Extreme Mechanics Letters最新文献_第2页

Physics-informed neural networks for bulge test modeling of general anisotropic two-dimensional crystalline materials with decoupled elasticity 具有解耦弹性的一般各向异性二维晶体材料膨胀试验建模的物理信息神经网络

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2026.102457

Yichen Zheng , Kai Kang , Zaiyu Zhang , Huichao Liu , Yilun Liu , Yan Chen

Two-dimensional (2D) crystalline materials have great potential for flexible electronics and strain engineering, but their mechanical characterization via bulge testing is challenging: commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) cannot fully capture decoupled in-plane and out-of-plane stiffnesses or complex constitutive behaviors, and analytical solutions are intractable for anisotropic crystals with irregular geometries. Here, we develop a physics-informed neural network (PINNs) framework for 2D material bulge testing, combining modified Föppl-von Kármán theory with energy-based loss functions to capture arbitrary symmetries and decoupled elasticity. Our approach achieves high accuracy while revealing symmetry-dependent behaviors: square materials (Mn₂S₂) demonstrate nearly isotropic deformation, rectangular materials (black phosphorene) show strong directional anisotropy, and oblique materials (PdCdCl₄) display asymmetric deformation from stretch–shear coupling. The framework accommodates both linear and nonlinear constitutive behaviors, with nonlinear effects in graphene enhancing bubble expansion due to negative higher-order elastic constants, and also adapts to various bubble geometries by configurable sampling and boundary conditions. This computationally efficient framework addresses the longstanding limitations of commercial software in 2D material modeling and lays a foundation for further studies of inverse analysis. All code and data are available at https://github.com/YanChen32/PINNs_bulge_tests.git.

二维（2D）晶体材料在柔性电子和应变工程方面具有巨大的潜力，但通过膨胀测试来表征它们的力学特性是具有挑战性的：商业有限元分析（FEA）不能完全捕获解耦的面内和面外刚度或复杂的本构行为，并且解析解难以处理具有不规则几何形状的各向异性晶体。在这里，我们开发了一个用于二维材料膨胀测试的物理信息神经网络（pinn）框架，将改进的Föppl-von Kármán理论与基于能量的损失函数相结合，以捕获任意对称性和解耦弹性。我们的方法在揭示对称性相关行为的同时实现了高精度：方形材料（Mn₂S₂）表现出几乎各向同性的变形，矩形材料（黑色磷二烯）表现出强烈的方向各向异性，斜向材料（PdCdCl₄）表现出拉伸-剪切耦合的不对称变形。该框架同时适应线性和非线性本构行为，石墨烯中的非线性效应由于负高阶弹性常数而增强气泡膨胀，并且通过可配置采样和边界条件适应各种气泡几何形状。这种计算效率高的框架解决了商业软件在二维材料建模中的长期限制，并为进一步研究逆分析奠定了基础。所有代码和数据可在https://github.com/YanChen32/PINNs_bulge_tests.git上获得。

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引用次数: 0

Velocity-controlled acoustic tweezers based on beat-frequency modulated surface acoustic waves for programmable particle manipulation 基于热频调制表面声波的可编程粒子操纵速度控制声镊

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2026.102451

Duo Xu , Lin Wu , Yuyang Lin , Chunyu Xu , Yongmao Pei

Achieving continuous, real-time control over particle velocity, not merely position, represents a fundamental challenge in acoustic tweezers technology. While substantial research has focused on precise dynamic manipulation, most platforms lack the simplicity and versatility for direct velocity command. Here, we introduce a velocity-controlled acoustic tweezers platform based on beat-frequency modulated surface acoustic waves (SAWs). This system translates a single, straightforward input—frequency difference—into a precise and direct particle velocity output. We demonstrate precise velocity control for diverse modes of motion, including uniform motion and accelerated motion, precise angular steering at arbitrary orientations, and the execution of complex programmable trajectories (e.g., Lissajous curves). In contrast to phase modulation, which achieve particle manipulation through discrete positional updates, the beat-frequency modulation approach establishes a direct and continuous command over particle velocity, fundamentally simplifying the paradigm of velocity control. We also induced bubble cluster oscillation via beat-frequency modulation. This work establishes a simple (utilizing frequency difference as the sole control parameter) yet powerful framework for direct velocity manipulation, with promising applications in targeted drug delivery and tissue engineering.

实现对粒子速度的连续、实时控制，而不仅仅是对粒子位置的控制，是声镊技术面临的一个基本挑战。虽然大量的研究集中在精确的动态操作上，但大多数平台缺乏直接速度命令的简单性和通用性。本文介绍了一种基于热频调制表面声波（SAWs）的速度控制声镊平台。该系统将单一、直接的输入——频率差——转化为精确、直接的粒子速度输出。我们演示了各种运动模式的精确速度控制，包括均匀运动和加速运动，任意方向的精确角度转向，以及复杂可编程轨迹的执行（例如，Lissajous曲线）。相位调制通过离散位置更新实现粒子操纵，而节拍-频率调制方法建立了对粒子速度的直接和连续指挥，从根本上简化了速度控制范式。我们还通过频率调制诱导了气泡团振荡。这项工作建立了一个简单（利用频率差作为唯一的控制参数）但功能强大的框架，用于直接速度操纵，在靶向药物输送和组织工程中有很好的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Unified data-driven constitutive modeling of mechanical metamaterials across truss, shell, and plate topologies 跨桁架、壳和板拓扑结构的统一数据驱动的机械超材料本构建模

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102438

Paul P. Meyer, Thomas Tancogne-Dejean, Dirk Mohr

The macroscopic large deformation response of mechanical metamaterials is governed by the stress distribution within their evolving mesostructures in addition to the elasto-plastic behavior of their constituent solid phase. As a consequence, their homogenized stress-strain response exhibits features of combined isotropic, kinematic and distortional hardening. To investigate the mechanical behavior of lattice materials, we build finite element models of the representative unit cell (RUC) of truss, shell and plate lattices of cubic symmetry. Training data sets are generated comprised of random walk type of strain paths in 6D (input sequences) and the corresponding macroscopic stress histories (output sequences). A comprehensive hyperparameter study exploring the effects of network architecture, training data set size and strain path characteristics, revealed that a compact minimal state cell (MSC) model with only 5000 parameters achieves excellent generalization after training on merely 6000 sequences. Using the same fixed architecture, the model is successfully trained and validated for FCC-truss lattices, BCC-shell lattices and FCC/SC-plate lattices. For reference, the anisotropic Deshpande-Fleck plasticity model is calibrated to the same data. The comparison illustrates the remarkably high predictive accuracy of the data-driven framework, demonstrating its potential as general surrogate modeling strategy for complex lattice metamaterials. The MSC model’s applicability to large-scale analysis is also demonstrated through hemispherical punch indentation, where MSC simulations with a few thousand solid elements reproduce the response of a detailed shell model with millions of elements.

力学超材料的宏观大变形响应不仅受其组成固相的弹塑性行为的影响，还受其演化的细观结构内的应力分布的影响。因此，它们的均匀应力应变响应表现出各向同性、运动硬化和变形硬化相结合的特征。为了研究晶格材料的力学行为，我们建立了立方体对称桁架、壳和板晶格的代表性单元格（RUC）的有限元模型。训练数据集由6D中随机游走型应变路径（输入序列）和相应的宏观应力历史（输出序列）组成。一项综合的超参数研究探索了网络结构、训练数据集大小和应变路径特征的影响，结果表明，只有5000个参数的紧凑最小状态单元（MSC）模型在仅仅6000个序列上训练后就能获得很好的泛化效果。采用相同的固定结构，对FCC-桁架晶格、bcc -壳晶格和FCC/ sc -板晶格进行了成功的训练和验证。作为参考，将各向异性Deshpande-Fleck塑性模型校准为相同的数据。比较说明了数据驱动框架的非常高的预测精度，证明了它作为复杂晶格超材料的通用代理建模策略的潜力。MSC模型对大规模分析的适用性也通过半球形冲孔压痕得到了证明，其中具有数千个固体单元的MSC模拟再现了具有数百万个单元的详细壳模型的响应。

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引用次数: 0

Aperiodic minimal surfaces for high toughness metamaterials 高韧性超材料的非周期极小表面

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2026.102447

Stephen Daynes

Architected materials based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) offer excellent stiffness–weight efficiency but often suffer from anisotropic behaviour and preferential crack paths imposed by their underlying symmetry. This work introduces a new class of aperiodic minimal surface metamaterials constructed through a boundary method-based minimal surface formulation. These geometries preserve continuous curvature while embedding long-range structural disorder, enabling manufacturable three-dimensional metamaterials without repeating units or inter-cell discontinuities. Using a combination of additive manufacturing, mechanical testing, and continuum damage finite element analysis, it is shown that the aperiodic Vertices and Edges-connected topologies achieve 40–80 % higher stiffness, 30–40 % greater strength, and up to 50 % higher toughness. Toughness improvements are driven by the designs’ inherently irregular curvature networks that suppress aligned weakness planes and promote highly tortuous crack paths. Unlike TPMS, which display strong orientation-dependent response, the aperiodic architectures show near-isotropic behaviour under 0° and 45° domain rotations. The results demonstrate that geometric aperiodicity provides an effective route to improving flaw tolerance, delaying catastrophic crack propagation, and achieving superior toughness in minimal surface-based metamaterials. This establishes a design framework for next-generation tough, lightweight structures leveraging aperiodic minimal geometry.

基于三周期最小表面（TPMS）的建筑材料具有优异的刚度-重量效率，但往往受到各向异性行为和其潜在对称性所施加的优先裂纹路径的影响。本文介绍了一类新的非周期极小表面超材料，该材料是通过基于边界法的极小表面公式构造的。这些几何形状保留了连续的曲率，同时嵌入了远程结构紊乱，使可制造的三维超材料没有重复单元或胞间不连续。结合增材制造、机械测试和连续损伤有限元分析，结果表明，非周期顶点和边缘连接拓扑结构的刚度提高了40-80 %，强度提高了30-40 %，韧性提高了50 %。韧性的提高是由设计固有的不规则曲率网络驱动的，这种网络抑制了对齐的弱点面，并促进了高度弯曲的裂纹路径。与TPMS表现出强烈的方向依赖性响应不同，非周期结构在0°和45°域旋转下表现出近各向同性行为。结果表明，几何非周期性为提高表面基超材料的裂纹容限、延迟灾难性裂纹扩展和获得优异韧性提供了有效途径。这为利用非周期最小几何形状的下一代坚固、轻量化结构建立了设计框架。

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引用次数: 0

Customizable fracture resistance curve of gradient soft composites 可定制的梯度软复合材料断裂抗力曲线

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2026.102462

Xiang Wu, Xiao Li, Shuo Sun, Zhaoyang Hou, Zhengjin Wang

Biological fibrous materials exhibiting exceptional fracture and fatigue resistance are predominantly characterized by gradient heterogeneous structures. In recent years, great attention has been paid on how heterogeneity enhances the fracture resistance of materials. However, it remains unclear how the gradient in heterogeneous structures affects the fracture process of materials. Here we show the asymmetric fracture behavior of gradient fiber reinforced soft composites and a roadmap to customize the fracture resistance curve. We develop a nonlinear shear-lag model for the gradient composites and obtain the crack tip field. We find that the crack tip field is only related to the geometric and material parameters of the local region around the crack tip, almost independent of gradient in composites. Therefore, the fracture process of gradient composites can be regarded as a successive fracture of non-gradient composites. We propose a semi-empirical formula that bridges the fracture energy of non-gradient composites with their geometric and material parameters, and construct a framework for the inverse design of gradient composites with customized R-curves. This work enhances our understanding on fracture mechanism of biological materials and provides a practical design strategy for gradient structures with on-demand fracture behavior, paving the way for the active control of crack propagation, which enables early detection of impending catastrophic failure and enhances structural reliability.

生物纤维材料具有优异的抗断裂和抗疲劳性能，其主要特征是梯度非均质结构。非均质性如何提高材料的抗断裂性能是近年来备受关注的问题。然而，非均相结构中的梯度如何影响材料的断裂过程尚不清楚。本文展示了梯度纤维增强软质复合材料的非对称断裂行为，并给出了自定义断裂阻力曲线的路线图。建立了梯度复合材料的非线性剪切滞后模型，得到了裂纹尖端场。我们发现裂纹尖端场只与裂纹尖端周围局部区域的几何和材料参数有关，几乎与复合材料中的梯度无关。因此，梯度复合材料的断裂过程可以看作是非梯度复合材料的连续断裂。提出了非梯度复合材料断裂能与其几何参数和材料参数之间的半经验公式，并构建了基于定制r曲线的梯度复合材料反设计框架。本研究增强了我们对生物材料断裂机理的认识，为具有随需应变断裂行为的梯度结构提供了一种实用的设计策略，为裂缝扩展的主动控制铺平了道路，从而能够早期发现即将发生的灾难性破坏，提高结构的可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Wall-to-wall adhesion for cellular substrates 细胞基质的壁对壁粘附

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2026.102461

Feng Zhu , Jiawei Zhang , Kaimei Bao , Yinji Ma

The cellular substrates enhance stretchability and allow bio-fluids to pass through the substrates, thus having extensive applications for flexible electronics and bioelectronics. Wall-to-wall adhesion is a common problem encountered during the utilization of the cellular substrates, primarily attributable to the materials’ inherent adhesiveness and low modulus. In this paper, finite element analysis (FEA) is utilized to simulate the wall-to-wall adhesion process of the cellular substrates with the angles from 80^° to 140 by considering the deformation energy and the adhesion energy. Upon normalization, a scaling law that can determine whether adhesion occurs has been derived. When the normalized work of adhesion is above the critical normalized work of adhesion, adhesion occurs. Otherwise, it does not. Experimental were conducted on the cellular substrates with different angles and materials, and the results agree well with finite element analysis. This study not only reveals the mechanism of adhesion in cellular substrates but also provides practical guidance for the application of cellular substrates in flexible electronics.

细胞基板增强了可拉伸性，允许生物流体通过基板，因此在柔性电子和生物电子方面具有广泛的应用。在细胞基质的使用过程中，壁对壁的粘附是一个常见的问题，主要是由于材料固有的粘附性和低模量。本文采用有限元分析方法，考虑变形能和粘附能，模拟了细胞基底在80°~ 140°夹角范围内的壁面粘附过程。在归一化之后，可以确定是否发生粘连的标度定律已经导出。当粘接归一化功大于临界粘接归一化功时，发生粘接。否则，它不会。在不同角度、不同材料的蜂窝基底上进行了实验，结果与有限元分析结果吻合较好。该研究不仅揭示了细胞衬底的粘附机理，而且为细胞衬底在柔性电子领域的应用提供了实践指导。

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引用次数: 0

Blister deformation and interlayer delamination in shaft-loaded bilayer films 轴载双层薄膜中的泡罩变形和层间分层

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2026.102458

Ce Sun, Jian Sun, Jinsong Leng

Bilayer and multilayer films enhance functional performance through the designed property differences between their constituent layers, leading to their widespread application. The adhesive interface is crucial for stress transfer and for predicting structural delamination and deformation. This study investigates the blister deformation and subsequent delamination of a bilayer film subjected to shaft loading. A theoretical framework combining nonlinear elasticity and Griffith’s energy theory is developed to predict the film’s behavior. Finite element simulations and physical experiments are conducted to validate the theoretical predictions. Finally, we analyze the effects of different modulus ratios and pre-stretched conditions on deformation and delamination, providing insights for designing and optimizing bilayer film systems.

双层和多层薄膜通过其组成层之间设计的性能差异来增强功能性能，从而导致其广泛应用。粘接界面是应力传递和预测结构分层和变形的关键。本研究探讨了受轴载荷的双层膜的水泡变形和随后的分层。将非线性弹性理论与格里菲斯能量理论相结合，建立了薄膜力学性能预测的理论框架。通过有限元模拟和物理实验对理论预测进行了验证。最后，我们分析了不同模量比和预拉伸条件对变形和分层的影响，为设计和优化双层膜系统提供了见解。

引用次数: 0

Bistable electrostatic soft actuator 双稳态静电软执行器

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2026.102459

Haolang Zhu , Budimir Rosic , Majid Taghavi

Multistable structures are widely utilized to enhance the performance of soft actuators by harnessing the elastic deformation of materials to efficiently store and release potential energy rapidly. They allow actuators to deliver high-speed, powerful motions while maintaining adaptability to dynamically changing environments. In this work, we present a bistable electrostatic soft actuator inspired by the flipping mechanism of hair clips, integrating the benefits of electrostatic actuation with a multistable structure. The actuator utilizes lightweight electro-ribbon actuators to rapidly transition between two symmetric stable states in 0.15 s, achieving peak tip velocities of up to 5.0 m/s. The performance of the actuator can be accurately predicted using finite element simulation and effectively customized for specific needs by adjusting the independent actuation and the flipping structure’s parameters. With its combination of lightweight, high speed, efficiency, and design flexibility, the actuator shows great potential for various applications, such as high-speed grippers and jumping robots. It has been particularly demonstrated as a soft propulsion mechanism in liquid.

多稳态结构被广泛应用于利用材料的弹性变形来提高软执行器的性能，从而有效地储存和快速释放势能。它们允许执行器提供高速，强大的运动，同时保持对动态变化的环境的适应性。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种受发夹翻转机构启发的双稳态静电软致动器，将静电致动的优点与多稳态结构相结合。该致动器采用轻型电带致动器，可在0.15 s内在两个对称稳定状态之间快速过渡，峰值尖端速度可达5.0 m/s。通过有限元仿真可以准确预测执行机构的性能，并通过调整独立执行机构和翻转结构的参数，有效地根据具体需求进行定制。该驱动器具有轻便、高速、高效和设计灵活的特点，在高速抓取器和跳跃机器人等各种应用中显示出巨大的潜力。它在液体中的软推进机制得到了特别的证明。

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引用次数: 0

Spatiotemporal mechanical stimuli from dental crypt during tooth development: An integrated experimental and computational study 牙齿发育过程中来自牙隐窝的时空机械刺激：一项综合实验和计算研究

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2026.102449

Julia Kehl , Hanwen Fan , Xiaqiu Xiao , Vincent Hoefler , Mitesha Saha , Noriaki Ono , Yuxiao Zhou

Tooth eruption and late-stage morphogenesis occur within a mechanically dynamic environment shaped by tooth growth and bone remodeling that changes jawbone geometry, yet the mechanical conditions experienced by developing teeth remain poorly quantified. In this study, we combined in situ mechanical testing with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging and computational modeling to reveal how stresses and strains are distributed in the jawbone surrounding developing teeth in juvenile pigs. Mechanical testing within a CT scanner, coupled with digital volume correlation, provided full-field three-dimensional deformation and strain maps surrounding the developing tooth. Local elastic moduli and microstructural organization of adjacent bone were quantified using atomic force microscopy, enabling validation of material properties used in computational models. Voxel-based finite element models derived from micro-CT data were then digitally modified to represent earlier developmental stages, allowing prediction of stage-dependent stress and strain as the dental crypt enlarges and biomineralization evolves. Together, these integrated datasets reveal how chewing-level forces applied to the overlying deciduous tooth propagate through the jawbone and influence the mechanical environment of the developing tooth across stages of tooth development.

牙齿出牙和后期形态发生在一个由牙齿生长和骨重塑形成的机械动态环境中，改变了颌骨的几何形状，但牙齿发育过程中所经历的机械条件仍然缺乏量化。在这项研究中，我们将原位力学测试与微计算机断层扫描（micro-CT）成像和计算模型相结合，揭示了幼猪发育中牙齿周围颌骨的应力和应变分布。在CT扫描仪内进行机械测试，再加上数字体积相关，提供了发育中牙齿周围的全场三维变形和应变图。使用原子力显微镜对相邻骨的局部弹性模量和微观结构组织进行了量化，从而验证了计算模型中使用的材料特性。基于体素的有限元模型来源于微ct数据，然后进行数字修改以代表早期发育阶段，从而可以预测随着牙隐窝扩大和生物矿化的发展，阶段相关的应力和应变。总之，这些综合数据集揭示了施加在上覆乳牙上的咀嚼力如何通过颌骨传播，并影响牙齿发育各个阶段的机械环境。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanical properties of hexagonal diamond: A first-principles study 六边形金刚石的力学特性：第一性原理研究

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2026.102454

Yixin Tao, Yeqiang Bu, Hongtao Wang

Hexagonal diamond (HD) is a rare carbon allotrope with a unique crystal structure that may offer superior mechanical properties compared with conventional cubic diamond (CD), making it a promising candidate for ultrahard structural components and next-generation semiconductor devices. However, its intrinsic mechanical and electronic behaviors remain unclear due to structural metastability and experimental challenges. In this work, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are used to systematically investigate the mechanical and electronic properties of HD. The elastic constants are computed and stress–strain responses under uniaxial tension and compression are analyzed, focusing on the evolution of bond lengths, bond angles, and band gap. Generalized stacking fault energies (GSFEs) for different slip systems are also evaluated to clarify the underlying potential deformation mechanisms associated with dislocation slip. The results show that tensile deformation is dominated by bond stretching, while compressive deformation involves both bond lengths and angles. The band gap exhibits pronounced tension–compression asymmetry and anisotropy, and prismatic slip is identified as the easiest activated slip system. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the intrinsic properties of HD and offer guidance for its synthesis and the design of novel carbon-based materials.

六方金刚石（HD）是一种罕见的碳同素异形体，具有独特的晶体结构，与传统的立方金刚石（CD）相比，可以提供优越的机械性能，使其成为超硬结构部件和下一代半导体器件的有前途的候选者。然而，由于结构亚稳态和实验挑战，其内在力学和电子行为尚不清楚。在这项工作中，基于密度泛函理论（DFT）的第一性原理计算被用于系统地研究HD的力学和电子特性。计算了弹性常数，分析了单轴拉伸和压缩作用下的应力-应变响应，重点研究了键长、键角和带隙的变化规律。还对不同滑移系统的广义层错能（gsfe）进行了评估，以阐明与位错滑移相关的潜在变形机制。结果表明：拉伸变形以粘结拉伸为主，而压缩变形则与粘结长度和粘结角度有关。带隙表现出明显的拉压不对称性和各向异性，棱柱滑移被认为是最容易激活的滑移体系。这些发现为了解HD的内在性质提供了理论基础，并为其合成和新型碳基材料的设计提供了指导。

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引用次数: 0