Sarah Chapman, P. Dobbs, Victoria Strong, H. Barlow, David Zebedee, S. Childs, M. Stidworthy
An adult female lactating bonobo ( Pan paniscus ) presented with an acutely enlarging skin nodule, readily susceptible to haemorrhage, on the third digit of her left foot, which was subsequently removed under anaesthesia when it had reached a diameter of approximately 10 mm. The bonobo had five-year-old and three-month-old infants, which had to be managed sensitively during the procedure. Risk management was carefully planned with the keeping team. Oral benzodiazepines were used in the dam and five-year-old infant to reduce stress, and careful planning ensured a time-efficient anaesthetic procedure. Radiographs were taken to investigate the involvement of underlying tissue, and the skin mass was removed by partial amputation of the digit including a segment of bone. Histopathology yielded a diagnosis of lobular capillary haemangioma (pyogenic granuloma). Although the clinical presentation was extremely similar to that seen in humans, the entity has not been commonly reported in apes.
{"title":"Diagnosis and management of lobular capillary haemangioma (pyogenic granuloma) in an adult female lactating Bonobo (Pan paniscus)","authors":"Sarah Chapman, P. Dobbs, Victoria Strong, H. Barlow, David Zebedee, S. Childs, M. Stidworthy","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.205","url":null,"abstract":"An adult female lactating bonobo ( Pan paniscus ) presented with an acutely enlarging skin nodule, readily susceptible to haemorrhage, on the third digit of her left foot, which was subsequently removed under anaesthesia when it had reached a diameter of approximately 10 mm. The bonobo had five-year-old and three-month-old infants, which had to be managed sensitively during the procedure. Risk management was carefully planned with the keeping team. Oral benzodiazepines were used in the dam and five-year-old infant to reduce stress, and careful planning ensured a time-efficient anaesthetic procedure. Radiographs were taken to investigate the involvement of underlying tissue, and the skin mass was removed by partial amputation of the digit including a segment of bone. Histopathology yielded a diagnosis of lobular capillary haemangioma (pyogenic granuloma). Although the clinical presentation was extremely similar to that seen in humans, the entity has not been commonly reported in apes.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"71-75"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42823269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Barrows, R. Killick, R. Saunders, S. Tahas, C. Day, K. Wyatt, Teresa Horspool, L. B. Lackey, Jennie Cook
A retrospective survey of outcomes from elective health examinations on amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals in a zoological collection was carried out in order to compare differences between taxa, type of health examination and age of animal, and to quantify whether the benefits of such interventions exceed potential welfare risks to the subjects. Outcomes of 1651 health examinations, including import, pre-export, first and routine health examinations, were recorded and analysed. At least one problem was found in 45.7% of health examinations, with subsequent action (such as treatment, follow-up or further diagnostics) required in just under half of those animals or 21.1% of health examinations overall. A problem was identified in 52.1% of import examinations as opposed to 32.5% of pre-export examinations, and in 52.2% of routine examinations, compared to 33.6% of first examinations. When analysed further by taxon, these differences were not significant for all taxa. In addition, only for mammals was there a significant difference between age groups, with problems significantly more likely to be identified as age increased. A complication occurred during 3% of total health examinations, with complications significantly more likely to have been caused in birds than in mammals and none at all identified in reptiles and amphibians. Almost 97% of the complications caused during bird health examinations were minor wounds resulting from capture for the procedure. Little has been published previously evaluating the effects of preventative medicine interventions on mortality, morbidity or welfare of zoo animals. This kind of information can be used to make evidence-based decisions on the necessity and frequency of elective health examinations in a particular collection.
{"title":"Retrospective analysis of elective health examinations as preventative medicine interventions at a zoological collection","authors":"M. Barrows, R. Killick, R. Saunders, S. Tahas, C. Day, K. Wyatt, Teresa Horspool, L. B. Lackey, Jennie Cook","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.260","url":null,"abstract":"A retrospective survey of outcomes from elective health examinations on amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals in a zoological collection was carried out in order to compare differences between taxa, type of health examination and age of animal, and to quantify whether the benefits of such interventions exceed potential welfare risks to the subjects. Outcomes of 1651 health examinations, including import, pre-export, first and routine health examinations, were recorded and analysed. At least one problem was found in 45.7% of health examinations, with subsequent action (such as treatment, follow-up or further diagnostics) required in just under half of those animals or 21.1% of health examinations overall. A problem was identified in 52.1% of import examinations as opposed to 32.5% of pre-export examinations, and in 52.2% of routine examinations, compared to 33.6% of first examinations. When analysed further by taxon, these differences were not significant for all taxa. In addition, only for mammals was there a significant difference between age groups, with problems significantly more likely to be identified as age increased. A complication occurred during 3% of total health examinations, with complications significantly more likely to have been caused in birds than in mammals and none at all identified in reptiles and amphibians. Almost 97% of the complications caused during bird health examinations were minor wounds resulting from capture for the procedure. Little has been published previously evaluating the effects of preventative medicine interventions on mortality, morbidity or welfare of zoo animals. This kind of information can be used to make evidence-based decisions on the necessity and frequency of elective health examinations in a particular collection.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46605154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neoplasia affecting a variety of tissues has been documented in many fish species. However, there are few reports of neoplasia in the common clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris . An adult female clownfish in a public display aquarium was diagnosed with a locally invasive tubular carcinoma. The tumour was characterised by well-differentiated tubules supported by moderate amounts of pale eosinophilic stroma that infiltrated the skin, skeletal muscle and fascial planes of the vertebrae. This is the first report of a tubular carcinoma in this species.
{"title":"Infiltrative Tubular Carcinoma in a Common Clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris","authors":"Justin F. Rosenberg, Hannah Evans, M. Haulena","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.128","url":null,"abstract":"Neoplasia affecting a variety of tissues has been documented in many fish species. However, there are few reports of neoplasia in the common clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris . An adult female clownfish in a public display aquarium was diagnosed with a locally invasive tubular carcinoma. The tumour was characterised by well-differentiated tubules supported by moderate amounts of pale eosinophilic stroma that infiltrated the skin, skeletal muscle and fascial planes of the vertebrae. This is the first report of a tubular carcinoma in this species.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"180-182"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquatic animals have been managed under human care for centuries. Limitations in the variety of foods available to feed to these animals, as well as the use of frozen fish products in current dietary protocols makes supplementation of some nutrients necessary. Limited research has been performed related to species specific requirements for vitamins or minerals and there are few standardized recommendations for these species other than for thiamin and vitamin E, for which recommendations are based on deficiencies created under controlled situations in pinnipeds. In recent years, advances have been made in the way fish are caught, processed, stored, thawed and fed to animals. Additionally many facilities analyze their feeder fish items for caloric content and base their diets on calories consumed instead of strictly on an as fed weight basis. However, vitamin supplementation practices often have not been modified to reflect these changes. Finally, more recent nutritional concerns have arisen; many facilities have experienced cases of iron storage disease in both pinniped and cetacean species and vitamin C supplementation may contribute to this pathology by enhancing the absorption of dietary iron. An Aquatic Animal Nutritional Survey was distributed to zoos and aquariums worldwide focusing on marine mammals, penguins and sharks. Results were returned from over 70 facilities. The range of supplements being fed to aquatic animals is significant and much of the variation is due to the manner in which supplements are being dosed. Although over-supplementation of water soluble vitamins may be tolerated by these species, over-supplementation of some fat soluble vitamins is potentially harmful. These data can inform and be used to improve feeding practices of aquatic animals.
{"title":"CURRENT PRACTICES IN AQUATIC ANIMAL SUPPLEMENTATION","authors":"L. Mazzaro, E. Koutsos, Jason Williams","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.202","url":null,"abstract":"Aquatic animals have been managed under human care for centuries. Limitations in the variety of foods available to feed to these animals, as well as the use of frozen fish products in current dietary protocols makes supplementation of some nutrients necessary. Limited research has been performed related to species specific requirements for vitamins or minerals and there are few standardized recommendations for these species other than for thiamin and vitamin E, for which recommendations are based on deficiencies created under controlled situations in pinnipeds. In recent years, advances have been made in the way fish are caught, processed, stored, thawed and fed to animals. Additionally many facilities analyze their feeder fish items for caloric content and base their diets on calories consumed instead of strictly on an as fed weight basis. However, vitamin supplementation practices often have not been modified to reflect these changes. Finally, more recent nutritional concerns have arisen; many facilities have experienced cases of iron storage disease in both pinniped and cetacean species and vitamin C supplementation may contribute to this pathology by enhancing the absorption of dietary iron. An Aquatic Animal Nutritional Survey was distributed to zoos and aquariums worldwide focusing on marine mammals, penguins and sharks. Results were returned from over 70 facilities. The range of supplements being fed to aquatic animals is significant and much of the variation is due to the manner in which supplements are being dosed. Although over-supplementation of water soluble vitamins may be tolerated by these species, over-supplementation of some fat soluble vitamins is potentially harmful. These data can inform and be used to improve feeding practices of aquatic animals.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"202-207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68105529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The eastern grass owl ( Tyto longimembris ) has a wide distribution through the Indian sub-continent, southern China, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and northern and eastern Australia. Despite this broad geographic range it has seldom been studied in the wild and little is known of its reproductive ecology and social behaviour. We studied three nestlings acquired from the wild in 1996, and successfully bred from those birds in the following two years. Breeding commenced at one year of age, with up to three clutches produced in a single breeding season. Clutch size ranged between seven and 10 eggs; incubation commenced after the second egg was laid and lasted 29–31 days. Fertility within clutches varied from 0 to 90% (n=3 clutches, across two years), with clutches laid late in the season having lower fertility. Fledging success varied from 50 to 75% (n=2 clutches, across two years). Evidence of cooperative breeding was observed, with female young of the previous year participating in incubation and chick rearing in the year following their birth.
{"title":"Reproduction, social behaviour and captive husbandry in the eastern grass owl (Tyto longimembris).","authors":"R. Dunlop, P. Pain","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.166","url":null,"abstract":"The eastern grass owl ( Tyto longimembris ) has a wide distribution through the Indian sub-continent, southern China, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and northern and eastern Australia. Despite this broad geographic range it has seldom been studied in the wild and little is known of its reproductive ecology and social behaviour. We studied three nestlings acquired from the wild in 1996, and successfully bred from those birds in the following two years. Breeding commenced at one year of age, with up to three clutches produced in a single breeding season. Clutch size ranged between seven and 10 eggs; incubation commenced after the second egg was laid and lasted 29–31 days. Fertility within clutches varied from 0 to 90% (n=3 clutches, across two years), with clutches laid late in the season having lower fertility. Fledging success varied from 50 to 75% (n=2 clutches, across two years). Evidence of cooperative breeding was observed, with female young of the previous year participating in incubation and chick rearing in the year following their birth.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"169-173"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68105139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cathrine Sauer, C. Hammer, M. Bertelsen, T. Tütken, M. Clauss, S. Hammer
The digestive system of the beira ( Dorcatragus megalotis ), a small East African antelope, has not been described previously. We present anatomical data collected from the only known captive population of the species, allowing for a first understanding of the morphophysiological ‘type’ of this species. The gastrointestinal anatomy was quantified by weights, dimensions and areas, measured in a total of 19 beiras (ranging in body mass from 3.5 to 13.5 kg; not all measures taken in all animals). These characteristics were then evaluated against a comparative dataset consisting of data from both browsing and grazing ruminants. Overall, for example, in terms of reticular crest height, masseter mass and omasal laminar surface area, the beira digestive tract resembled that of the browsing ‘moose-type’ ruminants. A diet of dicotyledonous plant material was further supported by the carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C = -27.5‰) typical for C 3 plants of a faecal sample collected from a wild specimen, as well as the limited ecological information available for the species.
beira (Dorcatragus megalotis)是一种东非小羚羊，它的消化系统以前没有被描述过。我们提出了从该物种唯一已知的圈养种群收集的解剖学数据，允许对该物种的形态生理“类型”有一个初步的了解。通过体重、尺寸和面积对胃肠道解剖进行量化，共测量19个部位(体重范围为3.5 - 13.5 kg;并非所有动物都采取了所有措施)。然后将这些特征与由浏览和放牧反刍动物的数据组成的比较数据集进行评估。总的来说，例如，在网状嵴高度，咬肌质量和上睑层表面积方面，贝拉消化道与“驼鹿型”反刍动物相似。碳同位素组成(δ 13 C = -27.5‰)进一步支持了野生标本粪便中典型的c3植物的饮食，以及该物种有限的生态信息。
{"title":"Quantitative macroscopic digestive tract anatomy of the beira (Dorcatragus megalotis)","authors":"Cathrine Sauer, C. Hammer, M. Bertelsen, T. Tütken, M. Clauss, S. Hammer","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.194","url":null,"abstract":"The digestive system of the beira ( Dorcatragus megalotis ), a small East African antelope, has not been described previously. We present anatomical data collected from the only known captive population of the species, allowing for a first understanding of the morphophysiological ‘type’ of this species. The gastrointestinal anatomy was quantified by weights, dimensions and areas, measured in a total of 19 beiras (ranging in body mass from 3.5 to 13.5 kg; not all measures taken in all animals). These characteristics were then evaluated against a comparative dataset consisting of data from both browsing and grazing ruminants. Overall, for example, in terms of reticular crest height, masseter mass and omasal laminar surface area, the beira digestive tract resembled that of the browsing ‘moose-type’ ruminants. A diet of dicotyledonous plant material was further supported by the carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C = -27.5‰) typical for C 3 plants of a faecal sample collected from a wild specimen, as well as the limited ecological information available for the species.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"174-179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68105341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Clark, A. Silva-Fletcher, M. Fox, M. Kreuzer, M. Clauss
A survey was conducted investigating the feeding practices, body condition, and faecal consistency of 26 giant anteaters ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ), 13 aardvarks ( Orycteropus afer ), and 31 armadillos (Dasypodidae spp.) from 20 zoological collections in the UK. For the latter two, scores for body condition (BCS, from 1 – emaciated – to 5 – grossly obese) and faeces (Faecal Score (FS) from 1 – solid – to 5 – diarrhoea-like) were applied. The majority of the UK collections offered a ‘complete’ feed for anteaters and aardvarks as opposed to the traditional ‘gruel’ diet. Armadillos were fed mixed diets of fruits, vegetables, eggs, dog or cat food, and various other items. Grossly obese individuals (BCS >4) were only observed in two armadillo species. The average body mass recorded for giant anteaters was above values reported for wild animals, but this was not the case in aardvarks. Anteaters received on average 75% of the amount of dry matter offered to aardvarks, although their basal metabolism is only 60% that of aardvarks; hence, anteaters might have been offered more food than required. The FS for anteaters were higher than for aardvarks or armadillos. Dietary ash, acid detergent fibre and acid insoluble ash (AIA) levels did not correlate with either FS or faecal dry matter (DM). However, there were negative correlations between faecal ash and AIA content with faecal DM and FS, suggesting that measures increasing AIA intake above that achieved by current diets might beneficially influence FS. Only one anteater had a patent parasite infection; this animal had an FS of 5. Results of this survey will encourage careful monitoring of body mass and diet for giant anteaters and armadillos to avoid obesity. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of higher levels of indigestible material in anteater diets on faecal consistency, growth, and body condition.
{"title":"Survey of feeding practices, body condition and faeces consistency in captive ant-eating mammals in the UK","authors":"A. Clark, A. Silva-Fletcher, M. Fox, M. Kreuzer, M. Clauss","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.207","url":null,"abstract":"A survey was conducted investigating the feeding practices, body condition, and faecal consistency of 26 giant anteaters ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ), 13 aardvarks ( Orycteropus afer ), and 31 armadillos (Dasypodidae spp.) from 20 zoological collections in the UK. For the latter two, scores for body condition (BCS, from 1 – emaciated – to 5 – grossly obese) and faeces (Faecal Score (FS) from 1 – solid – to 5 – diarrhoea-like) were applied. The majority of the UK collections offered a ‘complete’ feed for anteaters and aardvarks as opposed to the traditional ‘gruel’ diet. Armadillos were fed mixed diets of fruits, vegetables, eggs, dog or cat food, and various other items. Grossly obese individuals (BCS >4) were only observed in two armadillo species. The average body mass recorded for giant anteaters was above values reported for wild animals, but this was not the case in aardvarks. Anteaters received on average 75% of the amount of dry matter offered to aardvarks, although their basal metabolism is only 60% that of aardvarks; hence, anteaters might have been offered more food than required. The FS for anteaters were higher than for aardvarks or armadillos. Dietary ash, acid detergent fibre and acid insoluble ash (AIA) levels did not correlate with either FS or faecal dry matter (DM). However, there were negative correlations between faecal ash and AIA content with faecal DM and FS, suggesting that measures increasing AIA intake above that achieved by current diets might beneficially influence FS. Only one anteater had a patent parasite infection; this animal had an FS of 5. Results of this survey will encourage careful monitoring of body mass and diet for giant anteaters and armadillos to avoid obesity. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of higher levels of indigestible material in anteater diets on faecal consistency, growth, and body condition.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"183-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68106498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Captive chimpanzees regularly show abnormal behaviour, including regurgitation and reingestion (R/R). R/R may have several causes, among them a suboptimal diet. For this reason, the effect of a diet change towards a more fibre-rich diet on R/R was studied in the Amersfoort Zoo chimpanzee group comprising 15 individuals. In addition, the relationship with self-directed behaviour, inactivity level and temperature, proxies of the alternative factors stress, boredom and crowding, were studied. Measures of stress and boredom did not show any correlation to R/R behaviour. The new diet did result in less R/R. However, the data could not conclusively dismiss temperature as a factor or confound in the reduction of R/R. Still, the R/R rate in three individuals that showed most R/R did not concur with temperature, countering an effect of temperature on R/R. Individuals that showed R/R in the study period still showed this behaviour several years later, suggesting that R/R may not be related to current welfare but possibly become a habit, where stress and R/R become dissociated and the behaviour persists in improved conditions and over time. This study shows that diet change can contribute to a reduction in R/R, yet this may not be due to the change of diet quality, but to the change in diet as such. The change in diet was not able to abolish R/R behaviour entirely for these chimpanzees.
{"title":"The relationship between diet change and regurgitation and reingestion in captive chimpanzees","authors":"I. Mulder, R. Meer, J. Vries, E. Sterck","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V4I4.185","url":null,"abstract":"Captive chimpanzees regularly show abnormal behaviour, including regurgitation and reingestion (R/R). R/R may have several causes, among them a suboptimal diet. For this reason, the effect of a diet change towards a more fibre-rich diet on R/R was studied in the Amersfoort Zoo chimpanzee group comprising 15 individuals. In addition, the relationship with self-directed behaviour, inactivity level and temperature, proxies of the alternative factors stress, boredom and crowding, were studied. Measures of stress and boredom did not show any correlation to R/R behaviour. The new diet did result in less R/R. However, the data could not conclusively dismiss temperature as a factor or confound in the reduction of R/R. Still, the R/R rate in three individuals that showed most R/R did not concur with temperature, countering an effect of temperature on R/R. Individuals that showed R/R in the study period still showed this behaviour several years later, suggesting that R/R may not be related to current welfare but possibly become a habit, where stress and R/R become dissociated and the behaviour persists in improved conditions and over time. This study shows that diet change can contribute to a reduction in R/R, yet this may not be due to the change of diet quality, but to the change in diet as such. The change in diet was not able to abolish R/R behaviour entirely for these chimpanzees.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"196-201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68105164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Yamanashi, Masayuki Matsunaga, Kanae Shimada, R. Kado, Masayuki Tanaka
Cognitively challenging environments are vital to the welfare of captive animals. However, practical enrichment devices that can facilitate animals’ natural behaviours and accommodate individual variation are still limited. We created two types of feeders to facilitate tool-using behaviour in captive chimpanzees: pounding and dipping feeders. The pounding feeder was inspired by pestle-pounding behaviour observed in wild chimpanzees, and we expected that chimpanzees would pound soft foods. The dipping feeder was designed to stimulate actions similar to ant-dipping behaviours observed in wild chimpanzees. We investigated (1) how chimpanzees acquire tool-using behaviours and (2) the effects of the feeders on chimpanzee behaviour and use of space. The subjects were five chimpanzees housed in the Kyoto City Zoo, Japan. In study 1, conducted between March and May 2014, we introduced the feeders and examined the chimpanzees’ behaviours and the characteristics (length, width, etc.) of any tools they used. In study 2, conducted between September and October 2014, random days were designated when feeders were available (enriched condition) and not available (control condition). In study 1, all adult chimpanzees could use the dipping feeder, and two females could obtain foods from the pounding feeder by hitting the foods several times. The ability to acquire new tool-using behaviours was consistent with ability in existing tool-use behaviours. One infant started to use tools by trial and error. Study 2 showed that under the enriched condition, tool-using behaviours increased, stress-related behaviours decreased, and the use of space changed. These results suggest that these tool-based feeders provided an appropriate challenge for the chimpanzees.
{"title":"Introducing tool-based feeders to zoo-housed chimpanzees as a cognitive challenge: spontaneous acquisition of new types of tool use and effects on behaviours and use of space","authors":"Y. Yamanashi, Masayuki Matsunaga, Kanae Shimada, R. Kado, Masayuki Tanaka","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V4I3.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V4I3.235","url":null,"abstract":"Cognitively challenging environments are vital to the welfare of captive animals. However, practical enrichment devices that can facilitate animals’ natural behaviours and accommodate individual variation are still limited. We created two types of feeders to facilitate tool-using behaviour in captive chimpanzees: pounding and dipping feeders. The pounding feeder was inspired by pestle-pounding behaviour observed in wild chimpanzees, and we expected that chimpanzees would pound soft foods. The dipping feeder was designed to stimulate actions similar to ant-dipping behaviours observed in wild chimpanzees. We investigated (1) how chimpanzees acquire tool-using behaviours and (2) the effects of the feeders on chimpanzee behaviour and use of space. The subjects were five chimpanzees housed in the Kyoto City Zoo, Japan. In study 1, conducted between March and May 2014, we introduced the feeders and examined the chimpanzees’ behaviours and the characteristics (length, width, etc.) of any tools they used. In study 2, conducted between September and October 2014, random days were designated when feeders were available (enriched condition) and not available (control condition). In study 1, all adult chimpanzees could use the dipping feeder, and two females could obtain foods from the pounding feeder by hitting the foods several times. The ability to acquire new tool-using behaviours was consistent with ability in existing tool-use behaviours. One infant started to use tools by trial and error. Study 2 showed that under the enriched condition, tool-using behaviours increased, stress-related behaviours decreased, and the use of space changed. These results suggest that these tool-based feeders provided an appropriate challenge for the chimpanzees.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"147-155"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Music is commonly employed as auditory enrichment in NHP facilities under the assumption that music is as enriching for NHPs as it is for humans (Hinds et al., 2007; Lutz & Novak, 2005). The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of music as NHP enrichment by exploring musical preference and discriminative ability in three Sumatran orangutans. In Experiment 1, orangutan preference for music vs. silence was tested. Following exposure to a sample of music belonging to one of seven musical genres, orangutans were given the choice via touchscreen to continue to listen to the music sample previously played or to listen to silence instead. Results indicated that all three orangutans either preferred silence to music or were indifferent. No preference for any one of the musical genres tested over others was found. In Experiment 2, orangutans’ ability to discriminate music from scrambled music was assessed using a touchscreen-delivered standard delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) task. Results indicated that none of the three orangutans could reliably discriminate ‘music’ from ‘scrambled music’. Taken together, results strongly suggest that these orangutans did not experience the musical stimuli as reinforcing and that use of music as enrichment in captive NHP facilities may be more aversive than enriching for some species.
{"title":"Music as enrichment for Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)","authors":"Sarah E. Ritvo, S. MacDonald","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V4I3.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V4I3.231","url":null,"abstract":"Music is commonly employed as auditory enrichment in NHP facilities under the assumption that music is as enriching for NHPs as it is for humans (Hinds et al., 2007; Lutz & Novak, 2005). The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of music as NHP enrichment by exploring musical preference and discriminative ability in three Sumatran orangutans. In Experiment 1, orangutan preference for music vs. silence was tested. Following exposure to a sample of music belonging to one of seven musical genres, orangutans were given the choice via touchscreen to continue to listen to the music sample previously played or to listen to silence instead. Results indicated that all three orangutans either preferred silence to music or were indifferent. No preference for any one of the musical genres tested over others was found. In Experiment 2, orangutans’ ability to discriminate music from scrambled music was assessed using a touchscreen-delivered standard delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) task. Results indicated that none of the three orangutans could reliably discriminate ‘music’ from ‘scrambled music’. Taken together, results strongly suggest that these orangutans did not experience the musical stimuli as reinforcing and that use of music as enrichment in captive NHP facilities may be more aversive than enriching for some species.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"156-163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2016-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68104137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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