Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3447883
Andrew J. Hutchinson;Daniel T. Gladwin
With National Grid ESO introducing a suite of new Frequency Response Services for the GB electricity market, there is an opportunity to investigate the ability of low-energy capacity storage systems to participate in the frequency response market. In this study, the effects of varying the response envelope of the frequency response service on the performance of a standalone Flywheel Energy Storage System is assessed. In doing so, a new Frequency Response Service that would allow flywheels and other high-power, low-energy storage devices to participate in the frequency response market as standalone systems is designed. This results in a 20C FESS achieving a 95% availability over the course of a year of operation, representing an excellent level of performance under existing market conditions. This work shows that a far wider range of energy storage mediums have the capability to provide meaningful contributions to grid frequency control than was previously assumed. It is also shown for the first time that through tailoring a service to the advantages of a flywheel, significant economic benefits can be achieved, culminating in showing that a 20C FESS could provide a positive economic performance up to a total capital cost of £3,364/kW under current market conditions.
{"title":"Flywheel Energy Storage for Ancillary Services: A Novel Design and Simulation of a Continuous Frequency Response Service for Energy Limited Assets","authors":"Andrew J. Hutchinson;Daniel T. Gladwin","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3447883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3447883","url":null,"abstract":"With National Grid ESO introducing a suite of new Frequency Response Services for the GB electricity market, there is an opportunity to investigate the ability of low-energy capacity storage systems to participate in the frequency response market. In this study, the effects of varying the response envelope of the frequency response service on the performance of a standalone Flywheel Energy Storage System is assessed. In doing so, a new Frequency Response Service that would allow flywheels and other high-power, low-energy storage devices to participate in the frequency response market as standalone systems is designed. This results in a 20C FESS achieving a 95% availability over the course of a year of operation, representing an excellent level of performance under existing market conditions. This work shows that a far wider range of energy storage mediums have the capability to provide meaningful contributions to grid frequency control than was previously assumed. It is also shown for the first time that through tailoring a service to the advantages of a flywheel, significant economic benefits can be achieved, culminating in showing that a 20C FESS could provide a positive economic performance up to a total capital cost of £3,364/kW under current market conditions.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"434-445"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10643620","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3444272
Min Xiong;Kaiyang Huang;Yang Liu;Rui Yao;Kai Sun;Feng Qiu
This paper proposes a semi-analytical approach for efficient and accurate electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation of a power grid. The approach first derives a high-order semi-analytical solution (SAS) of the grid’s state-space EMT model using the differential transformation (DT), and then evaluates the solution over enlarged, variable time steps to significantly accelerate the simulations while maintaining its high accuracy on detailed fast EMT dynamics. The approach also addresses switches during large time steps by using a limit violation detection algorithm with a binary search-enhanced quadratic interpolation. Case studies are conducted on EMT models of the IEEE 39-bus system and large-scale systems to demonstrate the merits of the new simulation approach against traditional numerical methods.
{"title":"A Semi-Analytical Approach for State-Space Electromagnetic Transient Simulation","authors":"Min Xiong;Kaiyang Huang;Yang Liu;Rui Yao;Kai Sun;Feng Qiu","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3444272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3444272","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a semi-analytical approach for efficient and accurate electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation of a power grid. The approach first derives a high-order semi-analytical solution (SAS) of the grid’s state-space EMT model using the differential transformation (DT), and then evaluates the solution over enlarged, variable time steps to significantly accelerate the simulations while maintaining its high accuracy on detailed fast EMT dynamics. The approach also addresses switches during large time steps by using a limit violation detection algorithm with a binary search-enhanced quadratic interpolation. Case studies are conducted on EMT models of the IEEE 39-bus system and large-scale systems to demonstrate the merits of the new simulation approach against traditional numerical methods.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"421-433"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10637418","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a methodology for optimizing the short-term operation of electric vehicle (EV) charging and discharging while considering the potential curtailment of active power due to volt-var control (VVC) prioritizing reactive power output. The proposed approach involves exchanging information between the EV aggregator and the distribution system operator (DSO). This approach allows the EV aggregator to optimize EV charge/discharge schedules while considering voltage-related constraints in the distribution system (DS). Initially, the aggregator shares the optimized schedule with the DSO to estimate the anticipated active power reduction through power flow analysis. Subsequently, the aggregator revises the constraint on active power output to avoid its expected curtailment and performs a second optimization for EV charging and discharging operation. Numerical simulations conducted on a realistic DS model in Japan validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in enhancing profitability in the day-ahead market while ensuring the quality of DS voltage. The results demonstrate an increase in profit by shifting the time of EV charging and discharging based on shared information from the DSO.
{"title":"Optimal Short-Term Charge/Discharge Operation for Electric Vehicles With Volt-Var Control in Day-Ahead Electricity Market","authors":"Hiroshi Kikusato;Ryu Ando;Jun Hashimoto;Kenji Otani;Nanae Kaneko","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3444748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3444748","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a methodology for optimizing the short-term operation of electric vehicle (EV) charging and discharging while considering the potential curtailment of active power due to volt-var control (VVC) prioritizing reactive power output. The proposed approach involves exchanging information between the EV aggregator and the distribution system operator (DSO). This approach allows the EV aggregator to optimize EV charge/discharge schedules while considering voltage-related constraints in the distribution system (DS). Initially, the aggregator shares the optimized schedule with the DSO to estimate the anticipated active power reduction through power flow analysis. Subsequently, the aggregator revises the constraint on active power output to avoid its expected curtailment and performs a second optimization for EV charging and discharging operation. Numerical simulations conducted on a realistic DS model in Japan validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in enhancing profitability in the day-ahead market while ensuring the quality of DS voltage. The results demonstrate an increase in profit by shifting the time of EV charging and discharging based on shared information from the DSO.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"410-420"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10637353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3440218
Zhen Dai;Shouyu Liang;Yachen Tang;Jun Tan;Guangyi Liu;Qinyu Feng;Xuanang Li
The seamless integration of swift and precise topological analysis with state estimation is crucial for ensuring the dependability, stability, and efficiency of the power system. In response to this need, this paper introduced a novel approach to constructing a spatiotemporal “Power Grid One Graph” model using a graph database, enabling rapid topological analysis and state estimation. Initially, a spatiotemporal power grid model was created by merging grid topology with dynamically updated telemetry and telesignaling data. Subsequently, utilizing the graph model and entity mapping, the spatiotemporal node-breaker graph model was obtained and the corresponding bus-branch model was generated. Based on the node-breaker graph model, topological error identification was conducted, and a fast topological analysis optimization algorithm, considering component functionality, was applied to update the bus-branch graph model, facilitating graph-based state estimation. Finally, the proposed method was validated on a real power system, and its application, along with performance enhancements of the spatiotemporal power grid model considering topological changes, was investigated. The presented method provides both theoretical and practical support for the digital transformation of the power system and the advancement of the digital twin power grid.
{"title":"Efficient State Estimation Through Rapid Topological Analysis Based on Spatiotemporal Graph Methodology","authors":"Zhen Dai;Shouyu Liang;Yachen Tang;Jun Tan;Guangyi Liu;Qinyu Feng;Xuanang Li","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3440218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3440218","url":null,"abstract":"The seamless integration of swift and precise topological analysis with state estimation is crucial for ensuring the dependability, stability, and efficiency of the power system. In response to this need, this paper introduced a novel approach to constructing a spatiotemporal “Power Grid One Graph” model using a graph database, enabling rapid topological analysis and state estimation. Initially, a spatiotemporal power grid model was created by merging grid topology with dynamically updated telemetry and telesignaling data. Subsequently, utilizing the graph model and entity mapping, the spatiotemporal node-breaker graph model was obtained and the corresponding bus-branch model was generated. Based on the node-breaker graph model, topological error identification was conducted, and a fast topological analysis optimization algorithm, considering component functionality, was applied to update the bus-branch graph model, facilitating graph-based state estimation. Finally, the proposed method was validated on a real power system, and its application, along with performance enhancements of the spatiotemporal power grid model considering topological changes, was investigated. The presented method provides both theoretical and practical support for the digital transformation of the power system and the advancement of the digital twin power grid.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"396-409"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10632043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141993918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3432809
Xin Ma;Xiao-Ping Zhang
FPGA has become a very powerful platform to provide real-time Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) solutions due to the much lower investment costs in comparison to the other existing real-time platform. Existing off-line initialization methods cannot be applied to real-time FPGA directly owing to timing constraints and resource utilization. Without appropriate initialization, it can lead to divergence for FPGA-based EMT simulations and cause inaccurate simulation results. To provide real-time initialization, this paper presents four initialization methods for FPGA-based EMT, namely, physical interface (Method 1), signal declaration (Method 2), signal assignment (Method 3) and Coefficient (COE) file (Method 4). The performance of these four methods are also compared, and Method 4 can initialize instantly with the simplest code. To improve hardware adaptability, optimized strategies are developed for address sequence, interface, update modes and dataflow. To accelerate initialization, software-to-hardware algorithm and structure are developed to automate initialization data sources for different topologies. Case study shows Method 2–4 can both initialize successfully on FPGA platform, while Method 4 achieves the best timing and routing performance. To verify scalability, Method 4 is expanded to initialize 4-machine 11-bus system and eliminate significant error to less than 5%, with a timing constraint of 0.005 ns.
{"title":"Initialization Methods for FPGA-Based EMT Simulations","authors":"Xin Ma;Xiao-Ping Zhang","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3432809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3432809","url":null,"abstract":"FPGA has become a very powerful platform to provide real-time Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) solutions due to the much lower investment costs in comparison to the other existing real-time platform. Existing off-line initialization methods cannot be applied to real-time FPGA directly owing to timing constraints and resource utilization. Without appropriate initialization, it can lead to divergence for FPGA-based EMT simulations and cause inaccurate simulation results. To provide real-time initialization, this paper presents four initialization methods for FPGA-based EMT, namely, physical interface (Method 1), signal declaration (Method 2), signal assignment (Method 3) and Coefficient (COE) file (Method 4). The performance of these four methods are also compared, and Method 4 can initialize instantly with the simplest code. To improve hardware adaptability, optimized strategies are developed for address sequence, interface, update modes and dataflow. To accelerate initialization, software-to-hardware algorithm and structure are developed to automate initialization data sources for different topologies. Case study shows Method 2–4 can both initialize successfully on FPGA platform, while Method 4 achieves the best timing and routing performance. To verify scalability, Method 4 is expanded to initialize 4-machine 11-bus system and eliminate significant error to less than 5%, with a timing constraint of 0.005 ns.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"338-348"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10629253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141965247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3440173
Li He;Shahnawaz Siddiqui;Sameer Nekkalapu;Sohom Datta;Travis Douville;Konstantinos Oikonomou;Manisha Maharjan
The intermittent nature of renewable energy generation introduces distinctive capacity challenges that hinge on various weather events occurring at different time intervals, ranging from rapid sub-hourly ramping to prolonged decadal droughts. To address these challenges, it becomes increasingly crucial to incorporate geographic and technological diversity into the energy mix. This diversity can be facilitated by transmission planning that takes into account operational considerations like frequency response, regulation, ramping capabilities, and contingency reserves, while also quantifying the broader system-wide advantages and drawbacks. This research builds upon an approach that evaluates these operational elements and extends its application to the planning of electricity transmission systems in the context of the emergence of offshore wind (OSW) energy projects in Northern California and Southern Oregon. Three generation and transmission scenarios across two future representations of the Western Interconnection (WI) are modeled, and detailed production cost modeling (PCM) and power flow (PF) models of each topology were constructed. A novel multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MTDC) model was developed and utilized, and its performance is compared with conventional high voltage direct current (HVDC) radial topology. The case studies show how OSW changes the energy flow on three major paths in WI with PCM, as well as contingency analysis, transient stability, and voltage stability in PF. Through an iterative manner, the proposed approach identifies necessary upgrades to the transmission system based on PF results, builds the upgrades in the PCM, and re-runs. Significant potential benefits of West Coast OSW in interregional energy coordination and resilience to extreme weather conditions from using different generation and transmission scenarios are observed.
{"title":"Multi-Temporal Analysis and Techno-Economic Evaluation of Offshore Wind Energy Integration to the Western Interconnection","authors":"Li He;Shahnawaz Siddiqui;Sameer Nekkalapu;Sohom Datta;Travis Douville;Konstantinos Oikonomou;Manisha Maharjan","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3440173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3440173","url":null,"abstract":"The intermittent nature of renewable energy generation introduces distinctive capacity challenges that hinge on various weather events occurring at different time intervals, ranging from rapid sub-hourly ramping to prolonged decadal droughts. To address these challenges, it becomes increasingly crucial to incorporate geographic and technological diversity into the energy mix. This diversity can be facilitated by transmission planning that takes into account operational considerations like frequency response, regulation, ramping capabilities, and contingency reserves, while also quantifying the broader system-wide advantages and drawbacks. This research builds upon an approach that evaluates these operational elements and extends its application to the planning of electricity transmission systems in the context of the emergence of offshore wind (OSW) energy projects in Northern California and Southern Oregon. Three generation and transmission scenarios across two future representations of the Western Interconnection (WI) are modeled, and detailed production cost modeling (PCM) and power flow (PF) models of each topology were constructed. A novel multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MTDC) model was developed and utilized, and its performance is compared with conventional high voltage direct current (HVDC) radial topology. The case studies show how OSW changes the energy flow on three major paths in WI with PCM, as well as contingency analysis, transient stability, and voltage stability in PF. Through an iterative manner, the proposed approach identifies necessary upgrades to the transmission system based on PF results, builds the upgrades in the PCM, and re-runs. Significant potential benefits of West Coast OSW in interregional energy coordination and resilience to extreme weather conditions from using different generation and transmission scenarios are observed.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"383-395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10630548","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141993919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3439856
Giovanni Battista Gaggero;Alessandro Armellin;Giulio Ferro;Michela Robba;Paola Girdinio;Mario Marchese
Smart grids are nowadays featured by distributed energy resources, both renewables, traditional sources and storage systems. Generally, these components are characterized by different control technologies that interact with the generators through smart inverters. This exposes them to a variety of cyber threats. In this context, there is a need to develop datasets of attacks on these systems to evaluate the risks and allow researchers to develop proper monitoring algorithms. This paper addresses this need by presenting BESS-Set, an open-source dataset for cybersecurity analysis of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS).
{"title":"BESS-Set: A Dataset for Cybersecurity Monitoring in a Battery Energy Storage System","authors":"Giovanni Battista Gaggero;Alessandro Armellin;Giulio Ferro;Michela Robba;Paola Girdinio;Mario Marchese","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3439856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3439856","url":null,"abstract":"Smart grids are nowadays featured by distributed energy resources, both renewables, traditional sources and storage systems. Generally, these components are characterized by different control technologies that interact with the generators through smart inverters. This exposes them to a variety of cyber threats. In this context, there is a need to develop datasets of attacks on these systems to evaluate the risks and allow researchers to develop proper monitoring algorithms. This paper addresses this need by presenting BESS-Set, an open-source dataset for cybersecurity analysis of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS).","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"362-372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10630530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141991501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3438153
Chris Wembridge;Mark Davies;James Lord;Evan Franklin;Sarah Lyden;Michael Negnevitsky
As power systems adopt greater levels of asynchronous generation, operators increasingly need to accurately monitor and manage their systems. With inverter-based generation progressively displacing traditional synchronous generators, power systems generally experience increased rate of change of grid frequency and wider propagation of voltage disturbances after a network contingency event. Inverter-based resources are now being leveraged to mitigate larger frequency disturbances, by delivering fast frequency control ancillary services. For this to be effective, accurate and robust, fast and fault-tolerant grid frequency measurements are needed. Commonly deployed frequency measurement techniques are susceptible to significant measurement error when exposed to unbalanced faults and frequency deviations. More robust techniques for measuring frequency are thus needed. This paper describes in detail a measurement strategy that extracts the continuous phase angle of the positive phase sequence phasor, from voltage signals. The method is demonstrated to provide robust measurements in the presence of simultaneously and rapidly varying voltage and frequency. From real-world measurements, using the Tasmanian power system as a case-study, the method is shown to be equivalent to or outperform measurement devices currently deployed in power systems. This paper provides all necessary control block diagrams required for integration into various modelling packages and frequency measurement devices.
{"title":"Fast Fault-Tolerant Grid Frequency Measurement","authors":"Chris Wembridge;Mark Davies;James Lord;Evan Franklin;Sarah Lyden;Michael Negnevitsky","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3438153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3438153","url":null,"abstract":"As power systems adopt greater levels of asynchronous generation, operators increasingly need to accurately monitor and manage their systems. With inverter-based generation progressively displacing traditional synchronous generators, power systems generally experience increased rate of change of grid frequency and wider propagation of voltage disturbances after a network contingency event. Inverter-based resources are now being leveraged to mitigate larger frequency disturbances, by delivering fast frequency control ancillary services. For this to be effective, accurate and robust, fast and fault-tolerant grid frequency measurements are needed. Commonly deployed frequency measurement techniques are susceptible to significant measurement error when exposed to unbalanced faults and frequency deviations. More robust techniques for measuring frequency are thus needed. This paper describes in detail a measurement strategy that extracts the continuous phase angle of the positive phase sequence phasor, from voltage signals. The method is demonstrated to provide robust measurements in the presence of simultaneously and rapidly varying voltage and frequency. From real-world measurements, using the Tasmanian power system as a case-study, the method is shown to be equivalent to or outperform measurement devices currently deployed in power systems. This paper provides all necessary control block diagrams required for integration into various modelling packages and frequency measurement devices.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"373-382"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10623224","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141993935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3437414
Prince Waqas Khan;Yung-Cheol Byun
Monitoring wind turbine performance is vital for ensuring wind turbines’ safe, efficient, and cost-effective operation over time. Using principal component analysis (PCA), k-means clustering for labeling, and an ensemble classifier for finding outliers, this study suggests a new way to find anomalies in wind turbines. The primary objective is to improve the precision of anomaly detection in wind turbines by leveraging machine-learning techniques. The proposed methodology utilizes the output of the PCA-Kmeans model to label supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data. Furthermore, a stacking ensemble classifier is employed to refine the model’s precision. Our proposed model achieved a classification accuracy of 99%, which is a significant improvement compared to existing approaches. The significance of this study lies in its potential to enable more efficient wind turbine operation by identifying and resolving anomalies that may reduce their performance. This can ultimately contribute to achieving a sustainable and renewable energy future.
{"title":"Detecting Anomaly Classification Using PCA-Kmeans and Ensembled Classifier for Wind Turbines","authors":"Prince Waqas Khan;Yung-Cheol Byun","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3437414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3437414","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring wind turbine performance is vital for ensuring wind turbines’ safe, efficient, and cost-effective operation over time. Using principal component analysis (PCA), k-means clustering for labeling, and an ensemble classifier for finding outliers, this study suggests a new way to find anomalies in wind turbines. The primary objective is to improve the precision of anomaly detection in wind turbines by leveraging machine-learning techniques. The proposed methodology utilizes the output of the PCA-Kmeans model to label supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data. Furthermore, a stacking ensemble classifier is employed to refine the model’s precision. Our proposed model achieved a classification accuracy of 99%, which is a significant improvement compared to existing approaches. The significance of this study lies in its potential to enable more efficient wind turbine operation by identifying and resolving anomalies that may reduce their performance. This can ultimately contribute to achieving a sustainable and renewable energy future.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"349-361"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10621021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141973524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasing fuel prices and capacity investment deferral place an increasing demand for peak reduction from distribution level systems. Residential and commercial devices, such as HVAC systems and water heaters, are increasingly involved in load control programs, and their use may generate synchronization and rebound effects, such as artificial peaks caused by device optimization. While there have been concerns over device synchronization, few studies quantify the extent of this effect with numerical values. In this study, we attempt to investigate whether control efforts result in device synchronization or rebound effects. We focus on three clustering methods – Ward’s clustering, Euclidean K-means, and Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise – to evaluate the extent of synchronization of a fleet of water heaters and HVAC systems in Atlanta, Georgia. Our findings show that synchronization and rebound effects are present in the neighborhood’s water heaters, but none were found in the HVAC systems. Further, high usage water heaters are more susceptible to synchronization and rebound effects.
{"title":"Synchronization and Rebound Effects in Residential Loads","authors":"Nora Agah;Eve Tsybina;Viswadeep Lebakula;Justin Hill;Jeff Munk;Helia Zandi","doi":"10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3432389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2024.3432389","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing fuel prices and capacity investment deferral place an increasing demand for peak reduction from distribution level systems. Residential and commercial devices, such as HVAC systems and water heaters, are increasingly involved in load control programs, and their use may generate synchronization and rebound effects, such as artificial peaks caused by device optimization. While there have been concerns over device synchronization, few studies quantify the extent of this effect with numerical values. In this study, we attempt to investigate whether control efforts result in device synchronization or rebound effects. We focus on three clustering methods – Ward’s clustering, Euclidean K-means, and Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise – to evaluate the extent of synchronization of a fleet of water heaters and HVAC systems in Atlanta, Georgia. Our findings show that synchronization and rebound effects are present in the neighborhood’s water heaters, but none were found in the HVAC systems. Further, high usage water heaters are more susceptible to synchronization and rebound effects.","PeriodicalId":56187,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy","volume":"11 ","pages":"676-689"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10606292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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