Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-20DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100751
Sunghun Park , Woongki Hong , Hyeongyu Park , Eunji Lee , Sangwoo Nam , Jinhwan Jung , Jung Ho Hyun , Jaesok Yu , Hongki Kang , Jin Ho Chang
For high-performance combined photoacoustic (PA) and Ultrasound (US) microscopy, precise coaxial alignment of the US and laser beams is essential. This can be realized using broadband transparent ultrasound transducers (TUTs). However, the current dual-mode imaging systems encounter significant challenges in simultaneous PA and US data acquisition due to sequential transmission of light and ultrasound and mechanical movement of dual-mode probes, leading to longer acquisition times and potential registration inaccuracies. To overcome these limitations, we propose a recently developed high-frequency broadband TUT with an ultrathin (< 10 nm) gold electrode, achieving a center frequency of 65.6 MHz and a –6 dB bandwidth of 71.6 %. The ultrathin gold electrode facilitates laser-induced ultrasound (LUS), enabling simultaneous acquisition of PA and US images. In vivo experiments demonstrate that LUS imaging can effectively replace conventional US imaging, offering highly efficient dual-mode PA/US imaging with minimized registration errors.
{"title":"High-frequency (> 65 MHz) broadband transparent transducer with ultrathin gold electrode for dual-mode photoacoustic and laser-induced ultrasound microscopy","authors":"Sunghun Park , Woongki Hong , Hyeongyu Park , Eunji Lee , Sangwoo Nam , Jinhwan Jung , Jung Ho Hyun , Jaesok Yu , Hongki Kang , Jin Ho Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For high-performance combined photoacoustic (PA) and Ultrasound (US) microscopy, precise coaxial alignment of the US and laser beams is essential. This can be realized using broadband transparent ultrasound transducers (TUTs). However, the current dual-mode imaging systems encounter significant challenges in simultaneous PA and US data acquisition due to sequential transmission of light and ultrasound and mechanical movement of dual-mode probes, leading to longer acquisition times and potential registration inaccuracies. To overcome these limitations, we propose a recently developed high-frequency broadband TUT with an ultrathin (< 10 nm) gold electrode, achieving a center frequency of 65.6 MHz and a –6 dB bandwidth of 71.6 %. The ultrathin gold electrode facilitates laser-induced ultrasound (LUS), enabling simultaneous acquisition of PA and US images. In vivo experiments demonstrate that LUS imaging can effectively replace conventional US imaging, offering highly efficient dual-mode PA/US imaging with minimized registration errors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100751"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-06-28DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100747
Jonas J.M. Riksen , Antonius W. Schurink , Kalloor Joseph Francis , Cornelis Verhoef , Dirk J. Grünhagen , Gijs van Soest
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is an essential procedure for accurate disease staging and treatment planning in patients with melanoma and breast cancer. Conventional preoperative imaging primarily utilizes lymphoscintigraphy with technetium-99m (Tc-99m), which presents several limitations, including radiation exposure, logistical challenges, and potential delays in surgical workflow. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has emerged as a promising alternative, leveraging optical contrast provided by indocyanine green (ICG). A feasibility study was conducted at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, to assess the potential of dual-wavelength PAI for SLN mapping. PAI was employed to perform spectroscopic measurements in healthy volunteers, supporting the development of an optimal excitation protocol. Subsequently, in the patient phase, SLN mapping was performed using PAI with ICG, and the results were compared to the standard-of-care method utilizing Tc-99m. The excitation wavelengths of 800 nm and 860 nm were selected for ratiometric imaging to effectively visualize ICG while suppressing clutter from hemoglobin and melanin. Among the eleven evaluated sentinel nodes, seven were successfully identified using PAI. The maximum SLN detection depth achieved with PAI was 22 mm. This study illustrates the feasibility of ICG-enhanced dual-wavelength PAI for preoperative SLN mapping in patients with melanoma and breast cancer, as an alternative to lymphoscintigraphy. Analysis of false-negative detections suggests improvements to PAI and optimal patient selection. The proposed ratiometric PAI methodology, compared to multiwavelength spectroscopic imaging, enables faster imaging speeds and facilitates the transition to cheaper light sources.
{"title":"Dual-wavelength photoacoustic imaging of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with melanoma and breast cancer","authors":"Jonas J.M. Riksen , Antonius W. Schurink , Kalloor Joseph Francis , Cornelis Verhoef , Dirk J. Grünhagen , Gijs van Soest","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is an essential procedure for accurate disease staging and treatment planning in patients with melanoma and breast cancer. Conventional preoperative imaging primarily utilizes lymphoscintigraphy with technetium-99m (Tc-99m), which presents several limitations, including radiation exposure, logistical challenges, and potential delays in surgical workflow. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has emerged as a promising alternative, leveraging optical contrast provided by indocyanine green (ICG). A feasibility study was conducted at Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, to assess the potential of dual-wavelength PAI for SLN mapping. PAI was employed to perform spectroscopic measurements in healthy volunteers, supporting the development of an optimal excitation protocol. Subsequently, in the patient phase, SLN mapping was performed using PAI with ICG, and the results were compared to the standard-of-care method utilizing Tc-99m. The excitation wavelengths of 800 nm and 860 nm were selected for ratiometric imaging to effectively visualize ICG while suppressing clutter from hemoglobin and melanin. Among the eleven evaluated sentinel nodes, seven were successfully identified using PAI. The maximum SLN detection depth achieved with PAI was 22 mm. This study illustrates the feasibility of ICG-enhanced dual-wavelength PAI for preoperative SLN mapping in patients with melanoma and breast cancer, as an alternative to lymphoscintigraphy. Analysis of false-negative detections suggests improvements to PAI and optimal patient selection. The proposed ratiometric PAI methodology, compared to multiwavelength spectroscopic imaging, enables faster imaging speeds and facilitates the transition to cheaper light sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100747"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-05DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100745
Max T. Rietberg , Janek Gröhl , Thomas R. Else , Sarah E. Bohndiek , Srirang Manohar , Benjamin T. Cox
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is rapidly moving from the laboratory to the clinic, increasing the need to understand confounders which might adversely affect patient care. Over the past five years, landmark studies have shown the clinical utility of PAI, leading to regulatory approval of several devices. In this article, we describe the various causes of artifacts in PAI, providing schematic overviews and practical examples, simulated as well as experimental. This work serves two purposes: (1) educating clinical users to identify artifacts, understand their causes, and assess their impact, and (2) providing a reference of the limitations of current systems for those working to improve them. We explain how two aspects of PAI systems lead to artifacts: their inability to measure complete data sets, and embedded assumptions during reconstruction. We describe the physics underlying PAI, and propose a classification of the artifacts. The paper concludes by discussing possible advanced mitigation strategies.
{"title":"Artifacts in photoacoustic imaging: Origins and mitigations","authors":"Max T. Rietberg , Janek Gröhl , Thomas R. Else , Sarah E. Bohndiek , Srirang Manohar , Benjamin T. Cox","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is rapidly moving from the laboratory to the clinic, increasing the need to understand confounders which might adversely affect patient care. Over the past five years, landmark studies have shown the clinical utility of PAI, leading to regulatory approval of several devices. In this article, we describe the various causes of artifacts in PAI, providing schematic overviews and practical examples, simulated as well as experimental. This work serves two purposes: (1) educating clinical users to identify artifacts, understand their causes, and assess their impact, and (2) providing a reference of the limitations of current systems for those working to improve them. We explain how two aspects of PAI systems lead to artifacts: their inability to measure complete data sets, and embedded assumptions during reconstruction. We describe the physics underlying PAI, and propose a classification of the artifacts. The paper concludes by discussing possible advanced mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100745"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-25DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100753
Taeil Yoon , Hakseok Ko , Jeongmyo Im , Euiheon Chung , Wonshik Choi , Byeongha Lee
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) combines high optical contrast with deep acoustic penetration, making it valuable for biomedical imaging. However, all-optical systems often face challenges in measuring the acoustic wave-induced displacements on rough and dynamic tissues surfaces. We present an all-optical PAT system enabling fast and high-resolution volumetric imaging in vivo. By integrating holographic microscopy with a soft cover layer and coherent averaging, the system detects ultrasound-induced surface displacements over a 10 × 10 mm² area with 0.5 nm sensitivity in 1 s. A novel backpropagation algorithm reconstructs a depth-selective pressure image from two consecutive displacement maps. The coherent summation of these depth-selective pressure images enables the reconstruction of a 3D acoustic pressure image. Using adaptive multilayer backpropagation, we achieve imaging depths of up to 5 mm, with lateral and axial resolutions of 158 µm and 92 µm, respectively, demonstrated through in vivo imaging of mouse vasculature and chicken embryo vessels.
{"title":"All-optical in vivo photoacoustic tomography by adaptive multilayer acoustic backpropagation","authors":"Taeil Yoon , Hakseok Ko , Jeongmyo Im , Euiheon Chung , Wonshik Choi , Byeongha Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) combines high optical contrast with deep acoustic penetration, making it valuable for biomedical imaging. However, all-optical systems often face challenges in measuring the acoustic wave-induced displacements on rough and dynamic tissues surfaces. We present an all-optical PAT system enabling fast and high-resolution volumetric imaging <em>in vivo</em>. By integrating holographic microscopy with a soft cover layer and coherent averaging, the system detects ultrasound-induced surface displacements over a 10 × 10 mm² area with 0.5 nm sensitivity in 1 s. A novel backpropagation algorithm reconstructs a depth-selective pressure image from two consecutive displacement maps. The coherent summation of these depth-selective pressure images enables the reconstruction of a 3D acoustic pressure image. Using adaptive multilayer backpropagation, we achieve imaging depths of up to 5 mm, with lateral and axial resolutions of 158 µm and 92 µm, respectively, demonstrated through <em>in vivo</em> imaging of mouse vasculature and chicken embryo vessels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100753"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100758
Chen Zhang , Yan Gao , Ruyue Cui , Hanxi Zhang , Jinhua Tian , Yujie Tang , Lei Yang , Chaofan Feng , Pietro Patimisco , Angelo Sampaolo , Vincenzo Spagnolo , Xukun Yin , Lei Dong , Hongpeng Wu
We present a novel approach for gas concentration measurement using a differential resonant photoacoustic cell combined with a deep learning-based signal denoising model. This method addresses the persistent challenge of noise interference in 2 f signals at low gas concentrations, where conventional processing methods struggle to maintain signal fidelity. To resolve this, we propose a deep learning model that integrates 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (1D CNNs) for local feature extraction and Transformer networks for capturing global dependencies. The model was trained using synthetic signals with added noise to simulate real-world conditions, ensuring robustness and adaptability. Applied to experimental 2 f signals, the model demonstrated excellent noise suppression capabilities, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 500 ppb acetylene signals by a factor of approximately 70. Furthermore, the determination coefficient (R²) improved, reflecting better accuracy and linearity in signal reconstruction. These results underscore the model's potential for improving detection sensitivity and reliability in trace gas measurements, marking a significant advancement in spectroscopic signal processing for gas detection.
{"title":"Enhancing photoacoustic trace gas detection via a CNN–transformer denoising framework","authors":"Chen Zhang , Yan Gao , Ruyue Cui , Hanxi Zhang , Jinhua Tian , Yujie Tang , Lei Yang , Chaofan Feng , Pietro Patimisco , Angelo Sampaolo , Vincenzo Spagnolo , Xukun Yin , Lei Dong , Hongpeng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100758","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100758","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a novel approach for gas concentration measurement using a differential resonant photoacoustic cell combined with a deep learning-based signal denoising model. This method addresses the persistent challenge of noise interference in 2 <em>f</em> signals at low gas concentrations, where conventional processing methods struggle to maintain signal fidelity. To resolve this, we propose a deep learning model that integrates 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (1D CNNs) for local feature extraction and Transformer networks for capturing global dependencies. The model was trained using synthetic signals with added noise to simulate real-world conditions, ensuring robustness and adaptability. Applied to experimental 2 <em>f</em> signals, the model demonstrated excellent noise suppression capabilities, enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 500 ppb acetylene signals by a factor of approximately 70. Furthermore, the determination coefficient (R²) improved, reflecting better accuracy and linearity in signal reconstruction. These results underscore the model's potential for improving detection sensitivity and reliability in trace gas measurements, marking a significant advancement in spectroscopic signal processing for gas detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100758"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100756
Tim Wittig , Birte Winther , Charlene Reichl , Andrej Schmidt , Dierk Scheinert , Sabine Steiner
Objectives
This proof-of-concept study aimed to assess the feasibility of Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) in evaluating changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) levels in muscles of the lower limb before and after lower extremity revascularization (LER).
Methods
In 26 patients, HbO2 levels were assessed before and after LER, with follow-up assessing symptom control and patency for up to six months.
Results
A significant difference in HbO2 levels was observed between pre- and post-LER in the muscles of the lower limb. In 10 patients, HbO2 levels did not increase following LER, and at the 6-month follow-up, 2 of these patients required target lesion revascularization (TLR) due to restenosis of ≥ 50 % stenosis. In contrast, 16 patients demonstrated increased HbO2 levels post-LER, with no patients requiring TLR at 6-months.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates the potential of MSOT to detect changes in tissue perfusion following LER, highlighting its promise as a novel imaging modality for guiding treatment strategies.
{"title":"Optoacoustic imaging in lower extremity revascularization: A novel technique to assess perioperative muscle perfusion","authors":"Tim Wittig , Birte Winther , Charlene Reichl , Andrej Schmidt , Dierk Scheinert , Sabine Steiner","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This proof-of-concept study aimed to assess the feasibility of Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) in evaluating changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) levels in muscles of the lower limb before and after lower extremity revascularization (LER).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In 26 patients, HbO2 levels were assessed before and after LER, with follow-up assessing symptom control and patency for up to six months.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A significant difference in HbO2 levels was observed between pre- and post-LER in the muscles of the lower limb. In 10 patients, HbO2 levels did not increase following LER, and at the 6-month follow-up, 2 of these patients required target lesion revascularization (TLR) due to restenosis of ≥ 50 % stenosis. In contrast, 16 patients demonstrated increased HbO2 levels post-LER, with no patients requiring TLR at 6-months.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrates the potential of MSOT to detect changes in tissue perfusion following LER, highlighting its promise as a novel imaging modality for guiding treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100756"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100755
Songqing Xie , Zhuojun Xie , Shuai Na
Electrical conductivity is a critical biomarker for cellular activity and a fundamental parameter in material science. However, achieving label-free, contact-free conductivity measurements with optical-scale resolution remains a challenge. Here, we introduce a magneto-photoacoustic coupling effect that enables conductivity mapping through photoacoustic excitation in the presence of a static magnetic field. The governing equation for this phenomenon is derived, demonstrating a linear relationship between the induced photoacoustic pressure and the product of the local magnetic flux density squared and electrical conductivity. This theoretical framework is further validated using numerical simulation, which showcases the method’s capability for optical-resolution conductivity imaging. The proposed approach unlocks new opportunities for applications ranging from real-time tracking of neuronal ion channel dynamics to nanoscale defect characterization in metallic and semiconductor materials.
{"title":"Magneto-photoacoustic coupling: A pathway to optical-resolution electrical conductivity imaging","authors":"Songqing Xie , Zhuojun Xie , Shuai Na","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrical conductivity is a critical biomarker for cellular activity and a fundamental parameter in material science. However, achieving label-free, contact-free conductivity measurements with optical-scale resolution remains a challenge. Here, we introduce a magneto-photoacoustic coupling effect that enables conductivity mapping through photoacoustic excitation in the presence of a static magnetic field. The governing equation for this phenomenon is derived, demonstrating a linear relationship between the induced photoacoustic pressure and the product of the local magnetic flux density squared and electrical conductivity. This theoretical framework is further validated using numerical simulation, which showcases the method’s capability for optical-resolution conductivity imaging. The proposed approach unlocks new opportunities for applications ranging from real-time tracking of neuronal ion channel dynamics to nanoscale defect characterization in metallic and semiconductor materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100755"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-07DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100749
Simon C.K. Chan , Bingxin Huang , Hannah H. Kim , Victor T.C. Tsang , Terence T.W. Wong
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) combines the high contrast of optical imaging with deep tissue penetration via ultrasound detection. However, hardware limitations often cause sparse sampling during image acquisition, resulting in disruptive streak artifacts that many current deep-learning methods fail to remove effectively. In this paper, we introduce Residual Condition Optimal Transport Mamba (RCMamba)—a novel framework that enhances residual optimal transport by integrating wavelet-based analysis with a hybrid multi-scale state space model backbone, specifically designed for sparse PAT image restoration. Our approach makes two primary contributions. First, we propose a wavelet residual-enhanced transport plan that leverages multi-resolution analysis and a novel wavelet coherence penalty to accurately capture the complex, scale-dependent sparsity patterns characteristic of sparse acquisitions. Second, we develop a hybrid multi-scale mamba architecture that uniquely combines window-based and global state space scanning to preserve both fine anatomical details and long-range structural information. Extensive experiments on vessel phantoms and in vivo mouse models across various sampling densities (16, 32, and 64 projections) demonstrate that RCMamba consistently outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in terms of artifact suppression and structural fidelity. RCMamba holds great promise in advancing the clinical potential of sparse-sampling PAT systems for diagnostic imaging and interventional procedures.
{"title":"Wavelet-enhanced residual optimal transport for Mamba-based image restoration in photoacoustic tomography","authors":"Simon C.K. Chan , Bingxin Huang , Hannah H. Kim , Victor T.C. Tsang , Terence T.W. Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) combines the high contrast of optical imaging with deep tissue penetration via ultrasound detection. However, hardware limitations often cause sparse sampling during image acquisition, resulting in disruptive streak artifacts that many current deep-learning methods fail to remove effectively. In this paper, we introduce Residual Condition Optimal Transport Mamba (RCMamba)—a novel framework that enhances residual optimal transport by integrating wavelet-based analysis with a hybrid multi-scale state space model backbone, specifically designed for sparse PAT image restoration. Our approach makes two primary contributions. First, we propose a wavelet residual-enhanced transport plan that leverages multi-resolution analysis and a novel wavelet coherence penalty to accurately capture the complex, scale-dependent sparsity patterns characteristic of sparse acquisitions. Second, we develop a hybrid multi-scale mamba architecture that uniquely combines window-based and global state space scanning to preserve both fine anatomical details and long-range structural information. Extensive experiments on vessel phantoms and <em>in vivo</em> mouse models across various sampling densities (16, 32, and 64 projections) demonstrate that RCMamba consistently outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in terms of artifact suppression and structural fidelity. RCMamba holds great promise in advancing the clinical potential of sparse-sampling PAT systems for diagnostic imaging and interventional procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100749"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144596872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-05DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100750
Xiao Liang , Yuanlong Zhao , Linyang Li , Hongdian Sun , Wei Qin , Tingting Li , Heng Guo , Weizhi Qi , Lei Xi
Optical endoscopy has been extensively used in clinical screening and diagnosis of internal diseased organs. Photoacoustic endoscopy, one of the rapidest evolving optical endoscopies, combines rich optical contrasts with high spatial acoustic resolving capability at a considerable penetration depth. However, implementing high-speed, large field-of-view photoacoustic endoscopy in arbitrarily shaped biological tracts and cavities remains a challenge. Here, we develop a miniaturized, multi-view photoacoustic endoscope (Multi-PAE) that integrates a micro-optical scanner and a folded optical path within a capsule-sized probe. The probe features multiple interchangeable imaging interfaces in different orientations to image diverse tracts and cavities. We propose a compound double spiral resonant scanning (CDSRS) mechanism to enable the optical scanner to perform stable and uniform resonant scanning over a large field-of-view. We demonstrate the multi-scenario functional imaging applicability of Multi-PAE in rat rectums, rabbit cervices, and entire human oral cavities.
{"title":"Multi-scenario photoacoustic endoscopy for in vivo functional imaging","authors":"Xiao Liang , Yuanlong Zhao , Linyang Li , Hongdian Sun , Wei Qin , Tingting Li , Heng Guo , Weizhi Qi , Lei Xi","doi":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical endoscopy has been extensively used in clinical screening and diagnosis of internal diseased organs. Photoacoustic endoscopy, one of the rapidest evolving optical endoscopies, combines rich optical contrasts with high spatial acoustic resolving capability at a considerable penetration depth. However, implementing high-speed, large field-of-view photoacoustic endoscopy in arbitrarily shaped biological tracts and cavities remains a challenge. Here, we develop a miniaturized, multi-view photoacoustic endoscope (Multi-PAE) that integrates a micro-optical scanner and a folded optical path within a capsule-sized probe. The probe features multiple interchangeable imaging interfaces in different orientations to image diverse tracts and cavities. We propose a compound double spiral resonant scanning (CDSRS) mechanism to enable the optical scanner to perform stable and uniform resonant scanning over a large field-of-view. We demonstrate the multi-scenario functional imaging applicability of Multi-PAE in rat rectums, rabbit cervices, and entire human oral cavities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56025,"journal":{"name":"Photoacoustics","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 100750"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144579784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-08DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2025.100740
Olivier J.M. Stam , Kalloor Joseph Francis , Navchetan Awasthi
For clinical translation of photoacoustic imaging cost-effective systems development is necessary. One approach is the use of fewer transducer elements and acquisition channels combined with sparse sampling. However, this approach introduces reconstruction artifacts that degrade image quality. While deep learning models such as U-net have shown promise in reconstructing images from limited data, they typically require retraining for each new system configuration, a process that demands more data and increased computational resources. In this work, we introduce PA OmniNet, a modified U-net model designed to generalize across different system configurations without the need for retraining. Instead of retraining, PA OmniNet adapts to a new system using only a small set of example images (between 4 and 32), known as a context set. This context set conditions the model to effectively remove artifacts from new input images in various sparse sampling photoacoustic imaging applications. We evaluated PA OmniNet against a standard U-net using multiple datasets, including in vivo data from mouse and human subjects, synthetic data, and images captured at different wavelengths. PA OmniNet consistently outperformed the traditional U-net in generalization tasks, achieving average improvements of 8.3% in the Structural Similarity Index, a 11.6% reduction in Root Mean Square Error, and a 1.55 dB increase in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio. In 66% of our test cases, the generalized PA OmniNet even outperformed U-net models trained specifically on the new dataset. Code is available at https://github.com/olivierstam4/PA_OmniNet.
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