Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100772
Wei Wei , Kelu Zhou , Ruyue Cui , Zhengguo Shang , Hongpeng Wu , Lei Dong
High-precision detection of acetylene (C₂H₂) concentration plays a vital role in industrial safety, environmental monitoring, and fault diagnosis of power equipment. This paper reports a highly sensitive light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) C₂H₂ sensor based on a piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer (PMUT). The sensor employs an eight-cantilever PMUT structure at the micrometer scale as its sensing element, effectively converting minute thermal deformations into larger displacements to achieve enhanced mechanical amplification effects. The novel cantilever beam structure design increases the PMUT resonance frequency to a high frequency of 198.8 kHz while simultaneously enhancing the LITES signal by a factor of 45. A spot-concentrated miniature multi-pass cell designed for the novel PMUT structure further enhances detection sensitivity and stability by amplifying the optical path length by 70 times through optical folding. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor exhibits excellent linear response (R² = 0.99936) and long-term stability for C₂H₂ concentration detection, achieving a minimum detection limit of 2 ppm (@64 s). Compared with existing C₂H₂ optical detection technologies, PMUT-based LITES C₂H₂ sensor not only demonstrates outstanding detection performance but also offers CMOS-compatible fabrication advantages, providing a novel approach for the development of highly sensitive, portable, easily integrated, and low-cost C₂H₂ detection systems.
{"title":"PMUT enhanced light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy","authors":"Wei Wei , Kelu Zhou , Ruyue Cui , Zhengguo Shang , Hongpeng Wu , Lei Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-precision detection of acetylene (C₂H₂) concentration plays a vital role in industrial safety, environmental monitoring, and fault diagnosis of power equipment. This paper reports a highly sensitive light-induced thermoelastic spectroscopy (LITES) C₂H₂ sensor based on a piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer (PMUT). The sensor employs an eight-cantilever PMUT structure at the micrometer scale as its sensing element, effectively converting minute thermal deformations into larger displacements to achieve enhanced mechanical amplification effects. The novel cantilever beam structure design increases the PMUT resonance frequency to a high frequency of 198.8 kHz while simultaneously enhancing the LITES signal by a factor of 45. A spot-concentrated miniature multi-pass cell designed for the novel PMUT structure further enhances detection sensitivity and stability by amplifying the optical path length by 70 times through optical folding. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor exhibits excellent linear response (R² = 0.99936) and long-term stability for C₂H₂ concentration detection, achieving a minimum detection limit of 2 ppm (@64 s). Compared with existing C₂H₂ optical detection technologies, PMUT-based LITES C₂H₂ sensor not only demonstrates outstanding detection performance but also offers CMOS-compatible fabrication advantages, providing a novel approach for the development of highly sensitive, portable, easily integrated, and low-cost C₂H₂ detection systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100772"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100786
Thanh Dat Le , Thi Thao Mai , Qiwei Lin , Xingshu Li , Jung-Joon Min , Changho Lee
Tumor growth is closely linked to vascular remodeling, yet comprehensive volumetric imaging of tumor vasculature using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) remains challenging due to limitations in the field of view, depth penetration, and processing speed. Herein, we present hybrid scanning-based optical-resolution PAM integrated with a GPU-accelerated 3D mosaic and quantification framework for label-free high-resolution monitoring of tumor angiogenesis. Our system employs an optimized mosaic-matching method to achieve large volumetric FOVs (up to 10 × 10 × 2.5 mm³) and supports full 3D reconstruction. In addition, GPU-based parallel processing was applied to enable rapid 3D quantification of vasculature in terms of vessel diameter, density, and branching complexity. The enhanced GPU-based computational framework accelerated the 3D mosaicking and quantification analysis by approximately twofold relative to CPU-based processing. Longitudinal monitoring in a nude-mouse 4T1 breast tumor model over 11 days revealed progressive vascular remodeling and angiogenesis during tumor progression. Our approach overcomes the existing constraints on using PAM by combining hardware-efficient hybrid scanning with GPU-accelerated 3D mosaicking and vasculature quantification. This provides a powerful tool for in vivo tumor vasculature imaging and quantitative analysis, thereby advancing cancer diagnosis and clinical treatment process in future.
{"title":"GPU-accelerated volumetric-mosaic optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy and quantifying tumor vasculature growth","authors":"Thanh Dat Le , Thi Thao Mai , Qiwei Lin , Xingshu Li , Jung-Joon Min , Changho Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tumor growth is closely linked to vascular remodeling, yet comprehensive volumetric imaging of tumor vasculature using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) remains challenging due to limitations in the field of view, depth penetration, and processing speed. Herein, we present hybrid scanning-based optical-resolution PAM integrated with a GPU-accelerated 3D mosaic and quantification framework for label-free high-resolution monitoring of tumor angiogenesis. Our system employs an optimized mosaic-matching method to achieve large volumetric FOVs (up to 10 × 10 × 2.5 mm³) and supports full 3D reconstruction. In addition, GPU-based parallel processing was applied to enable rapid 3D quantification of vasculature in terms of vessel diameter, density, and branching complexity. The enhanced GPU-based computational framework accelerated the 3D mosaicking and quantification analysis by approximately twofold relative to CPU-based processing. Longitudinal monitoring in a nude-mouse 4T1 breast tumor model over 11 days revealed progressive vascular remodeling and angiogenesis during tumor progression. Our approach overcomes the existing constraints on using PAM by combining hardware-efficient hybrid scanning with GPU-accelerated 3D mosaicking and vasculature quantification. This provides a powerful tool for <em>in vivo</em> tumor vasculature imaging and quantitative analysis, thereby advancing cancer diagnosis and clinical treatment process in future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100786"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100774
Liying Zhu , Xiaoxuan Zhong , Xuanhao Zhang , Huan Cheng , Long Jin , Yizhi Liang , Lidai Wang
Fiber laser sensors offer significant advantages for photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), including compact size, electromagnetic immunity, and suitability for fast scanning systems. However, its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) may rapidly degrade when the field of view (FOV) is enlarged. This compromised SNR adversely affects the accuracy of blood oxygen saturation (sO2) derived from noisy photoacoustic signals. To address this problem, a two-stage deep learning framework for fiber laser sensor-based PAM is proposed. The first stage reduces the 3D data to 2D image and suppresses the noises. The second stage integrates the dual-wavelengths images and suppresses the spectral distortion, so that the accuracy of sO2 can be preserved. The network performance is validated using imaging datasets acquired with a conventional high-SNR photoacoustic microscopy system. Results demonstrate that this approach does not only denoise images acquired with the unfocused fiber laser sensor, but also maintains high fidelity in sO2 calculation, addressing a key challenge in fast functional PAM.
{"title":"Spectral-distortion-suppressed deep learning for fiber sensor photoacoustic microscopy","authors":"Liying Zhu , Xiaoxuan Zhong , Xuanhao Zhang , Huan Cheng , Long Jin , Yizhi Liang , Lidai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fiber laser sensors offer significant advantages for photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), including compact size, electromagnetic immunity, and suitability for fast scanning systems. However, its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) may rapidly degrade when the field of view (FOV) is enlarged. This compromised SNR adversely affects the accuracy of blood oxygen saturation (sO<sub>2</sub>) derived from noisy photoacoustic signals. To address this problem, a two-stage deep learning framework for fiber laser sensor-based PAM is proposed. The first stage reduces the 3D data to 2D image and suppresses the noises. The second stage integrates the dual-wavelengths images and suppresses the spectral distortion, so that the accuracy of sO<sub>2</sub> can be preserved. The network performance is validated using imaging datasets acquired with a conventional high-SNR photoacoustic microscopy system. Results demonstrate that this approach does not only denoise images acquired with the unfocused fiber laser sensor, but also maintains high fidelity in sO<sub>2</sub> calculation, addressing a key challenge in fast functional PAM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100774"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100768
Chongyue Yan , Qiaoyun Wang , Tianyu Li , Zhiqi Gao , Yinji Chen , Ziheng Zhu , Zhigang Li , Dongxiao Hou , Qiang Liu
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has been widely used for detecting trace gases, but enhancing sound pressure detection capability of the acoustic sensor is crucial for improving gas detection sensitivity of the PAS system. In this paper, a complementary interdigital (CID) cantilever Fabry-Perot (F-P) fiber optic acoustic sensor (FOAS) was developed. Experimental results demonstrated that the CID cantilever operated at its resonance frequency of 1010 Hz exhibited a high sensitivity of 923.7 nm/Pa, and exhibited a signal-to-noise ratio of 72.2 dB and a minimum detectable pressure of 16.4 μPa/Hz 1/2 at 1 kHz. In the concentration range of 20 ppm to 100 ppm, the sensitivity of PAS to C₂H₂ gas was 3.02 pm/ppm and the detection limits of C₂H₂ in N₂ background was 30.17 ppb. This design employs highly sensitive cantilevers with tunable resonance, enhancing the gas detection sensitivity of the PAS system by leveraging resonant frequency matching and signal amplification.
{"title":"Photoacoustic spectroscopy detection based on complementary interdigital cantilever enhanced Fabry-Perot acoustic sensor","authors":"Chongyue Yan , Qiaoyun Wang , Tianyu Li , Zhiqi Gao , Yinji Chen , Ziheng Zhu , Zhigang Li , Dongxiao Hou , Qiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has been widely used for detecting trace gases, but enhancing sound pressure detection capability of the acoustic sensor is crucial for improving gas detection sensitivity of the PAS system. In this paper, a complementary interdigital (CID) cantilever Fabry-Perot (F-P) fiber optic acoustic sensor (FOAS) was developed. Experimental results demonstrated that the CID cantilever operated at its resonance frequency of 1010 Hz exhibited a high sensitivity of 923.7 nm/Pa, and exhibited a signal-to-noise ratio of 72.2 dB and a minimum detectable pressure of 16.4 μPa/Hz <sup>1/2</sup> at 1 kHz. In the concentration range of 20 ppm to 100 ppm, the sensitivity of PAS to C₂H₂ gas was 3.02 pm/ppm and the detection limits of C₂H₂ in N₂ background was 30.17 ppb. This design employs highly sensitive cantilevers with tunable resonance, enhancing the gas detection sensitivity of the PAS system by leveraging resonant frequency matching and signal amplification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100768"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100779
Ryo Murakami , Yang Wang , Wojciech G. Lesniak , Ryosuke Tsumura , Yichuan Tang , Shang Gao , Yasuyuki Tsunoi , Christopher J. Nycz , Martin G. Pomper , Gregory S. Fischer , Haichong K. Zhang
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in males. While MRI is widely used for PCa diagnosis due to its high sensitivity, it is limited by its poor specificity in detecting aggressive PCa. Molecular targeted photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a non-ionizing technique known for its potential to achieve both high sensitivity and specificity. It also provides real-time imaging capability, which complements MRI’s limitation of slow imaging speed during intraoperative image-guided procedures. This research presents a tri-modal imaging system that integrates MRI, PA, and ultrasound (US) to enhance PCa diagnosis and image-guided procedures. We introduce an MRI-compatible PA/US imaging platform featuring a reflector-based transrectal probe with an integrated optical fiber delivery channel. The probe’s MRI-compatible actuation system enables 3D PA/US imaging in parallel with MRI scanning. Comprehensive performance evaluation included phantom studies to assess imaging quality, MRI compatibility, and in vivo validation. Results demonstrated successful tri-modal imaging capabilities with acceptable MRI artifacts and confirmed the system’s effectiveness for spectroscopic PA imaging with an exogenous contrast agent. The platform functions during active MRI scan sequences, enabling rapid target visualization without requiring patient repositioning between MRI and PA/US suites. These findings support the feasibility of in-bore MRI-compatible PA/US imaging and demonstrate its potential for clinical translation in the diagnosis and management of PCa.
{"title":"In-bore MRI-compatible transrectal ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging","authors":"Ryo Murakami , Yang Wang , Wojciech G. Lesniak , Ryosuke Tsumura , Yichuan Tang , Shang Gao , Yasuyuki Tsunoi , Christopher J. Nycz , Martin G. Pomper , Gregory S. Fischer , Haichong K. Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in males. While MRI is widely used for PCa diagnosis due to its high sensitivity, it is limited by its poor specificity in detecting aggressive PCa. Molecular targeted photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a non-ionizing technique known for its potential to achieve both high sensitivity and specificity. It also provides real-time imaging capability, which complements MRI’s limitation of slow imaging speed during intraoperative image-guided procedures. This research presents a tri-modal imaging system that integrates MRI, PA, and ultrasound (US) to enhance PCa diagnosis and image-guided procedures. We introduce an MRI-compatible PA/US imaging platform featuring a reflector-based transrectal probe with an integrated optical fiber delivery channel. The probe’s MRI-compatible actuation system enables 3D PA/US imaging in parallel with MRI scanning. Comprehensive performance evaluation included phantom studies to assess imaging quality, MRI compatibility, and <em>in vivo</em> validation. Results demonstrated successful tri-modal imaging capabilities with acceptable MRI artifacts and confirmed the system’s effectiveness for spectroscopic PA imaging with an exogenous contrast agent. The platform functions during active MRI scan sequences, enabling rapid target visualization without requiring patient repositioning between MRI and PA/US suites. These findings support the feasibility of in-bore MRI-compatible PA/US imaging and demonstrate its potential for clinical translation in the diagnosis and management of PCa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100779"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145473972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100775
Mengyang Lu , Jingxian Wang , Jiayuan Peng , Boyi Li , Xin Liu
The rapid advancement of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) has developed for label-free biomedical imaging by providing anatomical and functional visualization through multi-wavelength laser excitation and ultrasound detection. This technique offers high spatial resolution and deep-tissue imaging capabilities for biological applications. However, the substantial hardware cost and computational demand for high-quality in vivo imaging hinder its extensive development. To overcome these limitations, we propose a multi-wavelength graph convolutional network for sparse MSOT. Our approach solves the ill-conditioned sparse reconstruction problem through a graph learning framework integrated with a multi-wavelength sparse sampling strategy, which can model and leverage the intrinsic correlations in artifact distributions across diverse sparse transducer configurations. Comprehensive in vivo mouse experiments demonstrate that the proposed method provides a flexible and practical solution for high-performance sparse MSOT imaging under sparse conditions (16 transducer elements with the reconstruction SSIM of 0.92 ± 0.01 and PSNR of 27.74 ± 1.27).
{"title":"Multi-wavelength graph convolutional network for high-performance sparse multispectral optoacoustic tomography","authors":"Mengyang Lu , Jingxian Wang , Jiayuan Peng , Boyi Li , Xin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid advancement of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) has developed for label-free biomedical imaging by providing anatomical and functional visualization through multi-wavelength laser excitation and ultrasound detection. This technique offers high spatial resolution and deep-tissue imaging capabilities for biological applications. However, the substantial hardware cost and computational demand for high-quality <em>in vivo</em> imaging hinder its extensive development. To overcome these limitations, we propose a multi-wavelength graph convolutional network for sparse MSOT. Our approach solves the ill-conditioned sparse reconstruction problem through a graph learning framework integrated with a multi-wavelength sparse sampling strategy, which can model and leverage the intrinsic correlations in artifact distributions across diverse sparse transducer configurations. Comprehensive <em>in vivo</em> mouse experiments demonstrate that the proposed method provides a flexible and practical solution for high-performance sparse MSOT imaging under sparse conditions (16 transducer elements with the reconstruction SSIM of 0.92 ± 0.01 and PSNR of 27.74 ± 1.27).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100775"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Precise measurement of formaldehyde (H2CO) is a vital defense line for health, crucial for risk warning and prevention of major diseases like leukemia and cancer. The cross-interference of commercial electrochemical and metal oxide semiconductor sensors is grievous for H2CO sensing. Spraying disinfection alcohol, culinary steam, or even perfume may mistakenly trigger warnings. In this work, a low-cost 3D-printed differential photoacoustic cell (PAC) with a ultraviolet (UV) laser is developed for trace H2CO detection based on the photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) technology. A 3D-printed differential PAC is an integrated structure composed of two differential channels, two gas buffer chambers, a gas inlet and a gas outlet. Two steel tubes with identical length and an internal diameter of 4 mm are inserted into two differential channels to enhance the photoacoustic signal, respectively. Consequently, the differential PAC has a resonant frequency of 3775.5 Hz and a Q-factor of 27, with a minimal gas sample requirement of only 7.3 mL and a weight of 32.4 g. A 1σ detection limit of 1.03 ppm is achieved using a 320 nm 10 mW UV laser with an integration time of 1 s. An Allan-Werle deviation analysis indicates that the detection limit can be improved to 68.5 ppb at the optimal integration time of 969 s.
{"title":"Ppb-level formaldehyde sensor utilizing a compact 3D-printed differential photoacoustic cell and a 320 nm UV laser","authors":"Xiu Yang , Biao Li , Xiao Geng , Tianbai Zhao , Qiwen Yu , Jiajia Hou , Dacheng Zhang , Yize Liang , Kaijie Xu , Hongpeng Wu , Xukun Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise measurement of formaldehyde (H<sub>2</sub>CO) is a vital defense line for health, crucial for risk warning and prevention of major diseases like leukemia and cancer. The cross-interference of commercial electrochemical and metal oxide semiconductor sensors is grievous for H<sub>2</sub>CO sensing. Spraying disinfection alcohol, culinary steam, or even perfume may mistakenly trigger warnings. In this work, a low-cost 3D-printed differential photoacoustic cell (PAC) with a ultraviolet (UV) laser is developed for trace H<sub>2</sub>CO detection based on the photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) technology. A 3D-printed differential PAC is an integrated structure composed of two differential channels, two gas buffer chambers, a gas inlet and a gas outlet. Two steel tubes with identical length and an internal diameter of 4 mm are inserted into two differential channels to enhance the photoacoustic signal, respectively. Consequently, the differential PAC has a resonant frequency of 3775.5 Hz and a <em>Q</em>-factor of 27, with a minimal gas sample requirement of only 7.3 mL and a weight of 32.4 g. A 1σ detection limit of 1.03 ppm is achieved using a 320 nm 10 mW UV laser with an integration time of 1 s. An Allan-Werle deviation analysis indicates that the detection limit can be improved to 68.5 ppb at the optimal integration time of 969 s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100780"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluates the efficacy of photoacoustic/ultrasound (PA/US) imaging-based radiomics for distinguishing HER2-zero, HER2-low, and HER2-positive breast cancer (BC), aiming to enhance targeted therapy selection.
Methods
We analyzed 346 pathologically confirmed BC patients who underwent multimodal PA/US imaging at Shenzhen People’s Hospital from January 2022 to January 2025. HER2 status was determined pathologically and classified into three levels. Radiologists assessed conventional US features and manually segmented tumors on PA-images for radiomics feature extraction. Using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator analysis, we developed radiomics models for differentiating between HER2-zero versus HER2-low/positive cancers (Task 1), and HER2-low versus positive cancers (Task 2), and HER2-zero versus low cancers (Task 3). Patients were randomly divided into training sets and testing sets. Multivariate logistic regression was used to integrate radiomics, clinical-pathological, and US features into nomograms.
Results
In testing set, radiomics features demonstrated an AUC of 0.846 with sensitivity of 79.3 % and specificity of 72.7 % for Task 1, and an AUC of 0.801 with sensitivity of 64.0 % and specificity of 82.8 % for Task 2, and an AUC of 0.767 with sensitivity of 80.7 % and specificity of 72.7 % for Task 3. For Task 1, 2 and 3, nomograms including PA imaging radiomics features combined with clinical-pathological features achieved AUCs of 0.848, 0.881 and 0.780, respectively.
Conclusion
PA radiomics features effectively differentiate between HER2-zero and HER2 low/positive, and between HER2-low and HER2-positive BC, offering potential utility in guiding targeted therapy decisions.
Summary
This study demonstrates the potential of PA imaging-based radiomics for accurately classifying HER2 expression statuses in BC, enhancing the selection process for targeted therapies. By integrating multi-modal imaging and pathology data, the developed radiomics models show robust performance, promising a non-invasive diagnostic supplementary for clinical application where traditional methods are limited.
{"title":"Multimodal PA/US imaging and radiomics for the prediction of HER2-zero, -low, and -positive breast cancers: A novel approach for targeted therapy selection","authors":"Zhibin Huang , Guoqiu Li , Mengyun Wang , Sijie Mo, Huaiyu Wu, Hongtian Tian, Shuzhen Tang, Jinfeng Xu, Fajin Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study evaluates the efficacy of photoacoustic/ultrasound (PA/US) imaging-based radiomics for distinguishing HER2-zero, HER2-low, and HER2-positive breast cancer (BC), aiming to enhance targeted therapy selection.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We analyzed 346 pathologically confirmed BC patients who underwent multimodal PA/US imaging at Shenzhen People’s Hospital from January 2022 to January 2025. HER2 status was determined pathologically and classified into three levels. Radiologists assessed conventional US features and manually segmented tumors on PA-images for radiomics feature extraction. Using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator analysis, we developed radiomics models for differentiating between HER2-zero versus HER2-low/positive cancers (Task 1), and HER2-low versus positive cancers (Task 2), and HER2-zero versus low cancers (Task 3). Patients were randomly divided into training sets and testing sets. Multivariate logistic regression was used to integrate radiomics, clinical-pathological, and US features into nomograms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In testing set, radiomics features demonstrated an AUC of 0.846 with sensitivity of 79.3 % and specificity of 72.7 % for Task 1, and an AUC of 0.801 with sensitivity of 64.0 % and specificity of 82.8 % for Task 2, and an AUC of 0.767 with sensitivity of 80.7 % and specificity of 72.7 % for Task 3. For Task 1, 2 and 3, nomograms including PA imaging radiomics features combined with clinical-pathological features achieved AUCs of 0.848, 0.881 and 0.780, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>PA radiomics features effectively differentiate between HER2-zero and HER2 low/positive, and between HER2-low and HER2-positive BC, offering potential utility in guiding targeted therapy decisions.</div></div><div><h3>Summary</h3><div>This study demonstrates the potential of PA imaging-based radiomics for accurately classifying HER2 expression statuses in BC, enhancing the selection process for targeted therapies. By integrating multi-modal imaging and pathology data, the developed radiomics models show robust performance, promising a non-invasive diagnostic supplementary for clinical application where traditional methods are limited.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100764"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100770
Markus Saurer , Guenther Paltauf , Oliver Spitzer , Tobias Reitmayr , Gordana Djuras , Birgit Kornberger , Ulrike Kleb , Robert Nuster
Hairpin technology is being used as a replacement for the traditional winding stator in electric motors. In hairpin stator manufacturing, copper rods are used to achieve a higher slot fill factor. These rods are joined together in pairs through laser welding, forming a closed circuit. However, this welding process is prone to air inclusions in the welds, which can negatively impact the efficiency and durability of the motor. The present study aims to estimate the total volume of these air inclusions using laser ultrasonic measurements. Laser ultrasound is a fast, non-contact, non-destructive method that can cope with the limited sample accessibility, making it ideal for inline testing of these weld seams. To evaluate the effectiveness of laser ultrasound, a stator was intentionally manipulated prior to laser welding to favor the formation of air inclusions. The porosity of the weld seams was determined through computed tomography images. It was demonstrated that due to the complex geometry of the hairpin welds, leading to a complex ultrasound wave field, standard methods to estimate the porosity from laser ultrasound B-scans are difficult to apply. As an alternative approach, an algorithm that is based on artificial intelligence was utilized for the purpose of estimating the air inclusion volume in the welds from laser ultrasonic measurements. The outcomes demonstrated a median correlation of 0.6 between this estimate and the pore volume obtained from the computed tomography data, despite the utilization of only 48 samples. Moreover, these results were evaluated against a model where the labels were randomly mixed, and highly informative regions regarding pore volume were identified in the B-scans, which have the potential to accelerate the process of acquiring data.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence-assisted laser ultrasound method for the estimation of porosity in hairpin weld seams","authors":"Markus Saurer , Guenther Paltauf , Oliver Spitzer , Tobias Reitmayr , Gordana Djuras , Birgit Kornberger , Ulrike Kleb , Robert Nuster","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hairpin technology is being used as a replacement for the traditional winding stator in electric motors. In hairpin stator manufacturing, copper rods are used to achieve a higher slot fill factor. These rods are joined together in pairs through laser welding, forming a closed circuit. However, this welding process is prone to air inclusions in the welds, which can negatively impact the efficiency and durability of the motor. The present study aims to estimate the total volume of these air inclusions using laser ultrasonic measurements. Laser ultrasound is a fast, non-contact, non-destructive method that can cope with the limited sample accessibility, making it ideal for inline testing of these weld seams. To evaluate the effectiveness of laser ultrasound, a stator was intentionally manipulated prior to laser welding to favor the formation of air inclusions. The porosity of the weld seams was determined through computed tomography images. It was demonstrated that due to the complex geometry of the hairpin welds, leading to a complex ultrasound wave field, standard methods to estimate the porosity from laser ultrasound B-scans are difficult to apply. As an alternative approach, an algorithm that is based on artificial intelligence was utilized for the purpose of estimating the air inclusion volume in the welds from laser ultrasonic measurements. The outcomes demonstrated a median correlation of 0.6 between this estimate and the pore volume obtained from the computed tomography data, despite the utilization of only 48 samples. Moreover, these results were evaluated against a model where the labels were randomly mixed, and highly informative regions regarding pore volume were identified in the B-scans, which have the potential to accelerate the process of acquiring data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100770"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100773
Qiangzhou Rong , Carlos Taboada , Van Tu Nguyen , Rui Yao , Jesse Delia , Yushun Zeng , Xiaoyi Zhu , Qifa Zhou , Junjie Yao
A primary focus of contemporary biology is to understand how internal molecules influence natural development. Many amphibians serve as highly effective model organisms for this research due to their rapid growth rates and transparent tissues, which facilitate high-resolution imaging. In our research, we utilized two complementary photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) configurations: hyperspectral PAM (HS-PAM) and ultrafast functional PAM (UFF-PAM). HS-PAM enabled us to achieve cellular-level resolution in vitro, while UFF-PAM allowed us to capture hemodynamic changes of adult specimens in vivo. We monitored the morphological changes in glassfrogs from neurulation to the tadpole stage by detecting a variety of intrinsic contrasts, including DNA/RNA, yolk proteins, lipids, hemoglobin, and melanin. The PAM images provided detailed depictions of anatomical development. To further explore the versatility of these systems, we also imaged tissue structures within the skeletal muscle, liver, and fat tissue of other treefrog species. Additionally, we monitored blood flow dynamics in two species of glassfrogs under both awake and under anesthesia. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PAM is a powerful and versatile method, that can be coupled with different species of amphibians to inform applications in developmental biology.
{"title":"Label-free photoacoustic imaging of glassfrog development","authors":"Qiangzhou Rong , Carlos Taboada , Van Tu Nguyen , Rui Yao , Jesse Delia , Yushun Zeng , Xiaoyi Zhu , Qifa Zhou , Junjie Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A primary focus of contemporary biology is to understand how internal molecules influence natural development. Many amphibians serve as highly effective model organisms for this research due to their rapid growth rates and transparent tissues, which facilitate high-resolution imaging. In our research, we utilized two complementary photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) configurations: hyperspectral PAM (HS-PAM) and ultrafast functional PAM (UFF-PAM). HS-PAM enabled us to achieve cellular-level resolution <em>in vitro</em>, while UFF-PAM allowed us to capture hemodynamic changes of adult specimens <em>in vivo</em>. We monitored the morphological changes in glassfrogs from neurulation to the tadpole stage by detecting a variety of intrinsic contrasts, including DNA/RNA, yolk proteins, lipids, hemoglobin, and melanin. The PAM images provided detailed depictions of anatomical development. To further explore the versatility of these systems, we also imaged tissue structures within the skeletal muscle, liver, and fat tissue of other treefrog species. Additionally, we monitored blood flow dynamics in two species of glassfrogs under both awake and under anesthesia. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PAM is a powerful and versatile method, that can be coupled with different species of amphibians to inform applications in developmental biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100773"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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