The number of endangered species held within zoos is increasing; therefore, zoo staff need to be able to understand factors that influence reproduction in captivity, ensuring sustainable populations. However, a variety of factors that are often unknown can cause suitable breeding set-ups to fail. This study aimed to determine whether the use of a ‘creep’, a partially closed sliding door allowing only smaller female individuals passage into enclosure areas to enhance their control over proximity to a male, has the potential to stimulate copulatory behaviours within zoo-housed orangutans Pongo pygmaeus. During observations, when the creep was in use, the male individual spent significantly less time observing people, less time resting and more time feeding and foraging. Female conspecifics also spent less time resting and more time feeding and foraging. However, when given control over their proximity to the male during creep periods, no difference was recorded in their proximity to the male. It is concluded that the use of a creep did not aid in stimulating reproductive related behaviours in this group of orangutans.
{"title":"Use of a ‘Creep’: Zoo Animal Management to Encourage Reproductive Behaviours in Captive Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)","authors":"C. Howell, S. Childs","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I3.368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I3.368","url":null,"abstract":"The number of endangered species held within zoos is increasing; therefore, zoo staff need to be able to understand factors that influence reproduction in captivity, ensuring sustainable populations. However, a variety of factors that are often unknown can cause suitable breeding set-ups to fail. This study aimed to determine whether the use of a ‘creep’, a partially closed sliding door allowing only smaller female individuals passage into enclosure areas to enhance their control over proximity to a male, has the potential to stimulate copulatory behaviours within zoo-housed orangutans Pongo pygmaeus. During observations, when the creep was in use, the male individual spent significantly less time observing people, less time resting and more time feeding and foraging. Female conspecifics also spent less time resting and more time feeding and foraging. However, when given control over their proximity to the male during creep periods, no difference was recorded in their proximity to the male. It is concluded that the use of a creep did not aid in stimulating reproductive related behaviours in this group of orangutans.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"203-207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49281214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Newman, S. Mckeown, T. Power, Thomas Quirke, R. O'riordan
The introduction of an unfamiliar animal to a new individual or group can be highly stressful for any animal. Various studies have tried to determine the best method for introducing unfamiliar animals to each other, but many disagree on the most appropriate method of introduction. In this study, three new male lion-tailed macaques Macaca silenus, were introduced to the resident group in Fota Wildlife Park. The introduction method here was slow, with controlled contact between the new males and resident group over a period of 17 months. Behavioural data were collected using scan and focal sampling to observe the differences in the behaviour of the existing group before and after the introduction of these new males and during the different types of contact (‘outside pen’, ‘indoor house’, ‘split group’ and ‘mixed’). Data were analysed using randomisation and a likelihood-ratio G-test. Active behaviours increased in the first 3 months following the introduction of the new males, while self-directed behaviours decreased overall. Aggression was observed most frequently in the first three months after introduction of the new males, during the ‘outside pen’ period of contact. By September 2018, there was one successful birth within the group, one of the two surviving males was fully integrated into the group, and with the integration of the second male looking promising, overall this indicates a positive introduction and integration.
{"title":"Introducing three new males into a captive lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) group","authors":"R. Newman, S. Mckeown, T. Power, Thomas Quirke, R. O'riordan","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I3.396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I3.396","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of an unfamiliar animal to a new individual or group can be highly stressful for any animal. Various studies have tried to determine the best method for introducing unfamiliar animals to each other, but many disagree on the most appropriate method of introduction. In this study, three new male lion-tailed macaques Macaca silenus, were introduced to the resident group in Fota Wildlife Park. The introduction method here was slow, with controlled contact between the new males and resident group over a period of 17 months. Behavioural data were collected using scan and focal sampling to observe the differences in the behaviour of the existing group before and after the introduction of these new males and during the different types of contact (‘outside pen’, ‘indoor house’, ‘split group’ and ‘mixed’). Data were analysed using randomisation and a likelihood-ratio G-test. Active behaviours increased in the first 3 months following the introduction of the new males, while self-directed behaviours decreased overall. Aggression was observed most frequently in the first three months after introduction of the new males, during the ‘outside pen’ period of contact. By September 2018, there was one successful birth within the group, one of the two surviving males was fully integrated into the group, and with the integration of the second male looking promising, overall this indicates a positive introduction and integration.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"212-217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45149670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Anholt, A. Froese, Charlene N. Berkvens, C. Enright, Stephen Petersen
Reintroduction biology is a new and expanding discipline for which experimental study is critical to progress. We evaluated training methods for live-prey capture as part of a breeding and reintroduction project for the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), an iconic prairie species endangered throughout Canada. Handling of owls prior to training sessions had a negative effect on the proportion of mice depredated. Owl experience exerted a measurable effect on depredation, suggesting that there is a learned component to hunting behaviour; however, this effect was not statistically significant. Overall, the proportion of mice depredated was low, probably because the training session environment presented additional challenges to the owls that would not occur in nature. In response to these findings, changes were made to training protocols the following year and, anecdotally, these changes resulted in a marked increase in the proportion of mice depredated. Mouse colour and owl sex had no effect on depredation.
{"title":"Learning and hunting success of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) during pre-release live-prey training in the Manitoba burrowing owl recovery program","authors":"H. Anholt, A. Froese, Charlene N. Berkvens, C. Enright, Stephen Petersen","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.454","url":null,"abstract":"Reintroduction biology is a new and expanding discipline for which experimental study is critical to progress. We evaluated training methods for live-prey capture as part of a breeding and reintroduction project for the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), an iconic prairie species endangered throughout Canada. Handling of owls prior to training sessions had a negative effect on the proportion of mice depredated. Owl experience exerted a measurable effect on depredation, suggesting that there is a learned component to hunting behaviour; however, this effect was not statistically significant. Overall, the proportion of mice depredated was low, probably because the training session environment presented additional challenges to the owls that would not occur in nature. In response to these findings, changes were made to training protocols the following year and, anecdotally, these changes resulted in a marked increase in the proportion of mice depredated. Mouse colour and owl sex had no effect on depredation.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"107-113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43470616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with the sustainability and breeding problems as reported from many captive populations of birds and mammals. The problems are considered under the perspective of basic management paradigms: the “small population” and the “declining population paradigm”. It is elaborated that under the latter, better options to support the long-term survival of populations can be developed by analysing the reasons for the decline and by emphasising the role of the individuals and their breeding performance. The development of a population and the breeding performance are strongly interrelated. It is therefore proposed to manage a population predominantly as a “breeding device” and the individuals as its constituents that are “designed for breeding”. Following life history theory, individuals have to be regarded as phenotypes. Regarding them as the units of management with all their fitness related properties allows the establishment of an integrated management approach that covers their various levels (genotype, ethotype (physiology, behaviour) etc.) on the same level of importance. The organisation of management is proposed to be oriented on the species’ key traits – primary determinants of fitness in a given condition and the species’ typical design for breeding. With reference to the altered conditions of captivity, the preservation of the breeding potential in a population is emphasised. It would require coming close to patterns of reproduction and corresponding life history patterns in natural populations. Larger population sizes would be necessary, thus also producing surplus problems that need to be dealt with. Genetic management should be part of the integrated management approach, follow natural population dynamics and concentrate on the breeding units.
{"title":"Animals are designed for breeding: captive population management needs a new perspective","authors":"W. Kaumanns, Nilofer Begum, H. Hofer","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.477","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the sustainability and breeding problems as reported from many captive populations of birds and mammals. The problems are considered under the perspective of basic management paradigms: the “small population” and the “declining population paradigm”. It is elaborated that under the latter, better options to support the long-term survival of populations can be developed by analysing the reasons for the decline and by emphasising the role of the individuals and their breeding performance. The development of a population and the breeding performance are strongly interrelated. It is therefore proposed to manage a population predominantly as a “breeding device” and the individuals as its constituents that are “designed for breeding”. Following life history theory, individuals have to be regarded as phenotypes. Regarding them as the units of management with all their fitness related properties allows the establishment of an integrated management approach that covers their various levels (genotype, ethotype (physiology, behaviour) etc.) on the same level of importance. The organisation of management is proposed to be oriented on the species’ key traits – primary determinants of fitness in a given condition and the species’ typical design for breeding. With reference to the altered conditions of captivity, the preservation of the breeding potential in a population is emphasised. It would require coming close to patterns of reproduction and corresponding life history patterns in natural populations. Larger population sizes would be necessary, thus also producing surplus problems that need to be dealt with. Genetic management should be part of the integrated management approach, follow natural population dynamics and concentrate on the breeding units.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"76-85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48978871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The EU Council Directive relating to the keeping of wild animals in zoos as well as major global and regional zoo associations call upon zoos and aquaria to actively support biodiversity conservation and research. However, assessments of such contribution remain scarce to date. We therefore evaluated for the first time the quantitative research productivity of the 71 members of the Association of Zoological Gardens (Verband der Zoologischen Garten) and its qualitative impact. Between 2008 and 2018 VdZ members contributed to 1.058 peer-reviewed and mostly ISI Web of Science (WoS)-listed publications, either as (co-)authors or by supplying data or bio samples deriving from their respective ex-situ animal collections. The publications resulted in 8.991 citations and appeared in 284 mostly not zoo-related journals with publication trends increasing over time. These findings plus the large range of subject areas and animal groups focused on hint towards a broad audience group reached and a high level impact. In summary we conclude that VdZ member zoos play an active and significant role to peer-reviewed science of which benefits might accrue for evidence-based ex-situ and in-situ conservation planning and management.
欧盟理事会关于在动物园中饲养野生动物的指令以及主要的全球和区域动物园协会呼吁动物园和水族馆积极支持生物多样性保护和研究。但是，迄今为止对这种贡献的评估仍然很少。因此，我们首次评估了动物园协会(Verband der Zoologischen Garten) 71个成员的定量研究生产力及其定性影响。在2008年至2018年期间，VdZ成员以(共同)作者的身份或通过提供来自各自迁地动物标本的数据或生物样本，发表了1.058篇同行评议的出版物，其中大部分是ISI科学网(WoS)上市的出版物。共被引8991次，发表于284种与动物园无关的期刊，发表趋势随时间增加。这些发现加上对大范围主题领域和动物群体的关注暗示，达到了广泛的受众群体和高水平的影响。总之，我们得出结论，VdZ成员动物园在同行评议科学中发挥着积极而重要的作用，这可能会为基于证据的迁地和原位保护规划和管理带来好处。
{"title":"Evaluating the quantitative and qualitative contribution of zoos and aquaria to peer-reviewed science","authors":"Julia Kögler, I. Pacheco, P. Dierkes","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.471","url":null,"abstract":"The EU Council Directive relating to the keeping of wild animals in zoos as well as major global and regional zoo associations call upon zoos and aquaria to actively support biodiversity conservation and research. However, assessments of such contribution remain scarce to date. We therefore evaluated for the first time the quantitative research productivity of the 71 members of the Association of Zoological Gardens (Verband der Zoologischen Garten) and its qualitative impact. Between 2008 and 2018 VdZ members contributed to 1.058 peer-reviewed and mostly ISI Web of Science (WoS)-listed publications, either as (co-)authors or by supplying data or bio samples deriving from their respective ex-situ animal collections. The publications resulted in 8.991 citations and appeared in 284 mostly not zoo-related journals with publication trends increasing over time. These findings plus the large range of subject areas and animal groups focused on hint towards a broad audience group reached and a high level impact. In summary we conclude that VdZ member zoos play an active and significant role to peer-reviewed science of which benefits might accrue for evidence-based ex-situ and in-situ conservation planning and management.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"124-132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46353493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exhibit design and environmental enrichment can influence the space use of captive animals. On May 2, 2014, the Tennessee Aquarium opened a new, expanded North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) exhibit, “River Otter Falls.” The exhibit housed 6 otters (5 male and 1 female). A group of three otters was rotated in the exhibit every 2-2 ½ hours. Using a scan sampling procedure with 30 second intervals, the location and number of the otters was marked in one 9 areas of the exhibit. The number of otters not visible was also counted. The study lasted for 4 months, with 43 sessions each lasting ~45 min. The results showed that the otters tended to use all areas of the exhibit rather than confining themselves to one or a few areas. (total SPI = 0.35) and were visible 98% of the time. G-tests showed that the otters were using the areas significantly different from chance with variations in how they are using each individual area of the exhibit. Comparisons of the visibility and location after enrichment showed that the otters tended to use the exhibit less uniformly during enrichment, but increased time spent in areas of the exhibit with greater visibility and proximity to guests. During enrichment sessions, otters were more visible in the areas of the tank that visitors may see most easily, empathizing the role that enrichment can have on space use of an enclosure and visibility of animals in captivity.
{"title":"Space Use and Enrichment in a North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis) Exhibit","authors":"P. Foerder, Sally B. Swanson, David Collins","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.402","url":null,"abstract":"Exhibit design and environmental enrichment can influence the space use of captive animals. On May 2, 2014, the Tennessee Aquarium opened a new, expanded North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) exhibit, “River Otter Falls.” The exhibit housed 6 otters (5 male and 1 female). A group of three otters was rotated in the exhibit every 2-2 ½ hours. Using a scan sampling procedure with 30 second intervals, the location and number of the otters was marked in one 9 areas of the exhibit. The number of otters not visible was also counted. The study lasted for 4 months, with 43 sessions each lasting ~45 min. The results showed that the otters tended to use all areas of the exhibit rather than confining themselves to one or a few areas. (total SPI = 0.35) and were visible 98% of the time. G-tests showed that the otters were using the areas significantly different from chance with variations in how they are using each individual area of the exhibit. Comparisons of the visibility and location after enrichment showed that the otters tended to use the exhibit less uniformly during enrichment, but increased time spent in areas of the exhibit with greater visibility and proximity to guests. During enrichment sessions, otters were more visible in the areas of the tank that visitors may see most easily, empathizing the role that enrichment can have on space use of an enclosure and visibility of animals in captivity.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"94-98"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41540953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoos are urged to implement enrichment programmes that include constant feedback to increase efficacy. However, such work is time consuming for zookeepers. The goal of this case study was to establish an enrichment programme in Moscow Zoo that could be used by keepers with minimal effort. In this brief study, an enrichment programme was established for one female white Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris bengalensis) and one female jaguar (Panthera onca). Observations were recorded from February through March 2015. The effects of three enrichment regimes were evaluated: Baseline (routine husbandry: familiar or novel items once or twice a week) compared with two novel intensive regimes: Regime 1 (enrichment provided every day) and Regime 2 (enrichment provided every other day). Two simple methods were used to evaluate the effects of regimes: the “multi-point scan” method where animals’ behaviour was recorded 6 times a day by the keepers as they passed the exhibits during their working day, and “SPIDER indirect scales”. It was found that the use of both methods for documenting behaviour improved the accuracy of evaluations. During Regimes 1 and 2, behaviour directed at enrichment increased for the tiger and jaguar, but changes in general activity were identified only for the tiger. Consequently, the keepers were able to develop an enrichment programme, including the collection of objective empirical data in a time-efficient manner. It is therefore proposed that zoological institutions use enrichment programmes that integrate both “SPI” and “DER” steps into daily work.
{"title":"Development of an environmental enrichment programme: case study of white Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris bengalensis) and jaguar (Panthera onca) at Moscow Zoo","authors":"A. Podturkin, Natalia Papaeva","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.393","url":null,"abstract":"Zoos are urged to implement enrichment programmes that include constant feedback to increase efficacy. However, such work is time consuming for zookeepers. The goal of this case study was to establish an enrichment programme in Moscow Zoo that could be used by keepers with minimal effort. In this brief study, an enrichment programme was established for one female white Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris bengalensis) and one female jaguar (Panthera onca). Observations were recorded from February through March 2015. The effects of three enrichment regimes were evaluated: Baseline (routine husbandry: familiar or novel items once or twice a week) compared with two novel intensive regimes: Regime 1 (enrichment provided every day) and Regime 2 (enrichment provided every other day). Two simple methods were used to evaluate the effects of regimes: the “multi-point scan” method where animals’ behaviour was recorded 6 times a day by the keepers as they passed the exhibits during their working day, and “SPIDER indirect scales”. It was found that the use of both methods for documenting behaviour improved the accuracy of evaluations. During Regimes 1 and 2, behaviour directed at enrichment increased for the tiger and jaguar, but changes in general activity were identified only for the tiger. Consequently, the keepers were able to develop an enrichment programme, including the collection of objective empirical data in a time-efficient manner. It is therefore proposed that zoological institutions use enrichment programmes that integrate both “SPI” and “DER” steps into daily work.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"139-145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42959940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for coppery titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) has a total population of 90 individuals within zoos that suffer from low reproduction rates and high neonatal mortality. Bristol Zoo Gardens (BZG) housed a breeding female from 2012 who first showed signs of pregnancy in 2017. During parturition, the female died from shock secondary to uterine prolapse. In order to ensure the survival of the infant it was hand-reared. This infant offered the opportunity to trial a hand-rearing protocol for Callicebus. The aim of this publication is to report the first detailed hand rearing protocol for the species and to compare the growth rates of two hand-reared infants against and seven parent-reared titi monkeys using information on growth rates gathered using ZIMS. Day had a significant effect on the weight of both hand-reared and parent-reared titi monkeys (F(1,57)=919.3, p<0.001, np2 =0.942). Parent-reared titi monkeys had significantly higher growth rates (457.9±9.3) compared to the hand-reared (390.7±11.1) titi monkeys (F(1,57)=19.804, p<0.001, np2 =0.258). Despite the differences in growth rates between the hand-reared and mother-reared infants the rearing protocol used was considered successful due to the infant being the first hand reared coppery titi monkey to survive to adulthood without any nutritional deficiencies. Further research is needed to develop this protocol to include more natural feeding and socialisation procedures to improve hand reared coppery titi monkey growth and development in captivity and other Callicebus species in the future.
{"title":"Hand-rearing protocol and comparison of growth rates in parent reared versus hand reared offspring: a case study in Callicebus cupreus","authors":"Paige Bwye, A. Toyne","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I2.469","url":null,"abstract":"The European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) for coppery titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) has a total population of 90 individuals within zoos that suffer from low reproduction rates and high neonatal mortality. Bristol Zoo Gardens (BZG) housed a breeding female from 2012 who first showed signs of pregnancy in 2017. During parturition, the female died from shock secondary to uterine prolapse. In order to ensure the survival of the infant it was hand-reared. This infant offered the opportunity to trial a hand-rearing protocol for Callicebus. The aim of this publication is to report the first detailed hand rearing protocol for the species and to compare the growth rates of two hand-reared infants against and seven parent-reared titi monkeys using information on growth rates gathered using ZIMS. Day had a significant effect on the weight of both hand-reared and parent-reared titi monkeys (F(1,57)=919.3, p<0.001, np2 =0.942). Parent-reared titi monkeys had significantly higher growth rates (457.9±9.3) compared to the hand-reared (390.7±11.1) titi monkeys (F(1,57)=19.804, p<0.001, np2 =0.258). Despite the differences in growth rates between the hand-reared and mother-reared infants the rearing protocol used was considered successful due to the infant being the first hand reared coppery titi monkey to survive to adulthood without any nutritional deficiencies. Further research is needed to develop this protocol to include more natural feeding and socialisation procedures to improve hand reared coppery titi monkey growth and development in captivity and other Callicebus species in the future.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"146-151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48720462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Southern stingrays are used for interaction and education in captive and wild settings therefore it is important to monitor their health conditions. Diagnostic tools that are useful for assessing health in other animals include hematology and plasma biochemistry profiles. Certain reference intervals have been established in this species; however, interpretation of intervals in stingrays under different conditions are lacking. The primary aim was to compare hematological and plasma biochemical values between seventeen female stingrays that were acclimated to captivity (n=8 adult) to those recently collected from the wild (n=9 immature). Examinations included measuring disc width, ultrasound evaluation of the coelomic cavity, and blood collection. The examinations were performed on both test groups at two time points: prior to introduction of the recently captive rays to the aquarium exhibit and eight months after cohabitation. Hematology analysis included manual WBC counts, leukocyte differential, PCV, and plasma protein. Plasma chemistry profiles included aspartate aminotransferase, bicarbonate, urea, calcium, creatine kinase, cholesterol, chloride, globulin, glucose, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and total protein. The two groups of stingrays’ results were compared using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. The following parameters were found to have statistically significant differences (p<0.05) prior to introduction: bicarbonate, urea, calcium, cholesterol, chloride, globulin, potassium, total protein, and PCV. The recently-captive rays had higher median values of urea, chloride, and potassium. There were no significant differences after eight months of cohabitation. Data interpretation for hematology and plasma chemistry values may be affected by the environmental changes for stingrays.
{"title":"Hematology and Plasma Biochemistry Value Differences Between Acclimated and Recently Captive Female Southern Stingrays, Dasyatis americana","authors":"Krystan R. Grant, T. Campbell","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I1.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I1.254","url":null,"abstract":"Southern stingrays are used for interaction and education in captive and wild settings therefore it is important to monitor their health conditions. Diagnostic tools that are useful for assessing health in other animals include hematology and plasma biochemistry profiles. Certain reference intervals have been established in this species; however, interpretation of intervals in stingrays under different conditions are lacking. The primary aim was to compare hematological and plasma biochemical values between seventeen female stingrays that were acclimated to captivity (n=8 adult) to those recently collected from the wild (n=9 immature). Examinations included measuring disc width, ultrasound evaluation of the coelomic cavity, and blood collection. The examinations were performed on both test groups at two time points: prior to introduction of the recently captive rays to the aquarium exhibit and eight months after cohabitation. Hematology analysis included manual WBC counts, leukocyte differential, PCV, and plasma protein. Plasma chemistry profiles included aspartate aminotransferase, bicarbonate, urea, calcium, creatine kinase, cholesterol, chloride, globulin, glucose, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and total protein. The two groups of stingrays’ results were compared using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. The following parameters were found to have statistically significant differences (p<0.05) prior to introduction: bicarbonate, urea, calcium, cholesterol, chloride, globulin, potassium, total protein, and PCV. The recently-captive rays had higher median values of urea, chloride, and potassium. There were no significant differences after eight months of cohabitation. Data interpretation for hematology and plasma chemistry values may be affected by the environmental changes for stingrays.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"59-66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47066763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Behavioural profiles of captive and wild Gorilla gorilla gorilla have been shown to differ greatly, with captive gorillas moving and foraging much less than their wild counterparts and often experiencing high levels of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Captive gorillas are typically fed an energy dense diet and housed in relatively small enclosures compared to wild gorillas that forage for large quantities of fibrous fruits and foliage over expansive home ranges. These differences could be one of the leading factors in behavioural and health problems observed among captive gorillas. This study examined behavioural profiles of captive gorillas fed experimental diets more nutritionally similar in both nutrient content and volume to those seen in the wild, particularly with the addition of woody browse and tamarind seed. We predicted that when gorillas ate the experimental diets, they would display behavioural patterns more similar to their wild counterparts. We found that feeding woody browses led to a reduction in coprophagy and regurgitation/reingestion (R/R) behaviours, but the addition of tamarind seed led to increased rates of coprophagy. These findings could be an important addition to management strategies in improving health and well-being among captive gorillas.
{"title":"Impacts of dietary modifications on the behaviour of captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).","authors":"B. K. Smith, M. Remis, E. Dierenfeld","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V8I1.437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V8I1.437","url":null,"abstract":"Behavioural profiles of captive and wild Gorilla gorilla gorilla have been shown to differ greatly, with captive gorillas moving and foraging much less than their wild counterparts and often experiencing high levels of obesity and cardiovascular disease. Captive gorillas are typically fed an energy dense diet and housed in relatively small enclosures compared to wild gorillas that forage for large quantities of fibrous fruits and foliage over expansive home ranges. These differences could be one of the leading factors in behavioural and health problems observed among captive gorillas. This study examined behavioural profiles of captive gorillas fed experimental diets more nutritionally similar in both nutrient content and volume to those seen in the wild, particularly with the addition of woody browse and tamarind seed. We predicted that when gorillas ate the experimental diets, they would display behavioural patterns more similar to their wild counterparts. We found that feeding woody browses led to a reduction in coprophagy and regurgitation/reingestion (R/R) behaviours, but the addition of tamarind seed led to increased rates of coprophagy. These findings could be an important addition to management strategies in improving health and well-being among captive gorillas.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"50-58"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49568474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：