Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3656044
{"title":"2025 Index IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy Vol. 12","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3656044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3656044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"12 ","pages":"895-915"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11361308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3656761
Ahmad Mohammad Saber;Saeed Jafari;Zhengmao Ouyang;Paul Budnarain;Amr Youssef;Deepa Kundur
This paper presents a large language model (LLM)–based framework that adapts and fine-tunes compact LLMs for detecting cyberattacks on transformer current differential relays (TCDRs), which can otherwise cause false tripping of critical power transformers. The core idea is to textualize multivariate time-series current measurements from TCDRs, across phases and input/output sides, into structured natural-language prompts that are then processed by compact, locally deployable LLMs. Using this representation, we fine-tune DistilBERT, GPT-2, and DistilBERT+LoRA to distinguish cyberattacks from genuine fault-induced disturbances while preserving relay dependability. The proposed framework is evaluated against a broad set of state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning baselines under nominal conditions, complex cyberattack scenarios, and measurement noise. Our results show that LLM-based detectors achieve competitive or superior cyberattack detection performance, with DistilBERT detecting up to 97.62% of attacks while maintaining perfect fault detection accuracy. Additional evaluations demonstrate robustness to prompt formulation variations, resilience under combined time-synchronization and false-data injection attacks, and stable performance under realistic measurement noise levels. The attention mechanisms of LLMs further enable intrinsic interpretability by highlighting the most influential time–phase regions of relay measurements. These results demonstrate that compact LLMs provide a practical, interpretable, and robust solution for enhancing cyberattack detection in modern digital substations. We provide the full dataset used in this study for reproducibility.
{"title":"Large Language Models for Detecting Cyberattacks on Smart Grid Protective Relays","authors":"Ahmad Mohammad Saber;Saeed Jafari;Zhengmao Ouyang;Paul Budnarain;Amr Youssef;Deepa Kundur","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3656761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3656761","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a large language model (LLM)–based framework that adapts and fine-tunes compact LLMs for detecting cyberattacks on transformer current differential relays (TCDRs), which can otherwise cause false tripping of critical power transformers. The core idea is to textualize multivariate time-series current measurements from TCDRs, across phases and input/output sides, into structured natural-language prompts that are then processed by compact, locally deployable LLMs. Using this representation, we fine-tune DistilBERT, GPT-2, and DistilBERT+LoRA to distinguish cyberattacks from genuine fault-induced disturbances while preserving relay dependability. The proposed framework is evaluated against a broad set of state-of-the-art machine learning and deep learning baselines under nominal conditions, complex cyberattack scenarios, and measurement noise. Our results show that LLM-based detectors achieve competitive or superior cyberattack detection performance, with DistilBERT detecting up to 97.62% of attacks while maintaining perfect fault detection accuracy. Additional evaluations demonstrate robustness to prompt formulation variations, resilience under combined time-synchronization and false-data injection attacks, and stable performance under realistic measurement noise levels. The attention mechanisms of LLMs further enable intrinsic interpretability by highlighting the most influential time–phase regions of relay measurements. These results demonstrate that compact LLMs provide a practical, interpretable, and robust solution for enhancing cyberattack detection in modern digital substations. We provide the full dataset used in this study for reproducibility.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"135-144"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11359713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-19DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3655590
Hari Krishna Achuthan Parthasarathy;Mohammad Ghaljehei;Zahra Soltani;Mojdeh Khorsand
The burgeoning penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) can pose challenges to the secure operation of transmission and Distribution Systems (DSs). In this paper, using statistical information obtained from different DS conditions and data-mining algorithms, an Independent System Operator-DS Operator-DER Aggregator (ISO-DSO-DERA) coordination framework is proposed, which allows DER aggregators to participate in the wholesale electric market considering DS limits. The performance of this framework is compared with the case where the ISO has no visibility over the DS limits while making decisions on the aggregator’s energy and ancillary service awards. A detailed unbalanced AC optimal power flow based on the current and voltage (IVACOPF) model is utilized for emulating DSO-DERAs coordinated operations to manage DS limits while considering DERAs promised services to ISO. The effect of VAr support capability of roof-top PV unit smart inverters (SIs) is evaluated in increasing the DS flexibility to improve the deployability of the aggregators promised awards. The VAr capability of PV SIs is based on the IEEE 1547-2018 standard, formulated by mixed-integer linear constraints. An IEEE 118-bus system and unbalanced 240-bus distribution test system are used to compare performance of the different ISO-DSO-DERA coordination architectures and, transmission and distribution management during uncertain events.
{"title":"Qualification and Disqualification of Aggregator’s Energy and Ancillary Service Awards in Wholesale Markets","authors":"Hari Krishna Achuthan Parthasarathy;Mohammad Ghaljehei;Zahra Soltani;Mojdeh Khorsand","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3655590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3655590","url":null,"abstract":"The burgeoning penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) can pose challenges to the secure operation of transmission and Distribution Systems (DSs). In this paper, using statistical information obtained from different DS conditions and data-mining algorithms, an Independent System Operator-DS Operator-DER Aggregator (ISO-DSO-DERA) coordination framework is proposed, which allows DER aggregators to participate in the wholesale electric market considering DS limits. The performance of this framework is compared with the case where the ISO has no visibility over the DS limits while making decisions on the aggregator’s energy and ancillary service awards. A detailed unbalanced AC optimal power flow based on the current and voltage (IVACOPF) model is utilized for emulating DSO-DERAs coordinated operations to manage DS limits while considering DERAs promised services to ISO. The effect of VAr support capability of roof-top PV unit smart inverters (SIs) is evaluated in increasing the DS flexibility to improve the deployability of the aggregators promised awards. The VAr capability of PV SIs is based on the IEEE 1547-2018 standard, formulated by mixed-integer linear constraints. An IEEE 118-bus system and unbalanced 240-bus distribution test system are used to compare performance of the different ISO-DSO-DERA coordination architectures and, transmission and distribution management during uncertain events.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"88-101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11357971","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146176013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3651206
Fangxing Fran Li
{"title":"2025 Best Papers, Outstanding Associate Editors, and Outstanding Reviewers","authors":"Fangxing Fran Li","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3651206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3651206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11355900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3652419
Kaiyang Huang;Min Xiong;Yang Liu;Kai Sun;Feng Qiu
Electromagnetic transient simulation plays a crucial role in power system transient stability analysis, but traditional numerical integration methods such as the trapezoidal rule method and the Euler method are time-consuming due to the small and fixed time steps. To improve efficiency, this paper proposes a novel generalized high-order nodal formulation for electromagnetic transient simulations. The method generalizes and extends the traditional companion circuit method to achieve any high-order accuracy. By utilizing a multi-stage diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta method, the corresponding companion circuits of network components are derived. Then, a recursive computation process is proposed to solve the network equation without rebuilding the conductance matrix with multi-stages in a time step. The high-order nodal method allows for larger time steps without sacrificing accuracy. Case studies on a four-bus and an 1170-node system compare the computational efficiency of the proposed method with different orders.
{"title":"A Generalized High-Order Nodal Formulation for Accelerated Electromagnetic Transient Simulation","authors":"Kaiyang Huang;Min Xiong;Yang Liu;Kai Sun;Feng Qiu","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3652419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3652419","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic transient simulation plays a crucial role in power system transient stability analysis, but traditional numerical integration methods such as the trapezoidal rule method and the Euler method are time-consuming due to the small and fixed time steps. To improve efficiency, this paper proposes a novel generalized high-order nodal formulation for electromagnetic transient simulations. The method generalizes and extends the traditional companion circuit method to achieve any high-order accuracy. By utilizing a multi-stage diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta method, the corresponding companion circuits of network components are derived. Then, a recursive computation process is proposed to solve the network equation without rebuilding the conductance matrix with multi-stages in a time step. The high-order nodal method allows for larger time steps without sacrificing accuracy. Case studies on a four-bus and an 1170-node system compare the computational efficiency of the proposed method with different orders.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"64-75"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11343769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing use of nonlinear household appliances, such as LED lighting and inverter-based devices, has led to significant power quality problems. This is mainly due to harmonic currents altering the shape of voltage waveforms. Such distortions can lead to increased system losses, transformer overheating, and reduced equipment lifespan. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimized model of a new damped double-tuned filter (DDTF) designed to accommodate dynamic variations in household loads. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to enhance the design by determining the optimal values for the filter’s constituent parts. Additionally, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed to validate and predict filter performance based on experimental data. The DDTF is specifically designed to mitigate dominant harmonics at the 3rd, 5th, and 7th orders. Both simulation and experimental validation were conducted using MATLAB Simulink under realistic household load scenarios. At peak load (2100 W), the unfiltered system exhibited a total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDv) of 155.1%, a total harmonic distortion of current (THDi) of 204.41%, and a power factor of 0.55. After using the new six-stage DDTF at various load levels (from 350 W to 2100 W), the THDv dropped to 7.98%, the THDi fell to 3.57%, and the power factor increased to 0.8089. The ANN-based performance evaluation achieved 94% prediction accuracy, with an error margin of 2% to 6%. These results demonstrate that the designed DDTF is a viable, efficient, and cost-effective approach to mitigating harmonics and enhancing power quality in residential electrical systems.
{"title":"A New Damped Double-Tuned Filter to Improve Power Quality and System Performance for Nonlinear Household Loads","authors":"Faisal Irsan Pasaribu;Ira Devi Sara;Tarmizi Tarmizi;Nasaruddin Nasaruddin","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3652375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3652375","url":null,"abstract":"The growing use of nonlinear household appliances, such as LED lighting and inverter-based devices, has led to significant power quality problems. This is mainly due to harmonic currents altering the shape of voltage waveforms. Such distortions can lead to increased system losses, transformer overheating, and reduced equipment lifespan. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimized model of a new damped double-tuned filter (DDTF) designed to accommodate dynamic variations in household loads. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to enhance the design by determining the optimal values for the filter’s constituent parts. Additionally, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed to validate and predict filter performance based on experimental data. The DDTF is specifically designed to mitigate dominant harmonics at the 3rd, 5th, and 7th orders. Both simulation and experimental validation were conducted using MATLAB Simulink under realistic household load scenarios. At peak load (2100 W), the unfiltered system exhibited a total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDv) of 155.1%, a total harmonic distortion of current (THDi) of 204.41%, and a power factor of 0.55. After using the new six-stage DDTF at various load levels (from 350 W to 2100 W), the THDv dropped to 7.98%, the THDi fell to 3.57%, and the power factor increased to 0.8089. The ANN-based performance evaluation achieved 94% prediction accuracy, with an error margin of 2% to 6%. These results demonstrate that the designed DDTF is a viable, efficient, and cost-effective approach to mitigating harmonics and enhancing power quality in residential electrical systems.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"76-87"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11343798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3651408
Shiyezi Xiang;Lin Du;Huizong Yu;Xing Huang;Jianhong Xiao;Weigen Chen;Fu Wan
Environmental energy harvesting from magnetic fields offers a sustainable power solution for smart grid sensors. This study optimizes bipolar current transformer arrays for enhanced energy harvesting from microcurrents to meet load requirements. Based on the current transformer array model, a mathematical model that captures the polarity conversion characteristics is constructed. Incorporating both polarity conversion properties and power management integrated circuit limitations, a multi-constraint array optimization problem is constructed. Furthermore, a binary grey wolf optimizer is then introduced to address this optimization challenge. Our findings reveal that the optimal current transformer array configurations for primary current RMS values of 500 mA, 700 mA, and 900 mA are $12times 1$ , $6times 2$ , and $4times 3$ , respectively, achieving the highest power duty cycles of 26.45%, 57.86%, and 100%. The energy extraction efficiencies reach 59.39%, 65.21%, and 76.26%, while energy conversion efficiencies are 89.01%, 92.55%, and 87.45% under the optimal configurations. This work provides a practical framework for designing efficient bipolar harvester arrays, ensuring stable energy supply in smart grid applications.
{"title":"Optimizing Bipolar Current Transformer Arrays for Sustainable Energy Harvesting in Smart Grids","authors":"Shiyezi Xiang;Lin Du;Huizong Yu;Xing Huang;Jianhong Xiao;Weigen Chen;Fu Wan","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3651408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2026.3651408","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental energy harvesting from magnetic fields offers a sustainable power solution for smart grid sensors. This study optimizes bipolar current transformer arrays for enhanced energy harvesting from microcurrents to meet load requirements. Based on the current transformer array model, a mathematical model that captures the polarity conversion characteristics is constructed. Incorporating both polarity conversion properties and power management integrated circuit limitations, a multi-constraint array optimization problem is constructed. Furthermore, a binary grey wolf optimizer is then introduced to address this optimization challenge. Our findings reveal that the optimal current transformer array configurations for primary current RMS values of 500 mA, 700 mA, and 900 mA are <inline-formula> <tex-math>$12times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively, achieving the highest power duty cycles of 26.45%, 57.86%, and 100%. The energy extraction efficiencies reach 59.39%, 65.21%, and 76.26%, while energy conversion efficiencies are 89.01%, 92.55%, and 87.45% under the optimal configurations. This work provides a practical framework for designing efficient bipolar harvester arrays, ensuring stable energy supply in smart grid applications.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"102-115"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11333270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3649154
Mitsuyoshi Enomoto;Keima Wakatsuki;Kenichiro Sano
Multi-terminal high-voltage dc (HVDC) transmission system is a promising approach to connect offshore wind power plants (WPPs) to onshore ac grids. However, there is no standardized protection method against DC faults. As one of its protection methods, mechanical dc circuit breakers (DCCBs) have the potential to improve supply reliability against dc faults while avoiding a cost increase. Nevertheless, due to their relatively slower operation, the blocking of half-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (HBMMC) is often required. In offshore ac collecting system, where the HBMMC maintains the grid voltage, such converter blocking can destabilize the grid voltage and lead to shutdowns of offshore WPPs. Large scale shutdowns of offshore WPPs may have a negative impact on onshore ac grids. Therefore, this article proposes a protection method that enables the continuous operation of offshore WPPs while using mechanical DCCBs. The proposed method focuses on the backbone HVDC configuration connecting multiple onshore and offshore terminals, and applies different fault clearing methods across the terminals. At onshore terminals which form a loop configuration, mechanical DCCBs selectively isolate the faulted section. At offshore terminals which form a radial configuration, reconfiguration is employed to reroute power transmission from the faulted line to the healthy line. These operations are coordinated based on the fault ride-through (FRT) capability of offshore WPPs and realizes their continuous operation. The proposed method is verified by an experiment using the scaled-down three-terminal HVDC system.
{"title":"Protection Method for Continuous Operation of Wind Power Plants in a Mechanical Circuit Breaker-Based Multi-Terminal HVDC System","authors":"Mitsuyoshi Enomoto;Keima Wakatsuki;Kenichiro Sano","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3649154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3649154","url":null,"abstract":"Multi-terminal high-voltage dc (HVDC) transmission system is a promising approach to connect offshore wind power plants (WPPs) to onshore ac grids. However, there is no standardized protection method against DC faults. As one of its protection methods, mechanical dc circuit breakers (DCCBs) have the potential to improve supply reliability against dc faults while avoiding a cost increase. Nevertheless, due to their relatively slower operation, the blocking of half-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (HBMMC) is often required. In offshore ac collecting system, where the HBMMC maintains the grid voltage, such converter blocking can destabilize the grid voltage and lead to shutdowns of offshore WPPs. Large scale shutdowns of offshore WPPs may have a negative impact on onshore ac grids. Therefore, this article proposes a protection method that enables the continuous operation of offshore WPPs while using mechanical DCCBs. The proposed method focuses on the backbone HVDC configuration connecting multiple onshore and offshore terminals, and applies different fault clearing methods across the terminals. At onshore terminals which form a loop configuration, mechanical DCCBs selectively isolate the faulted section. At offshore terminals which form a radial configuration, reconfiguration is employed to reroute power transmission from the faulted line to the healthy line. These operations are coordinated based on the fault ride-through (FRT) capability of offshore WPPs and realizes their continuous operation. The proposed method is verified by an experiment using the scaled-down three-terminal HVDC system.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"15-26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11316639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3645250
Mohammad GOLGOL;Anamitra Pal;Vijay Vittal;Christine Kessinger;Ernest Palomino;Kyle Girardi
The installation of high-capacity fast electric vehicle (EV) chargers at the residential level is posing a significant risk to the distribution grid. This is because the increased demand from such forms of charging could exceed the ratings of the distribution assets, particularly, transformers. Addressing this issue is critical, given that current infrastructure upgrades to enhance EV hosting capacity are both costly and time-consuming. This study addresses this challenging problem by introducing a novel algorithm to maximize residential EV charging without overloading any transformer within the feeder. The proposed method is applied to a real-world utility feeder in Arizona, which includes 120 transformers of varying capacities. The results demonstrate that this approach effectively manages a substantial number of EVs without overloading the transformers. It also identifies locations that must be prioritized for future upgrades. The proposed framework can serve as a valuable reference tool for utilities when conducting distribution system planning for supporting the growing EV penetration.
{"title":"Maximizing Grid Support of Electric Vehicles by Coordinating Residential Charging: Insights From an Arizona Feeder Case Study","authors":"Mohammad GOLGOL;Anamitra Pal;Vijay Vittal;Christine Kessinger;Ernest Palomino;Kyle Girardi","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3645250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3645250","url":null,"abstract":"The installation of high-capacity fast electric vehicle (EV) chargers at the residential level is posing a significant risk to the distribution grid. This is because the increased demand from such forms of charging could exceed the ratings of the distribution assets, particularly, transformers. Addressing this issue is critical, given that current infrastructure upgrades to enhance EV hosting capacity are both costly and time-consuming. This study addresses this challenging problem by introducing a novel algorithm to maximize residential EV charging without overloading any transformer within the feeder. The proposed method is applied to a real-world utility feeder in Arizona, which includes 120 transformers of varying capacities. The results demonstrate that this approach effectively manages a substantial number of EVs without overloading the transformers. It also identifies locations that must be prioritized for future upgrades. The proposed framework can serve as a valuable reference tool for utilities when conducting distribution system planning for supporting the growing EV penetration.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"27-38"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11303219","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3645591
Magnus Tarle;Mats Larsson;Gunnar Ingeström;Mårten Björkman
Coordinated control of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) setpoints can significantly enhance power flow and voltage control. However, optimizing the setpoints of multiple FACTS devices in real-world systems remains uncommon, partly due to challenges in model-based control. Data-driven approaches, such as reinforcement learning (RL), offer a promising alternative for coordinated control. In this work, we address a setting where a useful real-time network model is unavailable. Recognizing the increasing deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for advanced monitoring and control, we consider having access to a few but reliable measurements and a constraint violation signal. Under these assumptions, we demonstrate on several scenarios on the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus systems that an RL-based optimization of FACTS setpoints can substantially reduce voltage deviations compared to a fixed-setpoint baseline. To improve robustness and prevent unobserved constraint violations, we show that a complete, albeit simple, constraint violation signal is necessary. As an alternative to relying on such a signal, Dynamic Mode Decomposition is proposed to determine new PMU placements, thereby reducing the risk of unobserved constraint violations. Finally, to assess the gap to an optimal policy, we benchmark the RL-based agent against a model-based optimal controller with perfect information.
{"title":"Reinforcement Learning for Optimizing FACTS Setpoints With Limited Set of Measurements","authors":"Magnus Tarle;Mats Larsson;Gunnar Ingeström;Mårten Björkman","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3645591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2025.3645591","url":null,"abstract":"Coordinated control of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) setpoints can significantly enhance power flow and voltage control. However, optimizing the setpoints of multiple FACTS devices in real-world systems remains uncommon, partly due to challenges in model-based control. Data-driven approaches, such as reinforcement learning (RL), offer a promising alternative for coordinated control. In this work, we address a setting where a useful real-time network model is unavailable. Recognizing the increasing deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for advanced monitoring and control, we consider having access to a few but reliable measurements and a constraint violation signal. Under these assumptions, we demonstrate on several scenarios on the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus systems that an RL-based optimization of FACTS setpoints can substantially reduce voltage deviations compared to a fixed-setpoint baseline. To improve robustness and prevent unobserved constraint violations, we show that a complete, albeit simple, constraint violation signal is necessary. As an alternative to relying on such a signal, Dynamic Mode Decomposition is proposed to determine new PMU placements, thereby reducing the risk of unobserved constraint violations. Finally, to assess the gap to an optimal policy, we benchmark the RL-based agent against a model-based optimal controller with perfect information.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"13 ","pages":"51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11303221","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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