Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology最新文献

In this study, the agro-hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool + (SWAT+) is used to simulate runoff in an uncontrolled agricultural catchment with paddy fields irrigated by plots submersion. The objectives are to evaluate the ability of this new, improved version of the SWAT model to reproduce the flows in a complex catchment and to analyse the evolution of these flows over the historical period 1986-2020 (35 years). Sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation were carried out with monthly flow data. The decision tables for irrigation operations and reservoir water release were filled in the SWAT+ Editor to establish the reservoir water balance. The Mann-Kendall trend test with the threshold of the standard normal statistic = 1.96, was applied to the time series of flows to the Nanan Reservoir. The results reveal that SWAT+ is more sensitive to eight parameters, including the new CN3_SWF parameter (-0.04329), which gave the user control of the soil saturation level. Good performances were obtained during calibration and validation, respectively: NSE (0.78; 0.69); R² (0.81; 0.70); PBIAS (-18.58; -23.9) and RSR (0.47; 0.56), with a tendency to slightly overestimate flows. The analysis shows that flows to the Nanan Reservoir are highly variable yearly, with a non-significant upward trend (|Z|=1.3<1.96) from 1986 to 2020. The water balance reveals that the runoff inflow generated will compensate for water withdrawals for irrigation of the Nanan paddy scheme during this period. Furthermore, this study provides a methodological framework for SWAT+ reservoir model calibration in an uncontrolled catchment.

Climate change is causing serious problems in various economic sectors in particular involving water management. For this reason, it is extremely important to conduct research to identify climate change trends and better understand them. This study was carried out in the Dim Stream basin in the Western Mediterranean region (Turkey), which is particularly vulnerable to climate change. The study used flow data from two flow observation stations (FOS) and meteorological records such as wind speed, average flow, precipitation, temperature, evaporation, radiation, and relative humidity for 1984-2017. These data showed the changes between flow and hydrometeorological variables using linear regression analysis, coefficient of variation, t-test and correlation analysis. It has been determined that there has been a rapid decrease in the average flow of the FOS number 09-006 since 1995 and the average flow of the FOS number 09-013 since 1999. Also, it was demonstrated that the average relative humidity (RH_ave), average temperature (T_ave), average precipitation (Pave), total precipitation (Pt) and maximum precipitation (P_max) meteorological variables were most affected by climate change in the basin. Furthermore, it was found that the most changes were Qy_ave (67.60%), T_min (48.23%), P_max (36.43%), P_ave (33.91%), P_t (33.90%), and RH_ave (2.63%) in FOS numbered 09-013. Moreover, it was concluded that climate change variability had developed trends towards a rapid decrease in the flow values at the flow observation stations in Dim Stream. These results show that plans and measures for the efficient and sustainable management of water resources in this region must be implemented immediately.

Land consolidation projects (LCP) has been applied in various countries to decrease land fragmentation, to give field road and to create more appropriate regular parcel shapes besides many benefits to farmers. Moreover, LCP help to decrease the cost of irrigation system establishment. Türkiye aims to modernize open irrigation systems into pressurized systems with LCPs to save water due to climate change and global warming. However, previously published studies on the effect of LCP on designing pressurized irrigation network are not adequate. In this study, Eymir Village LCP in Türkiye was chosen as the material to investigate how can LCP affect the cost of the establishment of a pressurized irrigation system. In this context, two similation of irrigation systems are designed with help of geographic information systems (GIS) and are analyzed by COPAM (Combined Optimization and Performance Analysis Model) to optimize the hydraulic performance. Results show that land consolidation proved to be an effective tool to solve spatial problems related to improving the irrigation systems, technical problems related to the performance of the networks, and the equity of services (guaranteeing 98% satisfaction of users). And, it has the most important effect on the economic feasibility of pressurized irrigation network establishment whose cost can be decreased by 13.6% by LCP.

Pharmaceuticals are unique class of water pollutants due to their ability to modify the physiological effects of living organisms at low doses. Intensive use in healthcare as well as insufficient removal in conventional wastewater treatment processes make pharmaceuticals ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. The study aimed to assess the load of selected non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the influent and effluent from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Słupsk. Samples were collected in the period between May and September 2021. Once taken samples were filtered and the analytes were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) and then analyzed using the ultra–high performance liquid chromatography. Ibuprofen (IBU), salicylic acid (SA), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), naproxen (NPX), ketoprofen (KET), and diclofenac (DIC) were found in raw and treated wastewater. Detected concentration ranged from 1.656 μg L^–1 to 25.912 μg L^–1 in the influent, and from 0.676 µg L^–1 to 10.484 µg L^–1 in the effluent. Removal was incomplete and its efficiency ranged between 57.3 % and 81.4 %. The ecotoxicological assessment was performed using a set of certified test organisms including marine bacteria (Aliivibrio fscheri), freshwater crustaceans (Daphnia magna), and freshwater plants (Lemna minor). Toxic concentrations ranged from 4.50 to 18.82 mg L^–1 for marine bacteria after 30 min of exposure, from 27.11 to 74.77 mg L^–1 for crustaceans after 48 h of exposure, and from 10.70 to 29.67 mg L^–1 for aquatic plants after 7 days of exposure. Studied pharmaceuticals were mostly classified as toxic or harmful to test organisms.

In Punjab, Pakistan, the “Warabandi” principle guides the distribution of surface water in tertiary canal networks to each farm. The allocated amount is proportional to farm size and provided according to a predetermined schedules in a 7-day fixed rotation. Limited canal water and rigid rotations of the Warabandi-guided water allocation led to unsustainable pumping of groundwater and relatively low field application efficiency. Using both site monitoring and modelling, we assessed cotton irrigation scheduling under current practices and the planning options in the context of the Warabandi principle. The farming practices of two raised-bed furrow cotton fields were intensively monitored at the Mungi distributary canal command area in Punjab. The AquaCrop model was parameterized and validated using 2019 and 2020 datasets and then applied to assess four irrigation scheduling scenarios. Scenario 1 reflects the current irrigation practice under canal water and groundwater use, while for scenarios 2, 3, and 4, solely canal water was considered and irrigation followed a fixed rotation of 7-days, 14-days, and targeted intervals, respectively. According to simulations’ outputs, scenarios 2, 3, and 4 resulted in better performance compared to the current practices in both fields by reducing percolation substantially up to 90% below the root zone and lowered soil evaporation by up to 27% enebling similar yields ∼2.2 ton/ha raw cotton and higher water productivity. Under the frame conditions of Warabandi, scenario 4 was a promising option for introducing more flexible and demand-oriented irrigation at the farm level targeting cotton's water-stress sensitive growth stages by adapting irrigation application to rainfall events and refilling the soil slightly below field capacity level during each irrigation event to reduce percolation. The study delivered detailed information about cotton irrigation scheduling for on-farm water management, considering a bottom-up approach in Punjab.

Extreme meteorological and hydrological phenomena, including high air temperatures and rainstorms, are becoming increasingly dangerous, causing floods and inundations, as well as long periods without precipitation, which lead to droughts. Green roofs may be one of the possible measures providing solutions to these problems. Rainfall, runoff and water quality data from three different intensive green roof models covered with wildflower meadows (WFs) over 20 months have been analysed to establish the extent to which the type of drainage layer affects hydrological performance. The field experiment was conducted at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences Water Centre park from November 2019 to November 2021. The monitoring of the quality and quantity of runoff was carried out on three models of green roofs incorporating wildflower meadows with drainage layers of 2 cm (WF 1) and 4 cm (WF 2) of polypropylene mat, as well as 6 cm of chalcedony (WF 3), in an urbanized area under moderate climate conditions. The model with the 4 cm polypropylene mat drainage layer retained approx. 6 % more rainwater compared to the model with the one made of chalcedony, and 4 % more than the one with the 2 cm polypropylene mat. Phosphates were detected in most of the leachates from all the wildflower-covered green roof models at 0 ÷ 0.459 mg PO4-P/L, 0 ÷ 0.402 mg PO4-P/L, and 0÷0.360 mg PO4-P/L for WF 1, WF 2 and WF 3. This may suggest that the type of drainage layer was not an important source of phosphates in the leachates.

The golden alga Prymnesium parvum plays a key role in harmful algal blooms (HABs) worldwide, including the massive fish kills that occurred in the Oder river (Poland and Germany) in 2022. However, studies addressing this ecological disaster have to date focused mainly on the physicochemical parameters of the water, and overlooked the overall impact that environmental samples could have on aquatic organisms other than fish. Therefore, the present study evaluated the toxicological effect of the bloom by subjecting samples of the river water to microbiotests comprising organisms from two trophic levels: producers (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), and consumers (Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus). In addition, the study examined the relative concentrations of prymnesins and the physicochemical parameters of the water samples, and 18S rRNA gene sequencing was used to examine eukaryotic assemblages in the samples. Among the tested organisms, D. magna was found to be most sensitive to the water samples from the disaster, with a maximum mortality of 90 % after 24 h. The 18S rRNA gene analysis found a high level of P. parvum in the tested samples during the ecological disaster (up to 9.2 %) compared to one month later (0.1 %). Our data indicates a notable increase in P. parvum and prymnesin level around the time of the ecological disaster in the Oder River in 2022, and that this may have played a part in its occurrence; in addition, D. magna may be an effective bioindicator for identifying the risk of P. parvum blooms to invertebrates.

This study analysed the formation of biofilms in the drinking water distribution system in Wroclaw. The focus was on the influence of the material from which pipes in water distribution systems are built: polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Two reactors with continuous water flow were used. Once the quasi- steady state was determined, an analysis was carried out to measure the total number of microorganisms per unit volume, which were stabilised without affecting further changes in concentration, and to study the basic physicochemical parameters of water that can affect the microbial growth that forms. In addition, a literature review was conducted to analyse biofilm formation based on physicochemical parameters in the water distribution system. Psychrophilic bacteria were shown to be more numerous than mesophilic bacteria, with the growth rate of the latter being higher. An increase in the number of microorganisms was observed, with higher concentrations found on PE surfaces because the rougher surface structure provides better adhesion for biofilm-forming microorganisms than on a surface made of polypropylene (PP). The presence of mesophilic bacteria may indicate the potential for pathogenic microorganisms, as well as the formation of a primary biofilm characterised by irreversible attachment to the substrate. These findings suggest that synthetic materials such as PE are more susceptible to biological growth than polypropylene (PP) as a result of their uneven surface structure, which facilitates the deposition of biofilm-forming organisms. The preliminary results can be used as an important reference for future research related to biofilms in drinking water distribution systems.

Microbial contamination of water, as well as the development of biofilm in irrigation systems, is one of the factors contributing to water losses, leading to a decrease in the optimization of the irrigation process and, consequently, a decrease in plant production. Water shortages are a highly undesirable phenomenon, particularly within the context of anthropogenic climate changes and the constraint of potable water resources. Biofilm can also be a reservoir of pathogenic microorganisms for human health, animal welfare, and plant production. Contaminated water used to irrigate vegetables that do not require heat treatment can lead to pathogen propagation, causing disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is essential to understand the dynamics of biofilm development and its underlying mechanisms, as well as its relation to water quality, to develop strategies that could help reduce or prevent biofilm formation and its negative effects. The analysis of factors promoting the development and composition of biofilm in irrigation systems allows the implementation of the most effective preventive methods, which translate into the optimization of the irrigation process and plant production. This paper aims to analyze reports related to the formation and microbial composition of biofilms occurring in agricultural irrigation systems, as well as to present the risks associated with biofilm formation and methods for its eradication. This review summarizes reports related to the various factors influencing biofilm formation and irrigation water quality, which may be a prelude to a comprehensive assessment and formulation of guidelines related to the management of water-based irrigation systems to improve biosafety.