a high data rate with multiple inputs and multiple outputs (MIMO) transmission capacity can be adjusted victoriously.","PeriodicalId":55995,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Optics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47030891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the excellent performance of the CdTe solar cells, research is ongoing to increase the efficiency of these cells. The first purpose of this study is to increase the accuracy of the physical parameters of a solar cell in the electron ̶hole production rate equation. In previous studies, this section was neglected because of using only ready-made software. Simulations were performed using a one-dimensional diffusion model in MATLAB and Maple software. Then, in theory, we simulated cadmium telluride-based layered solar cells for the first time without using ready-made software and with coding in MATLAB and Maple software. We designed and optimized the thickness of the layers in solar cells in detail. Then we studied the effect of layer thickness on the short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), filling factor (FF), and its efficiency. It is found that the efficiency of solar cells layered with TCO/SnO2/CdS/CdTe layers is as follows: the thickness of the TCO layer is 0.1 μm, that of the SnO2 layer is equal to 0.1 μm, that of the CdS layer as the window layer is 0.1 μm and the thickness of the CdTe layer as the absorber layer is 3.9 μm. The efficiency of the solar cell with the TCO/SnO2/CdS/CdTe structure increases significantly and reaches a maximum value of more than 20%.
{"title":"Optimization and Numerical Modeling of TCO/SnO2/CdS/CdTe Solar Cells","authors":"P. Khaledi, M. Behboudnia, M. Karimi","doi":"10.1155/2023/7184080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7184080","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the excellent performance of the CdTe solar cells, research is ongoing to increase the efficiency of these cells. The first purpose of this study is to increase the accuracy of the physical parameters of a solar cell in the electron ̶hole production rate equation. In previous studies, this section was neglected because of using only ready-made software. Simulations were performed using a one-dimensional diffusion model in MATLAB and Maple software. Then, in theory, we simulated cadmium telluride-based layered solar cells for the first time without using ready-made software and with coding in MATLAB and Maple software. We designed and optimized the thickness of the layers in solar cells in detail. Then we studied the effect of layer thickness on the short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), filling factor (FF), and its efficiency. It is found that the efficiency of solar cells layered with TCO/SnO2/CdS/CdTe layers is as follows: the thickness of the TCO layer is 0.1 μm, that of the SnO2 layer is equal to 0.1 μm, that of the CdS layer as the window layer is 0.1 μm and the thickness of the CdTe layer as the absorber layer is 3.9 μm. The efficiency of the solar cell with the TCO/SnO2/CdS/CdTe structure increases significantly and reaches a maximum value of more than 20%.","PeriodicalId":55995,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Optics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44803647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The laser beams were scattered and attenuated when they propagate in fogs for laser communication, laser remote sensing detection. For different density and droplets distribution of fogs, the laser scatter and attenuation are different, the correspond mechanism need thorough investigation. The characteristics of laser beam scattering in different types of fogs are studied based on the droplet size characteristics of advection fog and radiation fog, the scattering coefficients of droplets with different laser wavelengths(0.86 μm, 0.91 μm, 1.06 μm, 1.3015, and 10.6 μm) are calculated, the multi scattering of laser beam is studied by the Monte Carlo method, the propagation path and scattering direction of photons is analyzed, relations between asymmetry factor, albedo of fog droplets, and the visibility are presented, and the forward scattering intensity and the backward scattering intensity versus scattering angle are gotten and discussed.
{"title":"The Multiple Scattering of Laser Beam Propagation in Advection Fog and Radiation Fog","authors":"Qiang Xu, Yunhua Cao, Yuanyuan Zhang, Shaohui Yan, Yiping Han, Zhe Wu","doi":"10.1155/2023/9715482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9715482","url":null,"abstract":"The laser beams were scattered and attenuated when they propagate in fogs for laser communication, laser remote sensing detection. For different density and droplets distribution of fogs, the laser scatter and attenuation are different, the correspond mechanism need thorough investigation. The characteristics of laser beam scattering in different types of fogs are studied based on the droplet size characteristics of advection fog and radiation fog, the scattering coefficients of droplets with different laser wavelengths(0.86 μm, 0.91 μm, 1.06 μm, 1.3015, and 10.6 μm) are calculated, the multi scattering of laser beam is studied by the Monte Carlo method, the propagation path and scattering direction of photons is analyzed, relations between asymmetry factor, albedo of fog droplets, and the visibility are presented, and the forward scattering intensity and the backward scattering intensity versus scattering angle are gotten and discussed.","PeriodicalId":55995,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Optics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44130752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the aim of investigating the cladding geometry characteristics by a wide-band fiber laser with coaxial rectangular nozzle, and optimizing the powder efficiency and deposition speed for economy efficiency, Fe-based alloy powder was deposited on AISI 1045 substrate by a 3000 W fiber laser in this study. Laser power (P), scan speed (V), and powder feed rate (F) were selected for a factorial design. The effects of the three process parameters on the geometry characteristics and economic efficiency of single tracks were statistically analyzed, and a linear regression model was established between the combined parameters and the relevant characteristics (including track height, ratio of track width to height, powder efficiency, and deposition speed). A process map was developed with the track shape and key economic indexes as boundaries. A flat-top feature of the track profile was found and can be utilized to achieve good cladding evenness. The process map showed that the powder efficiency and deposition speed were higher than 50% and 20 mm3/s, respectively, when selecting process parameters in the as-built operation window.
{"title":"Parameter Study and Economic Efficiency Optimization for Laser Cladding with Wide-Band Fiber Laser","authors":"B. Hu, Jianhai Han, Junhua Wang","doi":"10.1155/2022/6373772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6373772","url":null,"abstract":"With the aim of investigating the cladding geometry characteristics by a wide-band fiber laser with coaxial rectangular nozzle, and optimizing the powder efficiency and deposition speed for economy efficiency, Fe-based alloy powder was deposited on AISI 1045 substrate by a 3000 W fiber laser in this study. Laser power (P), scan speed (V), and powder feed rate (F) were selected for a factorial design. The effects of the three process parameters on the geometry characteristics and economic efficiency of single tracks were statistically analyzed, and a linear regression model was established between the combined parameters and the relevant characteristics (including track height, ratio of track width to height, powder efficiency, and deposition speed). A process map was developed with the track shape and key economic indexes as boundaries. A flat-top feature of the track profile was found and can be utilized to achieve good cladding evenness. The process map showed that the powder efficiency and deposition speed were higher than 50% and 20 mm3/s, respectively, when selecting process parameters in the as-built operation window.","PeriodicalId":55995,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Optics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47045425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose and simulate a third-order 3D electro-optically highly tunable compact add-drop filter based on nonlinear microring resonators. The used tuning mechanism relies on enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in a graphene layer integrated on top of a two-photonabsorption-free and low loss silicon-rich nitride core material at telecommunication wavelengths. An ultrahigh tuning efficiency (150 pm/V) over a tuning range of 1.3 nm, ensuring ultralow voltage consumption, was achieved in this work. We used titanium oxide and silicon oxide as the upper-cladding and under-cladding materials, respectively, around the silicon-rich nitride core material, to come up with a polarization-insensitive, and the thermally resilient third-orderadd-drop optical filter in the L band (1565 nm–1625 nm) with a full wave at a half maximum bandwidth of 50 GHz (linewidth of 0.4 nm) around 1570 nm, a high-free spectral range of 18.5 nm, a quality factor of 2580, an extinction ratio of 60 dB, a finesse of 19, and a thermal stability of 0.3 pm/K. A three-dimensional multiphysics approach was used to simulate the propagation of transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized waves through the filter, combining the electromagnetic features with thermo-optic and stress-optical effects. The contribution of this work to the existing literature is that the designed filter proposes a new and highly tunable material system compatible with the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor fabrication technology while combining high tunability, polarization insensitivity, and high thermal stability features for an ultracompact and energy-efficienton-chip integrated photonic tunable filter for dense wavelength division multiplexing systems in the less occupied L band.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of Ultralow Voltage Graphene on the Silicon Rich Nitride Tunable Ring Resonator-Based Add-Drop Filter for DWDM Systems","authors":"Filston Rukerandanga, S. Musyoki, E. Ataro","doi":"10.1155/2022/4182037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4182037","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and simulate a third-order 3D electro-optically highly tunable compact add-drop filter based on nonlinear microring resonators. The used tuning mechanism relies on enhanced Kerr nonlinearity in a graphene layer integrated on top of a two-photonabsorption-free and low loss silicon-rich nitride core material at telecommunication wavelengths. An ultrahigh tuning efficiency (150 pm/V) over a tuning range of 1.3 nm, ensuring ultralow voltage consumption, was achieved in this work. We used titanium oxide and silicon oxide as the upper-cladding and under-cladding materials, respectively, around the silicon-rich nitride core material, to come up with a polarization-insensitive, and the thermally resilient third-orderadd-drop optical filter in the L band (1565 nm–1625 nm) with a full wave at a half maximum bandwidth of 50 GHz (linewidth of 0.4 nm) around 1570 nm, a high-free spectral range of 18.5 nm, a quality factor of 2580, an extinction ratio of 60 dB, a finesse of 19, and a thermal stability of 0.3 pm/K. A three-dimensional multiphysics approach was used to simulate the propagation of transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarized waves through the filter, combining the electromagnetic features with thermo-optic and stress-optical effects. The contribution of this work to the existing literature is that the designed filter proposes a new and highly tunable material system compatible with the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor fabrication technology while combining high tunability, polarization insensitivity, and high thermal stability features for an ultracompact and energy-efficienton-chip integrated photonic tunable filter for dense wavelength division multiplexing systems in the less occupied L band.","PeriodicalId":55995,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Optics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45210254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We put forward a novel hybrid iterative algorithm to improve the imaging quality of digital holography. An off-axis hologram is added to the iteration process via interference and inverse interference process and becomes part of the constraints. A frequency domain filter varying with the number of iterations is used to improve the competitive advantage of low frequency information in the early iterations, while retaining the high frequency information. In practical applications, an additional iterative process is used after averaging filtering to suppress the influence of the imperfect consistency between the reconstructed reference wave and the actual reference wave. Numerical simulations and experiments show that image reconstruction may be significantly improved compared to the conventional method.
{"title":"In-Line and Off-Axis Hybrid Digital Holographic Imaging Method Based on Off-Axis Hologram Constraints","authors":"Fengpeng Wang, Feifan Fan, D. Yuan, Xinghua Wang","doi":"10.1155/2022/6577057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6577057","url":null,"abstract":"We put forward a novel hybrid iterative algorithm to improve the imaging quality of digital holography. An off-axis hologram is added to the iteration process via interference and inverse interference process and becomes part of the constraints. A frequency domain filter varying with the number of iterations is used to improve the competitive advantage of low frequency information in the early iterations, while retaining the high frequency information. In practical applications, an additional iterative process is used after averaging filtering to suppress the influence of the imperfect consistency between the reconstructed reference wave and the actual reference wave. Numerical simulations and experiments show that image reconstruction may be significantly improved compared to the conventional method.","PeriodicalId":55995,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Optics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42328380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Selva Kumar, J. Kamalakannan, R. Seetha, N. Asha, Kiruba Thangam Raja, S. Sree Dharinya, M. Sucharitha, S. Kalaivani
The elastic optical network (EON) fulfills the upcoming generation network requirements such as high-definition videos, high bandwidth demand services, and ultra-high-definition televisions. The key issues in EON are routing spectrum assignment and spectrum fragmentation for spectrum allocation. The spectrum fragmentation issues are resultant in poor consumption of spectrum resources and an increase in the new connection blocking. A flexible defragmentation algorithm must utilize more spectrum resources with a high transmission rate. This paper presents a new multiconstrained defragmentation algorithm (MCDFA) for elastic optical networks. The MCDFA addressed two key issues: spectrum allocation for new connections and then reconfiguring the existing connections in a nondisruptive manner. The first-last-exact fit spectrum allocation policy assigns the spectrum slots during the new connection request. It splits each light path request by disjoint/ nondisjoint and by efficiently handling the small fragmented slots in spectrum resources. The simulation results are evaluated using standard metrics such as bandwidth blocking probability, bandwidth fragmentation ratio, and spectrum utilization gain. The results also demonstrated that our proposed algorithm generates promised solution to EON’s routing, spectrum assessment, and fragmentation issues.
{"title":"The Effectual Spectrum Defragmentation Algorithm with Holding Time Sensitivity in Elastic Optical Network (EON)","authors":"S. Selva Kumar, J. Kamalakannan, R. Seetha, N. Asha, Kiruba Thangam Raja, S. Sree Dharinya, M. Sucharitha, S. Kalaivani","doi":"10.1155/2022/8160054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8160054","url":null,"abstract":"The elastic optical network (EON) fulfills the upcoming generation network requirements such as high-definition videos, high bandwidth demand services, and ultra-high-definition televisions. The key issues in EON are routing spectrum assignment and spectrum fragmentation for spectrum allocation. The spectrum fragmentation issues are resultant in poor consumption of spectrum resources and an increase in the new connection blocking. A flexible defragmentation algorithm must utilize more spectrum resources with a high transmission rate. This paper presents a new multiconstrained defragmentation algorithm (MCDFA) for elastic optical networks. The MCDFA addressed two key issues: spectrum allocation for new connections and then reconfiguring the existing connections in a nondisruptive manner. The first-last-exact fit spectrum allocation policy assigns the spectrum slots during the new connection request. It splits each light path request by disjoint/ nondisjoint and by efficiently handling the small fragmented slots in spectrum resources. The simulation results are evaluated using standard metrics such as bandwidth blocking probability, bandwidth fragmentation ratio, and spectrum utilization gain. The results also demonstrated that our proposed algorithm generates promised solution to EON’s routing, spectrum assessment, and fragmentation issues.","PeriodicalId":55995,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Optics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49642237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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