The history of collecting and cataloging Thailand’s diverse herpetofauna is long-standing, with many specimens housed at the Thailand Natural History Museum (THNHM). This work aimed to assess the diversity of herpetofauna within the THNHM collection, ascertain conservation status of species, and track the geographical coverage of these specimens within the country. The THNHM collection boasts an impressive inventory, numbering 173 amphibian species and 335 reptile species. This collection reflects the substantial biodiversity within these taxonomic groups, rivaling the total number of herpetofauna species ever recorded in Thailand. However, the evaluation of their conservation status, as determined by the IUCN Red List, CITES, and Thailand’s Wild Animal Preservation and Protection Act (WARPA), has unveiled disparities in the degree of concern for certain species, possibly attributable to differential uses of the assessment criteria. Notably, the museum houses a number of type specimens, including 27 holotypes, which remain understudied. Sampling efforts have grown considerably since the year 2000, encompassing nearly all regions of the country. This extensive and systematic collection of diverse herpetofauna at the THNHM serves as a valuable resource for both research and educational purposes, enriching our understanding of these species and their significance in the broader context of biodiversity conservation.
{"title":"Herpetological Collections in the Thailand Natural History Museum as a Valuable Resource for Conservation and Education","authors":"Pattarapon Promnun, Kanokporn Panpong, Amonpong Khlaipet, Veera Vilasri, Jenjit Khudamrongsawat","doi":"10.3390/d15111133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111133","url":null,"abstract":"The history of collecting and cataloging Thailand’s diverse herpetofauna is long-standing, with many specimens housed at the Thailand Natural History Museum (THNHM). This work aimed to assess the diversity of herpetofauna within the THNHM collection, ascertain conservation status of species, and track the geographical coverage of these specimens within the country. The THNHM collection boasts an impressive inventory, numbering 173 amphibian species and 335 reptile species. This collection reflects the substantial biodiversity within these taxonomic groups, rivaling the total number of herpetofauna species ever recorded in Thailand. However, the evaluation of their conservation status, as determined by the IUCN Red List, CITES, and Thailand’s Wild Animal Preservation and Protection Act (WARPA), has unveiled disparities in the degree of concern for certain species, possibly attributable to differential uses of the assessment criteria. Notably, the museum houses a number of type specimens, including 27 holotypes, which remain understudied. Sampling efforts have grown considerably since the year 2000, encompassing nearly all regions of the country. This extensive and systematic collection of diverse herpetofauna at the THNHM serves as a valuable resource for both research and educational purposes, enriching our understanding of these species and their significance in the broader context of biodiversity conservation.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135634287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gastrointestinal nematode parasites and gastrointestinal protozoan parasites are considered detrimental to the livestock population and manifest production-limiting effects. Small and large ruminants (cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep) are important components of the rural economy of northern India. However, the epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites in this agro-climatic region has not been studied extensively. In this study, the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was determined in 163 animals, including cattle (n = 86), buffalo (n = 11), goats (n = 48), and sheep (n = 18) from 26 sampling sites by copro-parasitological analysis. The prevalence values of 94.47% and 66.87% were recorded for the nematodes and protozoa, respectively. The group-wise prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites was 95.3%, 90.9%, 93.7%, and 94.4% in cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep, respectively, whereas for gastrointestinal protozoan parasites, the respective values were 70.9%, 54.5%, 60.4%, and 72.2%. Copromicroscopy revealed ten genera of nematodes—Ascaris, Capillaria, Cooperia, Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Ostertagia, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus, Trichuris, and one protozoan genus—Eimeria. The prevalence of Trichostrongylus spp. was highest in buffaloes, whereas in cattle, Ascaris spp. were predominant. In both goats and sheep, Haemonchus contortus was found to be predominant. The highest prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was recorded in the rainy season. These findings indicate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the ruminant population in this region and necessitate the implementation of preventive and control strategies for effective animal health management.
{"title":"Gastrointestinal Nematodes and Protozoa in Small and Large Ruminants from Rural Agro-Climatic Regions of Northern India","authors":"Anuja Sharma, Shilpa Sharma, Shilippreet Kour, Achhada Ujalkaur Avatsingh, Kahkashan Perveen, Jamilah A. Alsulami, Nasib Singh","doi":"10.3390/d15111131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111131","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrointestinal nematode parasites and gastrointestinal protozoan parasites are considered detrimental to the livestock population and manifest production-limiting effects. Small and large ruminants (cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep) are important components of the rural economy of northern India. However, the epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites in this agro-climatic region has not been studied extensively. In this study, the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was determined in 163 animals, including cattle (n = 86), buffalo (n = 11), goats (n = 48), and sheep (n = 18) from 26 sampling sites by copro-parasitological analysis. The prevalence values of 94.47% and 66.87% were recorded for the nematodes and protozoa, respectively. The group-wise prevalence of gastrointestinal nematode parasites was 95.3%, 90.9%, 93.7%, and 94.4% in cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep, respectively, whereas for gastrointestinal protozoan parasites, the respective values were 70.9%, 54.5%, 60.4%, and 72.2%. Copromicroscopy revealed ten genera of nematodes—Ascaris, Capillaria, Cooperia, Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Ostertagia, Strongyloides, Trichostrongylus, Trichuris, and one protozoan genus—Eimeria. The prevalence of Trichostrongylus spp. was highest in buffaloes, whereas in cattle, Ascaris spp. were predominant. In both goats and sheep, Haemonchus contortus was found to be predominant. The highest prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was recorded in the rainy season. These findings indicate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the ruminant population in this region and necessitate the implementation of preventive and control strategies for effective animal health management.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135773503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luka Vantomme, Quentin Jossart, Karin Gérard, Bruno Danis, Camille Moreau
Sea stars are a diverse and important component of the Southern Ocean benthos. However, scarce information is available regarding their diversity, distribution, evolution, and taxonomic uncertainties persist for multiple taxa. The Magellanic Region (south of Chile) remains under-sampled despite its pivotal location for species distribution and diversity, being located at the crossroad of three ocean basins. In this study, we assessed the biodiversity of coastal Magellanic sea stars and their affinities with other oceanic bioregions. An integrative approach combining morphological identification with DNA barcoding was implemented to highlight taxonomic discrepancies such as suspected synonymy and unrecognised diversity. Firstly, we identified a total of 15 species from the coastal Magellanic Region and reported the occurrence of Cycethra frigida Koehler, 1917 for the first time in this region. The distribution of these 15 species ranged from only in South America to circumpolar, bipolar, or possibly cosmopolitan. Secondly, we highlighted possible synonymy in two species pairs within the genera Anasterias and Odontaster. This preliminary biodiversity assessment forms an important baseline for monitoring and conservation purposes, especially in the face of distribution shifts as a response to climate change and the increased presence of invasive species. Developmental mode has previously been suggested to be important in shaping biogeographical patterns. However, developmental mode was insufficient to explain the observed patterns, and other factors (e.g., physiological constraints, competition, bathymetrical range, and the possibility of passively rafting on kelp) are suggested to be at least equally important. Finally, an increase in barcoding effort is needed to better capture phylogeographic patterns for each species, both by increasing the number of specimens investigated and by covering a broader geographical range.
{"title":"Preliminary Assessment of Sea Star (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) Diversity in the Coastal Magellanic Region (South Chile) and Their Geographical Distribution","authors":"Luka Vantomme, Quentin Jossart, Karin Gérard, Bruno Danis, Camille Moreau","doi":"10.3390/d15111129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111129","url":null,"abstract":"Sea stars are a diverse and important component of the Southern Ocean benthos. However, scarce information is available regarding their diversity, distribution, evolution, and taxonomic uncertainties persist for multiple taxa. The Magellanic Region (south of Chile) remains under-sampled despite its pivotal location for species distribution and diversity, being located at the crossroad of three ocean basins. In this study, we assessed the biodiversity of coastal Magellanic sea stars and their affinities with other oceanic bioregions. An integrative approach combining morphological identification with DNA barcoding was implemented to highlight taxonomic discrepancies such as suspected synonymy and unrecognised diversity. Firstly, we identified a total of 15 species from the coastal Magellanic Region and reported the occurrence of Cycethra frigida Koehler, 1917 for the first time in this region. The distribution of these 15 species ranged from only in South America to circumpolar, bipolar, or possibly cosmopolitan. Secondly, we highlighted possible synonymy in two species pairs within the genera Anasterias and Odontaster. This preliminary biodiversity assessment forms an important baseline for monitoring and conservation purposes, especially in the face of distribution shifts as a response to climate change and the increased presence of invasive species. Developmental mode has previously been suggested to be important in shaping biogeographical patterns. However, developmental mode was insufficient to explain the observed patterns, and other factors (e.g., physiological constraints, competition, bathymetrical range, and the possibility of passively rafting on kelp) are suggested to be at least equally important. Finally, an increase in barcoding effort is needed to better capture phylogeographic patterns for each species, both by increasing the number of specimens investigated and by covering a broader geographical range.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two new species are described from the Rizhao coast along the Yellow Sea. Desmolaimus magnus sp. nov. is characterized by its relatively large body size, faintly striated cuticle, four long cephalic setae, a wide buccal cavity with cuticularized transverse rings, an amphidial fovea at the junction of the buccal cavity and pharynx, a pharynx without a bulb, curved spicules, a gubernaculum with a dorso–caudal apophysis, and an elongated conical tail. Metadesmolaimus robustus sp. nov. is characterized by its relatively large body size, coarsely striated cuticle, spacious buccal cavity with cuticularized rings, six inner labial sensilla setiform, six outer labial setae, and four long cephalic setae. The pharynx is notably muscularized, and the spicules are straight and jointed with a slightly swollen proximal end and a hooked distal end. The gubernaculum is brownish and comma–shaped, and the tail is conico–cylindrical with terminal setae. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum–likelihood and Bayesin inference, based on small subunit and D2–D3 fragment of large subunit rDNA sequences, place Desmolaimus magnus sp. nov. within the framework of the family Linhomoeidae and Metadesmolaimus robustus sp. nov. within Xyalidae. Topology trees at the family level show genera Desmolaimus and Metadesmolaimus as paraphyletic groups, the genus Terschellingia as a monophylectic group, the genus Theristus as a monophylectic group based on SSU sequence, the genus Daptonema as a monophylectic group based on LSU sequence.
{"title":"Two New Nematode Species, Desmolaimus magnus sp. nov. (Monhysterida, Linhomoeidae) and Metadesmolaimus robustus sp. nov. (Monhysterida, Xyalidae), from the Yellow Sea, China with Phylogenetic Analyses within Linhomoeidae and Xyalidae","authors":"Wen Guo, Zhiyu Meng, Chunming Wang","doi":"10.3390/d15111130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111130","url":null,"abstract":"Two new species are described from the Rizhao coast along the Yellow Sea. Desmolaimus magnus sp. nov. is characterized by its relatively large body size, faintly striated cuticle, four long cephalic setae, a wide buccal cavity with cuticularized transverse rings, an amphidial fovea at the junction of the buccal cavity and pharynx, a pharynx without a bulb, curved spicules, a gubernaculum with a dorso–caudal apophysis, and an elongated conical tail. Metadesmolaimus robustus sp. nov. is characterized by its relatively large body size, coarsely striated cuticle, spacious buccal cavity with cuticularized rings, six inner labial sensilla setiform, six outer labial setae, and four long cephalic setae. The pharynx is notably muscularized, and the spicules are straight and jointed with a slightly swollen proximal end and a hooked distal end. The gubernaculum is brownish and comma–shaped, and the tail is conico–cylindrical with terminal setae. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum–likelihood and Bayesin inference, based on small subunit and D2–D3 fragment of large subunit rDNA sequences, place Desmolaimus magnus sp. nov. within the framework of the family Linhomoeidae and Metadesmolaimus robustus sp. nov. within Xyalidae. Topology trees at the family level show genera Desmolaimus and Metadesmolaimus as paraphyletic groups, the genus Terschellingia as a monophylectic group, the genus Theristus as a monophylectic group based on SSU sequence, the genus Daptonema as a monophylectic group based on LSU sequence.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135973956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ángel Benítez, Edison Jaramillo, Erika Yangua-Solano, Harold F. Greeney
Bryophytes are one of the main resources for bird nest construction; however, studies are limited and have been oriented to preliminary species lists. We evaluated for the first time in Ecuador the changes in the richness and composition of bryophytes in 17 nests of the species Myadestes ralloides and Catharus fuscater, of the family Turdidae. The presence/absence of bryophytes was recorded in each nest. A total of 25 bryophyte species were recorded (13 mosses and 12 liverworts). The most frequent species in the nests of the two species were the mosses Thuidium tomentosum and Meteoridium remotifolium and the liverworts Trichocolea flaccida and Frullania peruviana. The results indicated that bryophyte species’ richness and composition did not differ between the nests of the two studied bird species, because they select similar bryophyte species for nest elaboration. In general, our study showed that for the two species of birds of the family Turdidae, mosses and liverworts are key components in the elaboration of nests both internally and externally. On the other hand, we would suggest that further investigations should focus on analyzing the relation between bird nests and bryophyte phytochemistry, as well as the functional traits of bryophytes.
{"title":"Bryophytes Present in the Nests of Birds in Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador","authors":"Ángel Benítez, Edison Jaramillo, Erika Yangua-Solano, Harold F. Greeney","doi":"10.3390/d15111123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111123","url":null,"abstract":"Bryophytes are one of the main resources for bird nest construction; however, studies are limited and have been oriented to preliminary species lists. We evaluated for the first time in Ecuador the changes in the richness and composition of bryophytes in 17 nests of the species Myadestes ralloides and Catharus fuscater, of the family Turdidae. The presence/absence of bryophytes was recorded in each nest. A total of 25 bryophyte species were recorded (13 mosses and 12 liverworts). The most frequent species in the nests of the two species were the mosses Thuidium tomentosum and Meteoridium remotifolium and the liverworts Trichocolea flaccida and Frullania peruviana. The results indicated that bryophyte species’ richness and composition did not differ between the nests of the two studied bird species, because they select similar bryophyte species for nest elaboration. In general, our study showed that for the two species of birds of the family Turdidae, mosses and liverworts are key components in the elaboration of nests both internally and externally. On the other hand, we would suggest that further investigations should focus on analyzing the relation between bird nests and bryophyte phytochemistry, as well as the functional traits of bryophytes.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135869738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cecilia Viveros-Antonio, Adriana Delgado-Alvarado, Angel Bustamante-González, Jesús Hernández-Ruíz, Ma. de Lourdes Arévalo-Galarza, Braulio Edgar Herrera-Cabrera
Vanilla pompona is the third most important commercial species of the genus Vanilla, but the morphometric variation of its flowers is not well known. In orchids, infraspecific variation is expressed in the labellum. This study had the objective of analyzing the floral variation of V. pompona collections from the localities in Veracruz, Puebla, Jalisco and Oaxaca, in Mexico. During the flowering period, we obtained 55 collections of V. pompona flowers, and the labellum of each flower was dissected. We used ImageJ to measure and portray 54 lines and 7 angles in these labella. With the data obtained, we performed an analysis of variance, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed significant differences among the collections and localities in the means of the lines of the basal, middle, and apical regions of the labellum. Also, six morphotypes were obtained, and we found that variation was associated with factors such as the environment, geographic barriers, and pollinator pressure. Moreover, we observed variation in flowering periods in one locality of Veracruz. We concluded that there is infraspecific variation within and between the collection localities of V. pompona in the Atlantic region (Puebla and Veracruz) and the Pacific region (Jalisco and Oaxaca), Mexico.
{"title":"Vanilla pompona Schiede (Vanilloideae-Orchidaceae): Morphological Variation of the Labellum in the Mexican Localities of Veracruz, Puebla, Jalisco and Oaxaca","authors":"Cecilia Viveros-Antonio, Adriana Delgado-Alvarado, Angel Bustamante-González, Jesús Hernández-Ruíz, Ma. de Lourdes Arévalo-Galarza, Braulio Edgar Herrera-Cabrera","doi":"10.3390/d15111125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111125","url":null,"abstract":"Vanilla pompona is the third most important commercial species of the genus Vanilla, but the morphometric variation of its flowers is not well known. In orchids, infraspecific variation is expressed in the labellum. This study had the objective of analyzing the floral variation of V. pompona collections from the localities in Veracruz, Puebla, Jalisco and Oaxaca, in Mexico. During the flowering period, we obtained 55 collections of V. pompona flowers, and the labellum of each flower was dissected. We used ImageJ to measure and portray 54 lines and 7 angles in these labella. With the data obtained, we performed an analysis of variance, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed significant differences among the collections and localities in the means of the lines of the basal, middle, and apical regions of the labellum. Also, six morphotypes were obtained, and we found that variation was associated with factors such as the environment, geographic barriers, and pollinator pressure. Moreover, we observed variation in flowering periods in one locality of Veracruz. We concluded that there is infraspecific variation within and between the collection localities of V. pompona in the Atlantic region (Puebla and Veracruz) and the Pacific region (Jalisco and Oaxaca), Mexico.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135872451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The species which make up the avian community are governed by a multitude of environmental and internal influences, and the crucial role of community ecology is to discern and explain the patterns arising from these influences. Some such influences are habitat structure and seasonality. This study aimed to investigate the structure of the avian community and population densities of birds in relation to habitat changes made by man, and in relation to differential rainfall. The study was set up in an urbanized riparian forest on the Zambezi River, NE Namibia. The forest close to the river bank has been slightly altered by human activities, while the one laying further afield has been highly modified by human settlements. The avian community was quantified using the mapping method. Counts were conducted in two wet seasons in 2013/14 and 2015/16. The rainfall was higher in the 2013/14 (428 mm) than the 2014/15 (262 mm) rainy season. In both seasons, 113 bird species were recorded. However, in particular, 91 species were recorded in 2013/14 and 101 in 2015/16. The Sorensen Index of Similarity between those two seasons was I = 0.89. Also, the proportion of dominant species was similar in both seasons, and the group was composed of the Dark-capped Bulbul, Red-eyed Dove, Laughing Dove, Blue Waxbill, and Grey-headed Sparrow. The Community Dominance was identical in both seasons when compared. Also, the diversity indices were very similar in both seasons. Also, all three diversity indices were almost identical in both seasons. The overall density was only slightly higher in 2015/16 than in 2013/14. The proportions of particular nesting, feeding, habitat, and residency guilds were very similar in both seasons when compared. The overall density was slightly higher in 2015/16 than in 2013/14, but the difference was not statistically significant. Also, for any particular bird species, the differences in population density between the two seasons were not statistically significant. Several bird species showed, however, statistically significant differences in their population densities between the natural and transformed portions of the riparian forest. The avian assemblage is probably stable over the years in regard to the number of breeding species and their densities, irrespective of year-to-year differences in rainfall, as water is not a limiting factor in this habitat. Bird species classified as forest specialists appear to be negatively affected by habitat transformation, while generalists (ecotone species) probably benefit from this transformation.
{"title":"The Effect of Rainfall on the Population Densities and Community Structure of Birds in an Urbanized Zambezi Riparian Forest","authors":"Grzegorz Kopij","doi":"10.3390/d15111126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111126","url":null,"abstract":"The species which make up the avian community are governed by a multitude of environmental and internal influences, and the crucial role of community ecology is to discern and explain the patterns arising from these influences. Some such influences are habitat structure and seasonality. This study aimed to investigate the structure of the avian community and population densities of birds in relation to habitat changes made by man, and in relation to differential rainfall. The study was set up in an urbanized riparian forest on the Zambezi River, NE Namibia. The forest close to the river bank has been slightly altered by human activities, while the one laying further afield has been highly modified by human settlements. The avian community was quantified using the mapping method. Counts were conducted in two wet seasons in 2013/14 and 2015/16. The rainfall was higher in the 2013/14 (428 mm) than the 2014/15 (262 mm) rainy season. In both seasons, 113 bird species were recorded. However, in particular, 91 species were recorded in 2013/14 and 101 in 2015/16. The Sorensen Index of Similarity between those two seasons was I = 0.89. Also, the proportion of dominant species was similar in both seasons, and the group was composed of the Dark-capped Bulbul, Red-eyed Dove, Laughing Dove, Blue Waxbill, and Grey-headed Sparrow. The Community Dominance was identical in both seasons when compared. Also, the diversity indices were very similar in both seasons. Also, all three diversity indices were almost identical in both seasons. The overall density was only slightly higher in 2015/16 than in 2013/14. The proportions of particular nesting, feeding, habitat, and residency guilds were very similar in both seasons when compared. The overall density was slightly higher in 2015/16 than in 2013/14, but the difference was not statistically significant. Also, for any particular bird species, the differences in population density between the two seasons were not statistically significant. Several bird species showed, however, statistically significant differences in their population densities between the natural and transformed portions of the riparian forest. The avian assemblage is probably stable over the years in regard to the number of breeding species and their densities, irrespective of year-to-year differences in rainfall, as water is not a limiting factor in this habitat. Bird species classified as forest specialists appear to be negatively affected by habitat transformation, while generalists (ecotone species) probably benefit from this transformation.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135871449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charopidae is a highly speciose family of land snails mostly distributed in the main landmasses and archipelagos of the Southern Hemisphere, with a few genera in the Northern Hemisphere. DNA sequencing is making substantial contributions to understanding the phylogeography of Charopidae and the systematic relationships of its subfamilies and related families in the Punctoidea. Here, new data from 28S rRNA are combined with available GenBank sequences to investigate whether Australian Charopidae comprise a single clade, exclusive of species from other regions. Phylogenetic analyses show that this is not the case, with most species from Australia and other regions included in a bootstrap-supported clade that excludes some Australian species. Analyses of concatenated 28S rRNA data and available cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) also contradicted monophyly of Australian species, as did analyses of inferred COI protein sequences. In DNA analyses, the genus Hirasea and Australian taxa with an incomplete secondary ureter were basal within Charopidae. We also examined whether known doubts about the taxonomic status of supra-generic clades in Punctoidea could be resolved by considering autapomorphic COI amino acid changes. Such variation could not generally be applied as an objective criterion for taxonomic categorization but did identify some clades for taxonomic investigation.
{"title":"The Phylogenetic Relationships of Australian Species within Charopidae (Gastropoda: Punctoidea)","authors":"Donald James Colgan, John Stanisic","doi":"10.3390/d15111124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111124","url":null,"abstract":"Charopidae is a highly speciose family of land snails mostly distributed in the main landmasses and archipelagos of the Southern Hemisphere, with a few genera in the Northern Hemisphere. DNA sequencing is making substantial contributions to understanding the phylogeography of Charopidae and the systematic relationships of its subfamilies and related families in the Punctoidea. Here, new data from 28S rRNA are combined with available GenBank sequences to investigate whether Australian Charopidae comprise a single clade, exclusive of species from other regions. Phylogenetic analyses show that this is not the case, with most species from Australia and other regions included in a bootstrap-supported clade that excludes some Australian species. Analyses of concatenated 28S rRNA data and available cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) also contradicted monophyly of Australian species, as did analyses of inferred COI protein sequences. In DNA analyses, the genus Hirasea and Australian taxa with an incomplete secondary ureter were basal within Charopidae. We also examined whether known doubts about the taxonomic status of supra-generic clades in Punctoidea could be resolved by considering autapomorphic COI amino acid changes. Such variation could not generally be applied as an objective criterion for taxonomic categorization but did identify some clades for taxonomic investigation.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135814109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have used Daphnia cucullata (Crustacea: Cladocera) as a model organism for the first time in the four deepest Latvian lakes from the Boreal biogeographical region in order to find the genetic diversity of these populations. During the research, we detected the most appropriate microsatellite markers for future genetic studies of Daphnia cucullata populations of lakes Svente, Riča, Dridzis and Geraņimovas-Ilzas in the Boreal biogeographical region. Based on these microsatellite markers, we determined the genetic diversity of these populations. The loci Dgm105 and Dgm101 had the maximum number of alleles and the maximum number of private alleles. The specific locus Dgm105 had five private alleles (62% of all detected alleles), and locus Dgm101 had four private alleles (57% of all detected alleles) in these loci. We determined the observed heterozygosity (Hobs) and the expected heterozygosity (Hexp) level (via Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium), the number of polymorphic loci, the number of detected alleles in each analyzed microsatellite locus, the average number of alleles at the locus (Na), the average effective number of alleles at the locus (Ne), the FST of the population’s genetic differentiation, the genetic distance (D) (following Nei) and the significance (χ2-test) of differences between the levels of observed and expected heterozygosity. It was shown that Daphnia cucullata populations from lakes with a low number of zooplankton taxa (Riča and Geraņimovas-Ilzas) have a higher genetic diversity compared to lakes with a high number of zooplankton taxa (Dridzis and Svente). It was found that Daphnia cucullata populations from lakes Dridzis and Svente have the least genetic distance, and these populations form a single genetic group, as confirmed via clustering.
{"title":"Exploring the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Daphnia cucullata Sars, 1862 in Boreal Lakes (Latvian Lakeland) Based on Microsatellites","authors":"Aija Brakovska, Nataļja Škute","doi":"10.3390/d15111128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111128","url":null,"abstract":"We have used Daphnia cucullata (Crustacea: Cladocera) as a model organism for the first time in the four deepest Latvian lakes from the Boreal biogeographical region in order to find the genetic diversity of these populations. During the research, we detected the most appropriate microsatellite markers for future genetic studies of Daphnia cucullata populations of lakes Svente, Riča, Dridzis and Geraņimovas-Ilzas in the Boreal biogeographical region. Based on these microsatellite markers, we determined the genetic diversity of these populations. The loci Dgm105 and Dgm101 had the maximum number of alleles and the maximum number of private alleles. The specific locus Dgm105 had five private alleles (62% of all detected alleles), and locus Dgm101 had four private alleles (57% of all detected alleles) in these loci. We determined the observed heterozygosity (Hobs) and the expected heterozygosity (Hexp) level (via Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium), the number of polymorphic loci, the number of detected alleles in each analyzed microsatellite locus, the average number of alleles at the locus (Na), the average effective number of alleles at the locus (Ne), the FST of the population’s genetic differentiation, the genetic distance (D) (following Nei) and the significance (χ2-test) of differences between the levels of observed and expected heterozygosity. It was shown that Daphnia cucullata populations from lakes with a low number of zooplankton taxa (Riča and Geraņimovas-Ilzas) have a higher genetic diversity compared to lakes with a high number of zooplankton taxa (Dridzis and Svente). It was found that Daphnia cucullata populations from lakes Dridzis and Svente have the least genetic distance, and these populations form a single genetic group, as confirmed via clustering.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135870257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Serik A. Kubentayev, Oxana N. Khapilina, Margarita Yu. Ishmuratova, Aisulu K. Sarkytbayeva, Ainur S. Turzhanova, Akzhunis A. Imanbayeva, Daniyar T. Alibekov, Moldir Z. Zhumagul
Paeonia anomala L. is a valuable and sought-after medicinal plant for treating therapeutic pathologies. The natural habitat of P. anomala in the Republic of Kazakhstan is located in the mountainous areas of the East Kazakhstan region. P. anomala is listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan as a rare species with limited distribution. In this regard, we studied a strategy for preserving the biological diversity of P. anomala wild population. In particular, the ecological, phytocenotic, and floristic characteristics of five P. anomala populations in East Kazakhstan were explored. The anatomical, morphological, and genetic variability of the species in various habitats was evaluated. Overall, the condition of the P. anomala population in the study region can be considered satisfactory. The floristic composition of P. anomala plant communities recorded 130 species belonging to 35 families and 101 genera. The northern slopes of mountains and shrub-grass communities with leached chernozem with high contents of N-NO3 and P2O5 appeared to be optimal for P. anomala growth. Asteraceae (13%), Rosaceae (13%), Poaceae (10%), and Ranunculaceae (9%) are the major families of P. anomala flora and plant communities. The Eurasian (54%), Asian (24%), and Holarctic (15%) groups were recognized as dominant in the chronological spectrum. Amplification with iPBS primers resulted in the generation of 505 fragments, 257 of which were polymorphic. Our research results indicate that the genetic differentiation of the Kazakhstan populations is not quite as high and may indicate their long-term existence within one large population. A separate branch is formed by the P5 population, which is located separately from other populations, confirming its genetic isolation. The analysis of genetic diversity iPBS markers suggests the existence of a large, unified P. anomala population in Kazakhstan Altai.
{"title":"Current State of Natural Populations of Paeonia anomala (Paeoniaceae) in East Kazakhstan","authors":"Serik A. Kubentayev, Oxana N. Khapilina, Margarita Yu. Ishmuratova, Aisulu K. Sarkytbayeva, Ainur S. Turzhanova, Akzhunis A. Imanbayeva, Daniyar T. Alibekov, Moldir Z. Zhumagul","doi":"10.3390/d15111127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111127","url":null,"abstract":"Paeonia anomala L. is a valuable and sought-after medicinal plant for treating therapeutic pathologies. The natural habitat of P. anomala in the Republic of Kazakhstan is located in the mountainous areas of the East Kazakhstan region. P. anomala is listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan as a rare species with limited distribution. In this regard, we studied a strategy for preserving the biological diversity of P. anomala wild population. In particular, the ecological, phytocenotic, and floristic characteristics of five P. anomala populations in East Kazakhstan were explored. The anatomical, morphological, and genetic variability of the species in various habitats was evaluated. Overall, the condition of the P. anomala population in the study region can be considered satisfactory. The floristic composition of P. anomala plant communities recorded 130 species belonging to 35 families and 101 genera. The northern slopes of mountains and shrub-grass communities with leached chernozem with high contents of N-NO3 and P2O5 appeared to be optimal for P. anomala growth. Asteraceae (13%), Rosaceae (13%), Poaceae (10%), and Ranunculaceae (9%) are the major families of P. anomala flora and plant communities. The Eurasian (54%), Asian (24%), and Holarctic (15%) groups were recognized as dominant in the chronological spectrum. Amplification with iPBS primers resulted in the generation of 505 fragments, 257 of which were polymorphic. Our research results indicate that the genetic differentiation of the Kazakhstan populations is not quite as high and may indicate their long-term existence within one large population. A separate branch is formed by the P5 population, which is located separately from other populations, confirming its genetic isolation. The analysis of genetic diversity iPBS markers suggests the existence of a large, unified P. anomala population in Kazakhstan Altai.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135871195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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