Colleen Goh, Mary L. Blanchard, K. Bates, P. Manning, R. Crompton
{"title":"A novel approach to studying enclosure and support usage in siamangs:: using a 3D computer model","authors":"Colleen Goh, Mary L. Blanchard, K. Bates, P. Manning, R. Crompton","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I3.284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I3.284","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"109-115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46067689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masaaki Ito, A. Macdonald, K. Leus, I. D. G. A. Atmaja, İ. Balık
Food preparation behaviour of sand-contaminated food articles by two zoo-based Sulawesi babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) was observed and recorded as video imaging data at Bali Zoo, Indonesia during an observation period of six days in July 2012. In earlier preliminary studies of four animals, comprising two mother-infant pairs, three animals held pieces of cut sweet potatoes in the mouth, carried them to a neighbouring water trough, dropped or dipped them in the water, and then began eating. This behaviour was repeated at almost every feeding time. To characterise and elucidate this food preparation behaviour further, and within the management constraints of a zoo environment, experiments with various test feeds were designed; the dipping of food articles into water was video-recorded on 37 occasions. This behaviour by the babirusa was related to (1) deliberate sand-contamination of the surface of the food; (2) deliberate provision of large-sized pieces of food, and (3) the supply of large amounts of food at one time. The distance of the water source from the food seemed to play a role in the expression of the ‘food washing’ behaviour, with short (1.5 m) distances preferred over longer (6 m) distances. The frequency of this type of babirusa food preparation behaviour was higher during the second half of a feeding period.
{"title":"Food preparation behaviour of babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis)","authors":"Masaaki Ito, A. Macdonald, K. Leus, I. D. G. A. Atmaja, İ. Balık","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I2.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I2.274","url":null,"abstract":"Food preparation behaviour of sand-contaminated food articles by two zoo-based Sulawesi babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) was observed and recorded as video imaging data at Bali Zoo, Indonesia during an observation period of six days in July 2012. In earlier preliminary studies of four animals, comprising two mother-infant pairs, three animals held pieces of cut sweet potatoes in the mouth, carried them to a neighbouring water trough, dropped or dipped them in the water, and then began eating. This behaviour was repeated at almost every feeding time. To characterise and elucidate this food preparation behaviour further, and within the management constraints of a zoo environment, experiments with various test feeds were designed; the dipping of food articles into water was video-recorded on 37 occasions. This behaviour by the babirusa was related to (1) deliberate sand-contamination of the surface of the food; (2) deliberate provision of large-sized pieces of food, and (3) the supply of large amounts of food at one time. The distance of the water source from the food seemed to play a role in the expression of the ‘food washing’ behaviour, with short (1.5 m) distances preferred over longer (6 m) distances. The frequency of this type of babirusa food preparation behaviour was higher during the second half of a feeding period.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"97-103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47379447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. O'brien, K. Beckmann, N. Jarrett, G. Hilton, R. Cromie, N. Carmichael
The Eurasian crane ( Grus grus ) is currently held in over 50 zoological collections worldwide and present in the wild in a number of countries across Europe and Asia. Normal ranges have not previously been published for a number of haematological and biochemical parameters in the species and this study is the first to provide biochemical parameters in captive individuals of this species. Blood samples were collected from 90 juvenile Eurasian cranes with an average age of 70 days, across five consecutive years (2010-14), as part of health screening prior to reintroduction in the south-western UK. Haematology and biochemistry values were determined for 40 parameters. Statistical analyses were carried out to determine the effect of age, sex and year on these values. Mean values of many haematological and biochemical parameters differed between years: haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, heterophil percentage and number, lymphocyte percentage and number, monocyte percentage and number, eosinophil percentage and number, basophil percentage, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, sodium, potassium, total calcium, ionised calcium, phosphorous, calcium/phosphorous ratio, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, bile acids, creatinine kinase, cholesterol, and sodium/potassium ratio. Calcium/phosphorous ratio, uric acid, bile acids, creatinine kinase, cholesterol and triglycerides decreased with age, while red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, basophil number, potassium, total calcium and phosphorus increased with age. Females had higher values of red blood cell count, haemoglobin, lymphocyte number, basophil number, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and creatinine kinase than males. A comparison with previously published values of captive and wild cranes is presented: the young age of the birds in our study was likely to have led to some of the observed differences to previous studies.
{"title":"Blood biochemistry and haematology values of juvenile Eurasian cranes (Grus grus) raised in captivity for reintroduction","authors":"M. O'brien, K. Beckmann, N. Jarrett, G. Hilton, R. Cromie, N. Carmichael","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.222","url":null,"abstract":"The Eurasian crane ( Grus grus ) is currently held in over 50 zoological collections worldwide and present in the wild in a number of countries across Europe and Asia. Normal ranges have not previously been published for a number of haematological and biochemical parameters in the species and this study is the first to provide biochemical parameters in captive individuals of this species. Blood samples were collected from 90 juvenile Eurasian cranes with an average age of 70 days, across five consecutive years (2010-14), as part of health screening prior to reintroduction in the south-western UK. Haematology and biochemistry values were determined for 40 parameters. Statistical analyses were carried out to determine the effect of age, sex and year on these values. Mean values of many haematological and biochemical parameters differed between years: haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, heterophil percentage and number, lymphocyte percentage and number, monocyte percentage and number, eosinophil percentage and number, basophil percentage, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, sodium, potassium, total calcium, ionised calcium, phosphorous, calcium/phosphorous ratio, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, bile acids, creatinine kinase, cholesterol, and sodium/potassium ratio. Calcium/phosphorous ratio, uric acid, bile acids, creatinine kinase, cholesterol and triglycerides decreased with age, while red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, basophil number, potassium, total calcium and phosphorus increased with age. Females had higher values of red blood cell count, haemoglobin, lymphocyte number, basophil number, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and creatinine kinase than males. A comparison with previously published values of captive and wild cranes is presented: the young age of the birds in our study was likely to have led to some of the observed differences to previous studies.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"38-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43010475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orang-utans are the largest mainly arboreal animal: wild orang-utans rarely come to the forest floor. In contrast, the locomotion behaviour of captive orang-utans encompasses more time on the ground and they spend less time on locomotion than their wild conspecifics. Moreover, their most frequently employed climbing postures differ from those of wild orang-utans. More natural locomotion behaviour may be stimulated by the design of appropriate enclosures. This study aimed to investigate how the design of orang-utan enclosures influences locomotion behaviour both quantitatively (i.e. time spent above ground and on locomotion) and qualitatively (i.e. types of movement). We collected continuous focal samples from 11 captive Bornean orang-utans ( Pongo pygmaeus ) at Apenheul Primate Park (Apeldoorn, The Netherlands). During the study, Apenheul offered two types of outdoor enclosures to their orang-utans: horizontal trunk enclosures with a relatively high number of large-diameter, horizontal tree trunks; and multiple rope enclosures with a relatively high number of small-diameter ropes. The results showed that the orang-utans’ quantitative locomotion behaviour was more natural in the horizontal trunk than in the multiple rope enclosures: they spent less time on the ground and more time on above-ground locomotion. However, the orang-utans’ qualitative locomotion behaviour seemed more natural in the multiple rope enclosures than in the horizontal trunk enclosures. This indicates that both horizontal trunks and small-diameter substrates are required to stimulate natural quantitative and qualitative locomotion behaviour. Zoos can apply our recommendations to stimulate natural locomotion behaviour in captive orang-utans, which may improve their physical condition and thereby increase their wellbeing.
{"title":"Recapturing the canopy: stimulating Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) natural locomotion behaviour in a zoo environment","authors":"T. Roth, T. Bionda, E. Sterck","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.186","url":null,"abstract":"Orang-utans are the largest mainly arboreal animal: wild orang-utans rarely come to the forest floor. In contrast, the locomotion behaviour of captive orang-utans encompasses more time on the ground and they spend less time on locomotion than their wild conspecifics. Moreover, their most frequently employed climbing postures differ from those of wild orang-utans. More natural locomotion behaviour may be stimulated by the design of appropriate enclosures. This study aimed to investigate how the design of orang-utan enclosures influences locomotion behaviour both quantitatively (i.e. time spent above ground and on locomotion) and qualitatively (i.e. types of movement). We collected continuous focal samples from 11 captive Bornean orang-utans ( Pongo pygmaeus ) at Apenheul Primate Park (Apeldoorn, The Netherlands). During the study, Apenheul offered two types of outdoor enclosures to their orang-utans: horizontal trunk enclosures with a relatively high number of large-diameter, horizontal tree trunks; and multiple rope enclosures with a relatively high number of small-diameter ropes. The results showed that the orang-utans’ quantitative locomotion behaviour was more natural in the horizontal trunk than in the multiple rope enclosures: they spent less time on the ground and more time on above-ground locomotion. However, the orang-utans’ qualitative locomotion behaviour seemed more natural in the multiple rope enclosures than in the horizontal trunk enclosures. This indicates that both horizontal trunks and small-diameter substrates are required to stimulate natural quantitative and qualitative locomotion behaviour. Zoos can apply our recommendations to stimulate natural locomotion behaviour in captive orang-utans, which may improve their physical condition and thereby increase their wellbeing.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"16-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43665332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susan W. Margulis, Kurt A Volle, Chase A. LaDue, S. Atsalis
This paper explores age-related post-mortem changes in zoo-housed gorillas. Our previous research examined hormonal changes in zoo-housed ageing western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) females in order to assess whether they experienced hormonal menopause. We had the opportunity to investigate whether these females showed post-mortem changes similar to those seen in ageing human females, and whether or not these changes are associated with general patterns of ageing, or hormone-mediated changes, or both. We reviewed necropsy reports for 14 females, ranging in age from 30 to 56 years at time of death. We evaluated all females for cardiovascular and reproductive tract anomalies. There were no significant differences in occurrence of cardiovascular disease (P = 0.256) or reproductive tract abnormalities (P = 1.00) between females considered to be menopausal at time of death and those for whom we could not definitively ascertain reproductive status. Females over 45 years of age were significantly more likely to exhibit reproductive tract pathologies (P = 0.031) than were females 45 and younger. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on post-mortem changes in the reproductive tracts in aged gorillas. These findings highlight the importance of long-term monitoring and post-mortem follow-up to more clearly discern patterns in older females and to shed light for comparisons between taxa.
{"title":"What necropsy reports can tell us about menopausal and age-related changes in Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)","authors":"Susan W. Margulis, Kurt A Volle, Chase A. LaDue, S. Atsalis","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.232","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores age-related post-mortem changes in zoo-housed gorillas. Our previous research examined hormonal changes in zoo-housed ageing western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) females in order to assess whether they experienced hormonal menopause. We had the opportunity to investigate whether these females showed post-mortem changes similar to those seen in ageing human females, and whether or not these changes are associated with general patterns of ageing, or hormone-mediated changes, or both. We reviewed necropsy reports for 14 females, ranging in age from 30 to 56 years at time of death. We evaluated all females for cardiovascular and reproductive tract anomalies. There were no significant differences in occurrence of cardiovascular disease (P = 0.256) or reproductive tract abnormalities (P = 1.00) between females considered to be menopausal at time of death and those for whom we could not definitively ascertain reproductive status. Females over 45 years of age were significantly more likely to exhibit reproductive tract pathologies (P = 0.031) than were females 45 and younger. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on post-mortem changes in the reproductive tracts in aged gorillas. These findings highlight the importance of long-term monitoring and post-mortem follow-up to more clearly discern patterns in older females and to shed light for comparisons between taxa.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"11-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48907033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Gussek, S. Hirsch, M. Hartmann, K. Südekum, J. Hummel
As with other browsing ruminants, the nutrition of giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) can be challenging. Feeding browse in very large amounts is not feasible. Therefore, substitutes need to be provided that have to meet requirements and the species’ digestive capacity to the greatest possible extent. To achieve a comprehensive overview of current giraffe feeding practice in Europe, a survey was conducted among 153 member zoos of the European Endangered Species Programme. Information from 81 returned questionnaires showed a considerable variety of feeds being provided in varying proportions. The use of lucerne hay (89% of zoos) and fresh browse as trees or branches (96% of zoos) was more common than stated in previous studies. The use of a pelleted compound feed was almost standard practice, but many diets additionally contained cereal grains, as concentrate feeds high in rapidly fermentable starch. Eighty-five percent of the zoos reported feeding fresh fruits and vegetables, even though this is not recommended due to high sugar contents with a potentially negative influence on ruminal fermentation. The estimated non-forage proportion (sum of concentrate feeds and fresh fruits and vegetables) in the overall dietary dry matter (DM) was 37% in summer and 43% in winter (median), which is in accordance with recommendations. However, a considerable range of non-forage proportions was found , with 43% of the zoos providing amounts that were likely to be exceeding 50% of the potential daily DM intake. Data on dietary proportions revealed a geographical variation , with zoos from Western Europe showing the lowest and zoos from Eastern Europe showing the highest proportion of concentrate feeds in rations. An index of feeding appropriateness, oriented towards conformity with feeding recommendations, may be useful to evaluate and improve feeding management precisely and individually, as room for improvement was revealed for half of the participating zoos.
{"title":"Feeding practices for captive giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) in Europe: A survey in EEP zoos","authors":"I. Gussek, S. Hirsch, M. Hartmann, K. Südekum, J. Hummel","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.152","url":null,"abstract":"As with other browsing ruminants, the nutrition of giraffes ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) can be challenging. Feeding browse in very large amounts is not feasible. Therefore, substitutes need to be provided that have to meet requirements and the species’ digestive capacity to the greatest possible extent. To achieve a comprehensive overview of current giraffe feeding practice in Europe, a survey was conducted among 153 member zoos of the European Endangered Species Programme. Information from 81 returned questionnaires showed a considerable variety of feeds being provided in varying proportions. The use of lucerne hay (89% of zoos) and fresh browse as trees or branches (96% of zoos) was more common than stated in previous studies. The use of a pelleted compound feed was almost standard practice, but many diets additionally contained cereal grains, as concentrate feeds high in rapidly fermentable starch. Eighty-five percent of the zoos reported feeding fresh fruits and vegetables, even though this is not recommended due to high sugar contents with a potentially negative influence on ruminal fermentation. The estimated non-forage proportion (sum of concentrate feeds and fresh fruits and vegetables) in the overall dietary dry matter (DM) was 37% in summer and 43% in winter (median), which is in accordance with recommendations. However, a considerable range of non-forage proportions was found , with 43% of the zoos providing amounts that were likely to be exceeding 50% of the potential daily DM intake. Data on dietary proportions revealed a geographical variation , with zoos from Western Europe showing the lowest and zoos from Eastern Europe showing the highest proportion of concentrate feeds in rations. An index of feeding appropriateness, oriented towards conformity with feeding recommendations, may be useful to evaluate and improve feeding management precisely and individually, as room for improvement was revealed for half of the participating zoos.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"62-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45317340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. L. Jacobson, Lydia M. Hopper, Marisa A. Shender, S. R. Ross, Maureen Leahy, Janice McNernie
Zoo-housed animals are provided with many temporary elements in their exhibit, such as environmental enrichment devices (EEDs), which may not match the aesthetic of their exhibit. Some zoos object to the use of artificial EEDs in naturalistic exhibits, but there has been little research into whether the appearance of these temporary elements influences visitors’ perceptions. Therefore, we investigated visitors’ opinions about a naturalistic chimpanzee exhibit at Lincoln Park Zoo when EEDs were provided to the chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ). We wished to determine whether exhibit naturalism was important to visitors; what their perceptions were of the chimpanzees’ behaviour and emotions; what their thoughts were about the suitability of chimpanzees as pets; and whether these beliefs were affected by the type of EED in the chimpanzees’ exhibit. Eight EEDS were chosen for this study: four that were naturalistic in appearance and four that were designed to elicit similar species-typical behaviours, but were artificial in appearance. Visitors’ responses to the survey revealed that they generally believed that exhibit naturalism was important, and that the chimpanzee exhibit was naturalistic in appearance; they viewed the chimpanzees’ behaviour and feelings positively; and they did not think chimpanzees made good pets. Visitors’ responses to the survey questions did not differ whether artificial or naturalistic EEDs were provided in the exhibit. These results support previous research that zoo visitors are not affected by EED aesthetic in a naturalistic exhibit, perhaps because the naturalism of the exhibit supersedes any effect or because the EEDs represent such small elements within the exhibit.
{"title":"Zoo visitors’ perceptions of chimpanzee welfare are not affected by the provision of artificial environmental enrichment devices in a naturalistic exhibit","authors":"S. L. Jacobson, Lydia M. Hopper, Marisa A. Shender, S. R. Ross, Maureen Leahy, Janice McNernie","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.250","url":null,"abstract":"Zoo-housed animals are provided with many temporary elements in their exhibit, such as environmental enrichment devices (EEDs), which may not match the aesthetic of their exhibit. Some zoos object to the use of artificial EEDs in naturalistic exhibits, but there has been little research into whether the appearance of these temporary elements influences visitors’ perceptions. Therefore, we investigated visitors’ opinions about a naturalistic chimpanzee exhibit at Lincoln Park Zoo when EEDs were provided to the chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ). We wished to determine whether exhibit naturalism was important to visitors; what their perceptions were of the chimpanzees’ behaviour and emotions; what their thoughts were about the suitability of chimpanzees as pets; and whether these beliefs were affected by the type of EED in the chimpanzees’ exhibit. Eight EEDS were chosen for this study: four that were naturalistic in appearance and four that were designed to elicit similar species-typical behaviours, but were artificial in appearance. Visitors’ responses to the survey revealed that they generally believed that exhibit naturalism was important, and that the chimpanzee exhibit was naturalistic in appearance; they viewed the chimpanzees’ behaviour and feelings positively; and they did not think chimpanzees made good pets. Visitors’ responses to the survey questions did not differ whether artificial or naturalistic EEDs were provided in the exhibit. These results support previous research that zoo visitors are not affected by EED aesthetic in a naturalistic exhibit, perhaps because the naturalism of the exhibit supersedes any effect or because the EEDs represent such small elements within the exhibit.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"56-61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46023615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Tolpinrud, M. F. O’Brien, W. Justice, M. Barrows, S. Steele, S. Gent, A. Meredith
This cross-sectional study investigated the use of infrared thermography as a diagnostic tool for pododermatitis in captive greater flamingos ( Phoenicopterus roseus ). Photographs and thermal images were obtained for 775 feet from 408 flamingos held at three UK zoological collections. The feet were divided into eight regions, which were assigned a score for hyperkeratosis, fissures, nodules and papillomatous growths according to a previously defined scoring system. Minimum, mean and maximum temperatures were recorded for each region. 97 feet (12.5%) were scored as normal (no lesions or only mild hyperkeratosis), whilst 678 (87.5%) were scored as abnormal. It was found that 99.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 99.3–100%) of the scored feet exhibited hyperkeratosis, 61.7% (95% CI: 58.2–65.1%) fissures, 16.0% (95% CI: 13.5–18.8%) nodules and 38.5% (95% CI: 35.0–42.0%) papillomatous growths. Thermal data assessed using general linear mixed effect modelling showed that regional and individual bird temperature differences accounted for most of the temperature variation, but there was a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between regions with nodules versus regions without when using maximum temperatures. Intra- and inter-foot variation, using a regional correction factor and ankle temperatures, was assessed for 272 birds, where temperature distributions for each lesion type were compared with that of normal regions using t-tests. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was found between corrected values for regions with hyperkeratosis and papillomatous growths compared with normal, but no difference was found for fissures or nodules. Despite the differences found, the results suggest that infrared thermography may not be a practical diagnostic tool for pododermatitis in flamingos due to wide temperature variations between and within normal feet and a great degree of overlap of temperatures between normal and abnormal feet.
{"title":"Infrared Thermography as a Diagnostic Tool for Pododermatitis in Captive Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus)","authors":"A. Tolpinrud, M. F. O’Brien, W. Justice, M. Barrows, S. Steele, S. Gent, A. Meredith","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.245","url":null,"abstract":"This cross-sectional study investigated the use of infrared thermography as a diagnostic tool for pododermatitis in captive greater flamingos ( Phoenicopterus roseus ). Photographs and thermal images were obtained for 775 feet from 408 flamingos held at three UK zoological collections. The feet were divided into eight regions, which were assigned a score for hyperkeratosis, fissures, nodules and papillomatous growths according to a previously defined scoring system. Minimum, mean and maximum temperatures were recorded for each region. 97 feet (12.5%) were scored as normal (no lesions or only mild hyperkeratosis), whilst 678 (87.5%) were scored as abnormal. It was found that 99.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 99.3–100%) of the scored feet exhibited hyperkeratosis, 61.7% (95% CI: 58.2–65.1%) fissures, 16.0% (95% CI: 13.5–18.8%) nodules and 38.5% (95% CI: 35.0–42.0%) papillomatous growths. Thermal data assessed using general linear mixed effect modelling showed that regional and individual bird temperature differences accounted for most of the temperature variation, but there was a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between regions with nodules versus regions without when using maximum temperatures. Intra- and inter-foot variation, using a regional correction factor and ankle temperatures, was assessed for 272 birds, where temperature distributions for each lesion type were compared with that of normal regions using t-tests. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was found between corrected values for regions with hyperkeratosis and papillomatous growths compared with normal, but no difference was found for fissures or nodules. Despite the differences found, the results suggest that infrared thermography may not be a practical diagnostic tool for pododermatitis in flamingos due to wide temperature variations between and within normal feet and a great degree of overlap of temperatures between normal and abnormal feet.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"48-55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43987995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The blue-eyed black lemur ( Eulemur flavifrons ) is critically endangered in the wild and managed by ex-situ programmes in zoos. The breeding success in the European population is low and within the last five years, there have only been three births that survived. To try to increase the rate of infant survival, a systematic hand-rearing protocol was developed in 2013 and used on five infants from two different females that did not properly raise their infants. Milk formula was created with a mix of human newborn formula and kitten replacement milk. The lemur infants were fed ten times a day at the beginning, on a 24-hour round-the-clock basis. Solid food was offered as early as Day 7 and complete weaning was achieved without any medical issues around Day 107. The socialisation protocol consisted of maintaining permanent visual, olfactory and auditory contact with the parents from the day of the birth. First attempts to put the infants on their mother began as early as Day 2, but results varied, including successes with the parents, with conspecifics or lemurs from another Eulemur species. More work is needed to develop a feeding protocol which would also include the physiological variations in milk composition during the lactation period. Although many studies and reports have described hand rearing mammals, and more specifically lemurs, none of them describe a successful and complete protocol for five infants of the critically endangered blue-eyed black lemur.
{"title":"Hand-rearing the critically endangered blue-eyed black lemur (Eulemur flavifrons): milk formula, feeding and socialisation protocols","authors":"B. Quintard, T. Petit, B. Lefaux","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.209","url":null,"abstract":"The blue-eyed black lemur ( Eulemur flavifrons ) is critically endangered in the wild and managed by ex-situ programmes in zoos. The breeding success in the European population is low and within the last five years, there have only been three births that survived. To try to increase the rate of infant survival, a systematic hand-rearing protocol was developed in 2013 and used on five infants from two different females that did not properly raise their infants. Milk formula was created with a mix of human newborn formula and kitten replacement milk. The lemur infants were fed ten times a day at the beginning, on a 24-hour round-the-clock basis. Solid food was offered as early as Day 7 and complete weaning was achieved without any medical issues around Day 107. The socialisation protocol consisted of maintaining permanent visual, olfactory and auditory contact with the parents from the day of the birth. First attempts to put the infants on their mother began as early as Day 2, but results varied, including successes with the parents, with conspecifics or lemurs from another Eulemur species. More work is needed to develop a feeding protocol which would also include the physiological variations in milk composition during the lactation period. Although many studies and reports have described hand rearing mammals, and more specifically lemurs, none of them describe a successful and complete protocol for five infants of the critically endangered blue-eyed black lemur.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"76-81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46917784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew Moss, Carrie Littlehales, Anya E. Moon, Charlotte Smith, C. Sainsbury
The evaluation of the educational impact of zoos and aquariums is a growing area of research. This study attempted to measure the impact of an in-school zoo education outreach programme run by Chester Zoo, UK. Specifically, this programme delivered multiple workshops under a common conservation sub-theme to the same group of students within the Key Stage 2 year groups (ages 7 to 11; n=199). A repeated-measures survey was used as the primary instrument for assessing impact. The headline findings were that the programme correlated with a positive, measurable and statistically significant impact in the student learners, particularly in terms of conservation-related knowledge but also student attitude to conservation and zoo-related issues.
{"title":"Measuring the impact of an in-school zoo education programme","authors":"Andrew Moss, Carrie Littlehales, Anya E. Moon, Charlotte Smith, C. Sainsbury","doi":"10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19227/JZAR.V5I1.217","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of the educational impact of zoos and aquariums is a growing area of research. This study attempted to measure the impact of an in-school zoo education outreach programme run by Chester Zoo, UK. Specifically, this programme delivered multiple workshops under a common conservation sub-theme to the same group of students within the Key Stage 2 year groups (ages 7 to 11; n=199). A repeated-measures survey was used as the primary instrument for assessing impact. The headline findings were that the programme correlated with a positive, measurable and statistically significant impact in the student learners, particularly in terms of conservation-related knowledge but also student attitude to conservation and zoo-related issues.","PeriodicalId":56160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"33-37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48838500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：