Elizabeth Claus, A. Henningsen, M. Shivji, B. Wetherbee
{"title":"Sexual conflicts in sand tiger sharks Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque, 1810) in an artificial environment","authors":"Elizabeth Claus, A. Henningsen, M. Shivji, B. Wetherbee","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V9I3.528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V9I3.528","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68107667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Replicating species-specific feeding behaviours in captive carnivores has presented a challenge for zoological collections. Many studies highlight the benefits of a naturalistic feeding programme on the physical health and psychological well-being of individuals, with the provision of carcasses found to increase appetite and active behaviours and reduce stereotypic pacing. Whilst some studies have documented the behavioural impact of a naturalistic dietary change, information is often lacking on the long-term effect of a transition towards a more species appropriate diet. This paper presents results from a long-term study of a female Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica at Chester Zoo. Behavioural data were collected before and shortly after a change in diet regime, from daily pre-processed joints of meat to whole calf carcass followed by fast days. To assess the long-term behavioural impact of this management intervention, data were also collected 12 months after carcass feeds were introduced. The results show a significant reduction in pacing behaviour 12 months after the change in diet. Resting behaviour was also affected by diet change, with a significant increase in resting reported 12 months after a carcass feeding regime was introduced. Additionally, an alteration in feeding behaviour was recorded, with a significant increase in average time spent feeding both shortly after and 12 months after the carcass feed regime was implemented. Here, this paper shows the value of using longitudinal behavioural data as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of diet changes and demonstrates how this information can facilitate the implementation of evidence-based management decisions.
{"title":"Using longitudinal data to evaluate the behavioural impact of a switch to carcass feeding on an Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica)","authors":"Katherine K. Finch, Leah J. Williams, Lisa Holmes","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.475","url":null,"abstract":"Replicating species-specific feeding behaviours in captive carnivores has presented a challenge for zoological collections. Many studies highlight the benefits of a naturalistic feeding programme on the physical health and psychological well-being of individuals, with the provision of carcasses found to increase appetite and active behaviours and reduce stereotypic pacing. Whilst some studies have documented the behavioural impact of a naturalistic dietary change, information is often lacking on the long-term effect of a transition towards a more species appropriate diet. This paper presents results from a long-term study of a female Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica at Chester Zoo. Behavioural data were collected before and shortly after a change in diet regime, from daily pre-processed joints of meat to whole calf carcass followed by fast days. To assess the long-term behavioural impact of this management intervention, data were also collected 12 months after carcass feeds were introduced. The results show a significant reduction in pacing behaviour 12 months after the change in diet. Resting behaviour was also affected by diet change, with a significant increase in resting reported 12 months after a carcass feeding regime was introduced. Additionally, an alteration in feeding behaviour was recorded, with a significant increase in average time spent feeding both shortly after and 12 months after the carcass feed regime was implemented. Here, this paper shows the value of using longitudinal behavioural data as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of diet changes and demonstrates how this information can facilitate the implementation of evidence-based management decisions.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"283-287"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42306109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Miguel Campos Gomes, Mason Hill, Gregory J. McDonald, M. Lynch, C. Eccles, Bruce Eernisse
Eye health issues have commonly been reported in captive pinnipeds. Excessive exposure to UV light, poor enclosure design features and suboptimal water quality have all been associated with eye pathology in pinnipeds. A long-nosed fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri developed corneal disease shortly after introduction into a new facility. Medical therapies provided some alleviation of symptoms, but long-term sustained improvements in eye health were only achieved after life support system modifications. These modifications centred on lowering the production of disinfection by-products by removing most of the organic matter before applying ozone to the system. The reduction in eye pain following improvements in water quality were also critical for the keepers to be able to train the fur seal to receive eye drops voluntarily.
{"title":"How the life support system can affect pinniped eye health: a case study with long-nosed fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri)","authors":"José Miguel Campos Gomes, Mason Hill, Gregory J. McDonald, M. Lynch, C. Eccles, Bruce Eernisse","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.525","url":null,"abstract":"Eye health issues have commonly been reported in captive pinnipeds. Excessive exposure to UV light, poor enclosure design features and suboptimal water quality have all been associated with eye pathology in pinnipeds. A long-nosed fur seal Arctocephalus forsteri developed corneal disease shortly after introduction into a new facility. Medical therapies provided some alleviation of symptoms, but long-term sustained improvements in eye health were only achieved after life support system modifications. These modifications centred on lowering the production of disinfection by-products by removing most of the organic matter before applying ozone to the system. The reduction in eye pain following improvements in water quality were also critical for the keepers to be able to train the fur seal to receive eye drops voluntarily.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"288-293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44145031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Fomsgaard, M. Rosenstierne, M. Rasmussen, Patricia Wright, G. Bueno, Eliette Noromalala, Sally L. Bornbusch, C. R. Stensvold, Michael Thomas-Poulsen, C. Hvilsom
Globally, Giardia duodenalis is probably the most common intestinal protozoan parasite infecting humans and it appears also to be common in some zoo-housed primates. Infected zoo animals present a risk for potential spill-over of zoonotic pathogens to co-residing animals, staff and visitors. Using quantitative PCR, this study compared Giardia spp. prevalence and infection intensity in wild and zoo-housed ring-tailed lemurs Lemur catta. Infection intensity of zoo-housed ring-tailed lemurs (prevalence=88.6%, median Ct value=31.1, IQR=27.1–34.5) was significantly higher (P>0.01) than in wild ring-tailed lemurs (prevalence=20.0%, median Ct value=37.7, IQR=37.5–38.7), where little or no Giardia was found. Comparison of the enclosure designs showed both a higher prevalence and significantly higher intensity (P>0.005) of Giardia infections in zoos with walk-through enclosures (prevalence=89%, median Ct value=28.6, IQR=26.5–32.3) compared to traditional enclosures (prevalence=65%, median Ct value=35.2, IQR=33.3–37.8), but there was substantial variation within groups. The potentially zoonotic G. duodenalis assemblage B was identified in samples from five zoos. These findings suggest that ring-tailed lemurs may be asymptomatic carriers of G. duodenalis and a higher parasitic load might occur in lemurs held in walk-through enclosures.
{"title":"Prevalence, infection intensity and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in ring-tailed lemurs Lemur catta from European zoos and wild populations","authors":"A. Fomsgaard, M. Rosenstierne, M. Rasmussen, Patricia Wright, G. Bueno, Eliette Noromalala, Sally L. Bornbusch, C. R. Stensvold, Michael Thomas-Poulsen, C. Hvilsom","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.509","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, Giardia duodenalis is probably the most common intestinal protozoan parasite infecting humans and it appears also to be common in some zoo-housed primates. Infected zoo animals present a risk for potential spill-over of zoonotic pathogens to co-residing animals, staff and visitors. Using quantitative PCR, this study compared Giardia spp. prevalence and infection intensity in wild and zoo-housed ring-tailed lemurs Lemur catta. Infection intensity of zoo-housed ring-tailed lemurs (prevalence=88.6%, median Ct value=31.1, IQR=27.1–34.5) was significantly higher (P>0.01) than in wild ring-tailed lemurs (prevalence=20.0%, median Ct value=37.7, IQR=37.5–38.7), where little or no Giardia was found. Comparison of the enclosure designs showed both a higher prevalence and significantly higher intensity (P>0.005) of Giardia infections in zoos with walk-through enclosures (prevalence=89%, median Ct value=28.6, IQR=26.5–32.3) compared to traditional enclosures (prevalence=65%, median Ct value=35.2, IQR=33.3–37.8), but there was substantial variation within groups. The potentially zoonotic G. duodenalis assemblage B was identified in samples from five zoos. These findings suggest that ring-tailed lemurs may be asymptomatic carriers of G. duodenalis and a higher parasitic load might occur in lemurs held in walk-through enclosures.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"253-258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48610326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Slender tailed meerkats (Suricata suricatta) are commonly exhibited in zoos across the world. They are primarily insectivores with their wild diet being low in saturated fat and cholesterol. It has been recognised for many years that they are prone to hypercholesteremia and this can lead to meningeal cholesterol granulomas. Cholesterol blood levels have been established in a free-living meerkat population to allow for comparison to captive populations. This article reports the results of blood cholesterol levels in 11 captive male meerkats fed a whole prey diet. It was shown that on this diet all meerkats had hypercholesteremia due to high fat diet being fed. A new diet was introduced, eight months later the same meerkats had their cholesterol levels measured and they all showed a significant reduction. This shows the importance of regular health monitoring and diet review based on clinical findings in captive populations.
{"title":"Dietary management of hypercholesterolemia in a bachelor group of zoo-housed Slender-tailed meerkats (Suricata suricatta)","authors":"P. Dobbs, M. Liptovszky, S. Moittié","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.535","url":null,"abstract":"Slender tailed meerkats (Suricata suricatta) are commonly exhibited in zoos across the world. They are primarily insectivores with their wild diet being low in saturated fat and cholesterol. It has been recognised for many years that they are prone to hypercholesteremia and this can lead to meningeal cholesterol granulomas. Cholesterol blood levels have been established in a free-living meerkat population to allow for comparison to captive populations. This article reports the results of blood cholesterol levels in 11 captive male meerkats fed a whole prey diet. It was shown that on this diet all meerkats had hypercholesteremia due to high fat diet being fed. A new diet was introduced, eight months later the same meerkats had their cholesterol levels measured and they all showed a significant reduction. This shows the importance of regular health monitoring and diet review based on clinical findings in captive populations.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"294-296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43896362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Nuijten, Emile F. Prins, J. Lammers, Constanze Mager, B. Nolet
Accelerometers in tracking devices are increasingly used to identify behaviour leading to detailed insights into the lives of free-ranging animals. To make proper use of an accelerometer, their settings and signals need to be tested and calibrated. Calibration of an accelerometer can be done by directly observing an individual animal of the species of interest, while an accelerometer is simultaneously measuring the movements of this individual. In case direct observations are difficult to obtain, this procedure can be performed with captive individuals. This study sought to calibrate the accelerometer sensor in GPS/GSM neck-collars in Bewick’s swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii with observations of captive individuals in three zoos in the Netherlands. Using a random forest classification model, five behavioural classes were classified with an overall accuracy of 91%. An additional behavioural class (aquatic foraging) was identified based on a water sensor that was also included in the GPS/GSM collars. This classification was subsequently applied to accelerometer data from 12 free-ranging Bewick’s swans equipped with these neck-collars to identify their behaviour during two spring migrations (2017 and 2018). The resulting time-activity budgets were in general agreement with current knowledge based on fragmentary field observations of Bewick’s swan flocks along the flyway. The study shows how observations of zoo individuals can be instrumental to derive time-activity budgets of free-ranging individuals that can contribute to further research into the ecology of the species.
{"title":"Calibrating tri-axial accelerometers for remote behavioural observations in Bewick's swans","authors":"R. Nuijten, Emile F. Prins, J. Lammers, Constanze Mager, B. Nolet","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.522","url":null,"abstract":"Accelerometers in tracking devices are increasingly used to identify behaviour leading to detailed insights into the lives of free-ranging animals. To make proper use of an accelerometer, their settings and signals need to be tested and calibrated. Calibration of an accelerometer can be done by directly observing an individual animal of the species of interest, while an accelerometer is simultaneously measuring the movements of this individual. In case direct observations are difficult to obtain, this procedure can be performed with captive individuals. This study sought to calibrate the accelerometer sensor in GPS/GSM neck-collars in Bewick’s swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii with observations of captive individuals in three zoos in the Netherlands. Using a random forest classification model, five behavioural classes were classified with an overall accuracy of 91%. An additional behavioural class (aquatic foraging) was identified based on a water sensor that was also included in the GPS/GSM collars. This classification was subsequently applied to accelerometer data from 12 free-ranging Bewick’s swans equipped with these neck-collars to identify their behaviour during two spring migrations (2017 and 2018). The resulting time-activity budgets were in general agreement with current knowledge based on fragmentary field observations of Bewick’s swan flocks along the flyway. The study shows how observations of zoo individuals can be instrumental to derive time-activity budgets of free-ranging individuals that can contribute to further research into the ecology of the species.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"231-238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42547144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern zoos actively collaborate in the conservation of many endangered species by captive breeding for reintroduction. This paper presents the reproductive success of a captive colony of northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita (NBI) at ZooBotanico de Jerez between 1993 and 2013 (21 years). Between 2004 and 2011 was “Proyecto Eremita”, a study of the best releasing techniques for hand-reared NBI in Cadiz in order to establish a free-range, self-sustained population in the wild. During this period, first-clutch eggs were artificially incubated and chicks were hand reared until fledgling stage, allowing the pair to produce a second or replacement clutch that was parent reared. This paper compares the colony’s reproductive success between the years where one single clutch was reared by the pairs (n=13) and the years of Proyecto Eremita (n=8), with two clutches, the first hand reared and the second parent reared. The reproductive success rate was measured in 300 nests. A total of 268 fledglings reached 2 months old, the age considered here as the reproductive success. Two reproductive variables were significantly higher during the Proyecto Eremita years: mean number of fledglings per nest (1.8 versus 0.3) and overall number of fledglings recorded per year (26.5 versus 4.3). The reproductive success of hand-reared clutches was similar to parent-reared clutches. There was a significant and negative effect of colony size on the percentage of birds paired and on reproductive success. Parent-reared clutches during the Proyecto Eremita showed a higher reproductive success compared to parent-reared clutches outside this period. The data show that a remarkably high percentage of mating pairs outside of the Proyecto Eremita period failed at reproduction, probably due to density-dependent effects. The combination of hand-rearing and parent-rearing methods used in this study was a very effective tool to significantly increase the number of fledglings produced for the reintroduction programme.
现代动物园积极合作保护许多濒危物种，通过圈养繁殖重新引入。本文介绍了1993年至2013年(21年)在赫雷斯动物园(ZooBotanico de Jerez)圈养的北方秃头朱鹭(Geronticus eremita, NBI)的繁殖成功率。2004年至2011年期间，“Proyecto Eremita”研究了加的斯人工饲养NBI的最佳放生技术，目的是在野外建立一个自由放养、自给自足的种群。在此期间，第一窝蛋是人工孵化的，小鸡是手工饲养的，直到羽翼未出，让这对夫妇生产第二窝或替代窝，由父母饲养。本文比较了一对育雏单窝(n=13)和一对育雏单窝(n=8)育雏双窝(n=8)的繁殖成功率。在300个巢中测量了繁殖成功率。总共有268只雏鸟达到了2个月大，这个年龄被认为是繁殖成功的年龄。两个繁殖变量:平均每个巢的雏鸟数(1.8对0.3)和每年记录的雏鸟总数(26.5对4.3)在proecto Eremita年显著增加。人工饲养的卵群繁殖成功率与亲代饲养的卵群相似。种群大小对配对比例和繁殖成功率有显著的负向影响。与这一时期之外的父辈饲养的卵群相比，父辈饲养的卵群表现出更高的繁殖成功率。数据显示，在Proyecto Eremita时期以外的交配对中，有相当高的比例未能繁殖，这可能是由于密度依赖效应。本研究中使用的人工饲养和父母饲养相结合的方法是一种非常有效的工具，可以显著增加为重新引入计划生产的雏鸟数量。
{"title":"Comparison of reproductive success between parent-reared and hand-reared northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita in captivity during Proyecto Eremita","authors":"A. González, M. Quevedo, M. Cuadrado","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I4.482","url":null,"abstract":"Modern zoos actively collaborate in the conservation of many endangered species by captive breeding for reintroduction. This paper presents the reproductive success of a captive colony of northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita (NBI) at ZooBotanico de Jerez between 1993 and 2013 (21 years). Between 2004 and 2011 was “Proyecto Eremita”, a study of the best releasing techniques for hand-reared NBI in Cadiz in order to establish a free-range, self-sustained population in the wild. During this period, first-clutch eggs were artificially incubated and chicks were hand reared until fledgling stage, allowing the pair to produce a second or replacement clutch that was parent reared. This paper compares the colony’s reproductive success between the years where one single clutch was reared by the pairs (n=13) and the years of Proyecto Eremita (n=8), with two clutches, the first hand reared and the second parent reared. The reproductive success rate was measured in 300 nests. A total of 268 fledglings reached 2 months old, the age considered here as the reproductive success. Two reproductive variables were significantly higher during the Proyecto Eremita years: mean number of fledglings per nest (1.8 versus 0.3) and overall number of fledglings recorded per year (26.5 versus 4.3). The reproductive success of hand-reared clutches was similar to parent-reared clutches. There was a significant and negative effect of colony size on the percentage of birds paired and on reproductive success. Parent-reared clutches during the Proyecto Eremita showed a higher reproductive success compared to parent-reared clutches outside this period. The data show that a remarkably high percentage of mating pairs outside of the Proyecto Eremita period failed at reproduction, probably due to density-dependent effects. The combination of hand-rearing and parent-rearing methods used in this study was a very effective tool to significantly increase the number of fledglings produced for the reintroduction programme.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"246-252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46794102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sally Binding, H. Farmer, Laura Krusin, Katherine A. Cronin
Research into the conditions that promote good animal welfare is essential to equip zoos and aquariums with the knowledge to create environments in which animals thrive. In order to collate the empirical information that is available regarding animal welfare in zoos and aquariums with regard to topics, methods and species, a systematic literature review was conducted of the primary peer-reviewed journals publishing zoo-based and welfare-based research. Journals included Animal Welfare, Animals, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, International Zoo Yearbook, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, and Zoo Biology. The literature review spanned 2008–2017 and revealed that 7.6% (n=310) of reviewed publications (n=4,096) in these journals were zoo- or aquarium-based and animal-welfare focused. The main topics studied included enrichment, social conditions and enclosure design, while understudied topics included the welfare of ambassador animals, and the welfare impacts of sound and light. Behaviour was by far the dominant welfare parameter used and the use of hormonal measures declined over this period. Taxonomic representation in these publications was notably skewed. Mammals were the focus of 75% of studies, and 82% of studies were vertebrate-focused (great apes being the dominant taxa). This study considers potential reasons for these patterns and highlights research areas for future emphasis that could serve to fill gaps in current knowledge regarding zoo and aquarium animal welfare, including more research into affective states that underlie an animal’s welfare status.
{"title":"Status of animal welfare research in zoos and aquariums: Where are we, where to next?","authors":"Sally Binding, H. Farmer, Laura Krusin, Katherine A. Cronin","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I3.505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I3.505","url":null,"abstract":"Research into the conditions that promote good animal welfare is essential to equip zoos and aquariums with the knowledge to create environments in which animals thrive. In order to collate the empirical information that is available regarding animal welfare in zoos and aquariums with regard to topics, methods and species, a systematic literature review was conducted of the primary peer-reviewed journals publishing zoo-based and welfare-based research. Journals included Animal Welfare, Animals, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, International Zoo Yearbook, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, and Zoo Biology. The literature review spanned 2008–2017 and revealed that 7.6% (n=310) of reviewed publications (n=4,096) in these journals were zoo- or aquarium-based and animal-welfare focused. The main topics studied included enrichment, social conditions and enclosure design, while understudied topics included the welfare of ambassador animals, and the welfare impacts of sound and light. Behaviour was by far the dominant welfare parameter used and the use of hormonal measures declined over this period. Taxonomic representation in these publications was notably skewed. Mammals were the focus of 75% of studies, and 82% of studies were vertebrate-focused (great apes being the dominant taxa). This study considers potential reasons for these patterns and highlights research areas for future emphasis that could serve to fill gaps in current knowledge regarding zoo and aquarium animal welfare, including more research into affective states that underlie an animal’s welfare status.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"166-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48340661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taylor G. Donaldson, A. Eyres, H. Haefele, J. Packard, K. Snodgrass, Drew A. White, D. A. Woodard
Some conservation breeding centres provide semi-natural conditions for hoofstock herds, to achieve the goal of maintaining genetic and behavioural resilience suitable for eventual reintroduction of conservation-reliant species. Little is known about mixed-species grazing by allopatric herbivores outside their native ranges (ex situ), although species and breed differences have been documented for domestic livestock as well as for sympatric wildlife species. The grazing and resting activities of two species of horse antelope (Hippotraginae) were examined in a central Texas ecoregion characterised by wooded and open grass patches. Theoretically, the mesic-adapted sable antelope Hippotragus niger, would prefer high productivity patches more than the desert-adapted addax Addax nasomaculatus. At three times of the day, behavioural activity and locations of sable (n=28) and addax (n=37) relative to three types of vegetation patches were recorded. It was predicted that sable would more likely (1) forage in locations with higher biomass and (2) rest in shade during midday. Ranked by decreasing forage biomass, the vegetation patch types included introduced exotic grass species (improved), forbs and grasses (native), and woody shrubs or trees (juniper). Shade was greatest in the juniper patches, and temperature was highest during midday. Sable were more likely to be in improved patches (overall and while foraging) and addax were more likely located in native patches. Both species rested in shady juniper patches, primarily during morning and midday. Based on hierarchical analyses using logistic regression models, individual use of patch types was a complex interaction of species, time of day and activity. Use of patches changed significantly during the day, species used patches differently, and foraging behaviour differed among the patches. Better understanding of species differences in use of an ex-situ landscape can contribute to maintaining herd health and behavioural resilience, as needed to meet goals of in-situ population restoration.
{"title":"Species differences in exhibit use by antelope: addax (Addax nasomaculatus) and sable (Hippotragus niger)","authors":"Taylor G. Donaldson, A. Eyres, H. Haefele, J. Packard, K. Snodgrass, Drew A. White, D. A. Woodard","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I3.413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I3.413","url":null,"abstract":"Some conservation breeding centres provide semi-natural conditions for hoofstock herds, to achieve the goal of maintaining genetic and behavioural resilience suitable for eventual reintroduction of conservation-reliant species. Little is known about mixed-species grazing by allopatric herbivores outside their native ranges (ex situ), although species and breed differences have been documented for domestic livestock as well as for sympatric wildlife species. The grazing and resting activities of two species of horse antelope (Hippotraginae) were examined in a central Texas ecoregion characterised by wooded and open grass patches. Theoretically, the mesic-adapted sable antelope Hippotragus niger, would prefer high productivity patches more than the desert-adapted addax Addax nasomaculatus. At three times of the day, behavioural activity and locations of sable (n=28) and addax (n=37) relative to three types of vegetation patches were recorded. It was predicted that sable would more likely (1) forage in locations with higher biomass and (2) rest in shade during midday. Ranked by decreasing forage biomass, the vegetation patch types included introduced exotic grass species (improved), forbs and grasses (native), and woody shrubs or trees (juniper). Shade was greatest in the juniper patches, and temperature was highest during midday. Sable were more likely to be in improved patches (overall and while foraging) and addax were more likely located in native patches. Both species rested in shady juniper patches, primarily during morning and midday. Based on hierarchical analyses using logistic regression models, individual use of patch types was a complex interaction of species, time of day and activity. Use of patches changed significantly during the day, species used patches differently, and foraging behaviour differed among the patches. Better understanding of species differences in use of an ex-situ landscape can contribute to maintaining herd health and behavioural resilience, as needed to meet goals of in-situ population restoration.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"194-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43034375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was validated to monitor progestogens in common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius saliva and transabdominal ultrasonography was used to diagnose and monitor pregnancy in this species. Both faecal and saliva extracts contained elevated progestogens indicative of luteal phases and gestation. Faecal and saliva progestogen concentrations of six adult female hippos revealed a strong positive correlation between the two sample types (r=0.60–0.85). Salivary and faecal progestogen analysis revealed a cycle length of 31.8±6.9 days and 33.4±2.9 days and average non-pregnant luteal phase duration of 17.3±1.5 days and 14.0±1.5 days, respectively. Progestogen concentrations (faecal and saliva samples collected ~days 0 to 90) from a full-term pregnancy (saliva: 1,167.1±1,269.4 pg/ml; faecal: 2,812.4±1,657.5 ng/g) were higher on average than luteal phase concentrations (saliva: 335.0±358.1 pg/ml; faecal: 1,399.5±613.0 ng/g). Comparatively, progestogen concentrations (saliva samples collected days 0 to 181; faecal samples collected ~days 120 to 181) of a pre-term (premature live birth ~181 days) pregnancy (saliva: 244.3±155.2 pg/ml; faecal: 501.7±492.2 ng/g) were on average lower than concentrations observed during the full-term pregnancy and/or luteal phase. The nulliparous female that gave birth pre-maturely was trained for voluntary transabdominal ultrasound exams conducted weekly. Intrauterine fluid and foetal tissue were observed 79 days following last confirmed mating. Foetal spine, rib cage, beating heart and internal organs were visible at 156 days. In summary, salivary progestogen monitoring and transabdominal ultrasonography appear suitable for tracking reproductive activity and diagnosing and monitoring pregnancy in the common hippo.
{"title":"Reproductive cycle and pregnancy monitoring in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) through salivary steroid analyses and trans-abdominal ultrasonography.","authors":"J. Wojtusik, I. Brandicourt, W. Rice, T. Roth","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I3.494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I3.494","url":null,"abstract":"The use of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was validated to monitor progestogens in common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius saliva and transabdominal ultrasonography was used to diagnose and monitor pregnancy in this species. Both faecal and saliva extracts contained elevated progestogens indicative of luteal phases and gestation. Faecal and saliva progestogen concentrations of six adult female hippos revealed a strong positive correlation between the two sample types (r=0.60–0.85). Salivary and faecal progestogen analysis revealed a cycle length of 31.8±6.9 days and 33.4±2.9 days and average non-pregnant luteal phase duration of 17.3±1.5 days and 14.0±1.5 days, respectively. Progestogen concentrations (faecal and saliva samples collected ~days 0 to 90) from a full-term pregnancy (saliva: 1,167.1±1,269.4 pg/ml; faecal: 2,812.4±1,657.5 ng/g) were higher on average than luteal phase concentrations (saliva: 335.0±358.1 pg/ml; faecal: 1,399.5±613.0 ng/g). Comparatively, progestogen concentrations (saliva samples collected days 0 to 181; faecal samples collected ~days 120 to 181) of a pre-term (premature live birth ~181 days) pregnancy (saliva: 244.3±155.2 pg/ml; faecal: 501.7±492.2 ng/g) were on average lower than concentrations observed during the full-term pregnancy and/or luteal phase. The nulliparous female that gave birth pre-maturely was trained for voluntary transabdominal ultrasound exams conducted weekly. Intrauterine fluid and foetal tissue were observed 79 days following last confirmed mating. Foetal spine, rib cage, beating heart and internal organs were visible at 156 days. In summary, salivary progestogen monitoring and transabdominal ultrasonography appear suitable for tracking reproductive activity and diagnosing and monitoring pregnancy in the common hippo.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"181-187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45110193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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