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A model for micro-scale propulsion using flexible rotating flagella 利用柔性旋转鞭毛的微尺度推进模型
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102251
Yifei Ren, P.K. Purohit
Micro-scale propulsion by rotating helical flagella is of interest for the study of bacteria and robotic micro-swimmers. The propulsive thrust and torque produced by the rotating flagella are usually estimated assuming that they are rigid. In this paper we assume the flagella to be deformable elastic rods and compute propulsive forces and torques by enforcing local equilibrium of the rod within the context of resistive force theory. The torque–speed characteristics of the flagellar motor driving the rotation are taken into account. We show that the problem can be cast as a system of algebraic equations if the flagella are assumed to be helical before and after deformation when no spontaneous curvature is included. If the assumption of helical shape is dropped then we show that the propulsion problem can be cast as a system of first order differential equations that can be solved numerically. Our results in both cases agree reasonably well with experimental observations of bacterial propulsion and deviate from the predictions of Purcell depending on the mechanical properties of the flagellum.
通过旋转螺旋鞭毛进行微尺度推进是细菌和微型游泳机器人研究的兴趣所在。旋转鞭毛产生的推进推力和扭矩通常是在假设鞭毛是刚性的情况下估算的。在本文中,我们假定鞭毛是可变形的弹性杆,并在阻力理论的背景下,通过强制杆的局部平衡来计算推进力和扭矩。同时还考虑了驱动旋转的鞭毛马达的扭矩-速度特性。我们的研究表明,如果假定鞭毛在变形前后均为螺旋形,且不包含自发曲率,则该问题可转化为一个代数方程系统。如果放弃螺旋形状的假设,我们将证明推进问题可以转化为一阶微分方程系统,并通过数值方法求解。我们在这两种情况下得出的结果都与细菌推进力的实验观察结果相当吻合,而与珀塞尔的预测结果之间的偏差则取决于鞭毛的机械特性。
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引用次数: 0
Front cover CO1 封面 CO1
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4316(24)00137-8
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引用次数: 0
Harnessing centrifugal and Euler forces for tunable buckling of a rotating elastica 利用离心力和欧拉力实现旋转弹性体的可调屈曲
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102246
Eduardo Gutierrez-Prieto , Michael Gomez , Pedro M. Reis
We investigate the geometrically nonlinear deformation and buckling of a slender elastic beam subject to time-dependent ‘fictitious’ (non-inertial) forces arising from unsteady rotation. Using a rotary apparatus that accurately imposes an angular acceleration around a fixed axis, we demonstrate that dynamically coupled centrifugal and Euler forces can produce tunable structural deformations. Specifically, by systematically varying the acceleration ramp in a highly automated experimental setup, we show how the buckling onset of a cantilevered beam can be precisely tuned and its deformation direction selected. In a second configuration, we demonstrate that Euler forces can cause a pre-arched beam to snap-through, on demand, between its two stable states. We also formulate a theoretical model rooted in Euler’s elastica that rationalizes the problem and provides predictions in excellent quantitative agreement with the experimental data. Our findings demonstrate an innovative approach to the programmable actuation of slender rotating structures, where complex loading fields can be produced by controlling a single input parameter, the angular position of a rotating system. The ability to predict and control the buckling behaviors under such non-trivial loading conditions opens avenues for designing devices based on rotational fictitious forces.
我们研究了细长弹性梁在非稳定旋转产生的随时间变化的 "虚构"(非惯性)力作用下的几何非线性变形和屈曲。利用围绕固定轴精确施加角加速度的旋转装置,我们证明了动态耦合离心力和欧拉力可以产生可调的结构变形。具体来说,通过在高度自动化的实验装置中系统地改变加速度斜坡,我们展示了如何精确调整悬臂梁的屈曲起始点并选择其变形方向。在第二种配置中,我们证明了欧拉力可以使预弯曲梁按需在两种稳定状态之间快速穿越。我们还根据欧拉弹性原理建立了一个理论模型,使问题合理化,并提供了与实验数据非常一致的定量预测。我们的研究成果展示了一种创新的细长旋转结构可编程驱动方法,通过控制单一输入参数(旋转系统的角位置)就能产生复杂的加载场。能够预测和控制这种非微妙加载条件下的屈曲行为,为设计基于旋转虚力的装置开辟了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Wrinkling of compressible magnetic soft plates 可压缩磁性软板的皱褶
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102255
Guozhan Xia
This paper establishes an analytical method for the wrinkling of compressible magnetic soft (MS) plates subject to an in-plane biaxial stretching and an out-of-plane magnetic induction field. The bifurcation analysis is performed with external Maxwell stress considered by combining the surface impedance matrix method and the Stroh formulation in terms of true magnetic field variables. We decouple the resulting bifurcation equations into antisymmetric and symmetric modes and provide the explicit expressions within a neo-Hookean ideal magnetoelastic model. Numerical examples show that the antisymmetric wrinkling usually occurs prior to the symmetric one, unless the permeability of the plates μ is much smaller than that of the surroundings μ, i.e., the normalized permeability μ/μ0. This observation is consistent with the previous studies on incompressible case. However, for nearly incompressible plates with μ/μ>1, the compressible constitutive relation may impose an additional deformation constraint that noticeably limits the occurrence and extent of wrinkling in the plates. One intriguing observation in particular is that the critical stretches for the thin-plate instability exhibit a nonmonotonic character as the compressibility of plate varies. Release of compressibility plays a positive role on stabilizing the MS plates when 0<μ/μ<1, yet a negative role when μ/μ>1. This phenomenon may be attributed to the coupling effect between the compressibility and the normalized permeability μ/μ, suggesting a potential way to regulate wrinkling behaviors of MS materials by tuning the surrounding permeability. The present work may serve as benchmark solutions for understanding structural failures in various related functional MS-based devices.
本文建立了可压缩磁性软板(MS)在平面内双轴拉伸和平面外磁感应场作用下起皱的分析方法。在考虑外部麦克斯韦应力的情况下,结合表面阻抗矩阵法和真实磁场变量的斯特罗公式进行了分叉分析。我们将分岔方程解耦为非对称和对称模式,并在新胡克理想磁弹性模型中提供了明确的表达式。数值示例表明,除非板的渗透率μ远小于周围环境的渗透率μ′,即归一化渗透率μ/μ′→0,否则反对称起皱通常发生在对称起皱之前。这一观察结果与之前对不可压缩情况的研究结果一致。然而,对于μ/μ′>1的近不可压缩板,可压缩构成关系可能会施加额外的变形约束,从而明显限制板材皱褶的发生和程度。一个特别有趣的观察结果是,随着板的可压缩性的变化,薄板不稳定性的临界拉伸表现出非单调性。这一现象可能归因于压缩性与归一化渗透率μ/μ′之间的耦合效应,表明通过调节周围渗透率可以调节 MS 材料的起皱行为。本研究可作为了解各种基于 MS 的相关功能器件结构故障的基准解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Crack-growth inhibition by designing dendritic pattern for soft adhesives 通过为软质粘合剂设计树枝状图案抑制裂纹生长
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102254
Yifan Zhang , Danming Zhong , Qiuxuan Wang , Ping Rao , Shaoxing Qu
Soft adhesive layers show promise in various engineering applications, including biomedicine, automotive, semiconductor, and aerospace industries. However, cavities trapped at the interface due to poor contact will significantly inhibit their adhesion capacity, leading to rapid crack-growth failure. Significant efforts in these applications within a confined contact area are focused on mitigating the effects and enhancing the debonding work of the interface without changing the materials, such as using bioinspired micropillars. However, soft adhesives with isolated contact elements face limitations due to manufacturing complexity and the collision of micropillars under large deformation. This study proposes a simple and effective method to reduce the hydrostatic pressure around the crack tips by designing a dendritic pattern within the confined area. This approach inhibited interface crack growth well and improved adhesive performance. As a result, the crack failure was delayed, with the stretch ratio enhanced by more than 36 %, while the debonding work increased by 85 % compared with the circular adhesive layer. This study demonstrates that adhesion capacity can be significantly improved while reducing material usage by designing dendritic patterns.
软粘合剂层在生物医学、汽车、半导体和航空航天等各种工程应用中大有可为。然而,由于接触不良而在界面处产生的空腔会极大地抑制其粘附能力,导致裂纹快速生长失效。在这些应用的有限接触区域内,人们主要致力于在不改变材料的情况下减轻影响和增强界面的脱粘功,例如使用生物启发微柱。然而,由于制造的复杂性和微柱在大变形下的碰撞,具有隔离接触元件的软粘合剂面临着种种限制。本研究提出了一种简单有效的方法,通过在限制区域内设计树枝状图案来降低裂纹尖端周围的静水压力。这种方法很好地抑制了界面裂纹的生长,并改善了粘合性能。因此,与圆形粘合层相比,裂纹失效延迟,拉伸比提高了 36% 以上,而脱粘功提高了 85%。这项研究表明,通过设计树枝状图案,可以显著提高粘附能力,同时减少材料用量。
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引用次数: 0
Broadband elastic energy harvesting based on achromatic meta-grating 基于消色差元光栅的宽带弹性能量采集技术
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102253
Yizhou Shen , Yanlong Xu , Feng Liu , Fanglong Wang , Guan Wang , Zhichun Yang
Energy harvesting exploiting the inverse piezoelectric effect has been the subject of much attention and discussion in the field of elastic and structural dynamics. Recently, the ongoing development of elastic metamaterials and metasurfaces has opened up a new way to improve the quality of energy harvesting. Here, we proposed a new strategy for harvesting elastic energy in a plate, which is the use of the inverse piezoelectric effect to convert the elastic energy into electrical energy after the achromatic meta-grating has focused broadband flexural waves. A new theoretical method to design the achromatic meta-grating is proposed based on derived analytical expression of the phase shift of subunit. When a meta-grating, a thin plate and a piezoelectric patch are combined into an energy harvesting system, the elastic energy can be converted into electric energy by the system, and the output voltage can be amplified by twice that of the system without the meta-grating. A theoretical framework is built to analyze the performance of the energy harvesting system, and variational parametric analyses are carried out to obtain the optimal resistance, the optimal length, thickness and position of piezoelectric patch, which are 870Ω, 18 mm, 0.2 mm and 30 mm, respectively. For the optimized system, the power harvested rate of the system is close to 4 in the frequency band of 6–8 kHz. Finally, the design of the system based on the wave focusing principle is extended, and energy harvesters are designed for different frequency bands, which can all work under different excitation conditions (a local and a base excitations). Our work opens up a new route for elastic energy harvesting and may have broad application prospects in the development of self-powered sensors.
利用反压电效应进行能量收集一直是弹性和结构动力学领域备受关注和讨论的主题。最近,弹性超材料和超表面的不断发展为提高能量收集的质量开辟了一条新途径。在此,我们提出了一种在板中采集弹性能量的新策略,即利用反压电效应,在消色差元光栅聚焦宽带挠曲波后,将弹性能量转化为电能。根据子单元相移的推导分析表达式,提出了一种设计消色差元光栅的新理论方法。当元光栅、薄板和压电贴片组合成能量收集系统时,系统可将弹性能转化为电能,输出电压可放大为无元光栅系统的两倍。本文建立了一个理论框架来分析能量收集系统的性能,并通过变分参数分析得出了最佳电阻,压电贴片的最佳长度、厚度和位置,分别为 870Ω、18 mm、0.2 mm 和 30 mm。对于优化系统,在 6-8 kHz 频段内,系统的功率收获率接近 4。最后,我们扩展了基于波聚焦原理的系统设计,为不同频段设计了能量收集器,这些能量收集器都能在不同的激励条件(局部激励和基本激励)下工作。我们的工作为弹性能量收集开辟了一条新的途径,并可能在自供电传感器的开发中具有广阔的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the role of chain stiffness in the mechanical response of cross-linked polymer: Flexible vs. semi-flexible chains 了解链刚度在交联聚合物机械响应中的作用:柔性链与半柔性链
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102252
Xiangrui Zheng , Wenjie Xia , Yao Zhang
Cross-linked polymers are widely used in structural, engineering, and biomedical applications due to their lightweight and superior properties. Although chain bending stiffness has been recognized to play an essential role in their thermodynamical and mechanical properties, how it influences these properties of cross-linked polymers with flexible or semi-flexible chains remains under debate. Here, we systematically explore its influences utilizing coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on a bead-spring CG model. It is found that with chain bending stiffness increasing, both density and elastic moduli (i.e., shear modulus and tensile modulus) of cross-linked polymers first decrease slightly and then decrease significantly followed by a gradual increase, along with the polymer transition from a dense cross-linked thermoset to a highly porous fibrous network. The moduli of cross-linked polymers with flexible and semi-flexible chains exhibit distinct scaling laws with the density. For cross-linked polymers with flexible chains, their moduli increase significantly with increasing strain rate, which correlates to the change in potential energy of interchain interaction during deformation. However, the moduli display slight dependence on strain rate for porous cross-linked polymers with sufficiently stiff chains, where the intrachain interactions (i.e., bond stretching and angle bending energies) become dominant and independent of strain rate. Moreover, the elastic moduli exhibit scaling laws with Debye-Waller factor for both dense cross-linked thermosets with flexible chains and highly porous networks with stiff backbones. Our work facilitates a better understanding for mechanical properties and deformation mechanism of cross-linked polymers with variable chain bending stiffness at molecular level, shedding light on tailoring mechanical properties of cross-linked polymers via chain engineering.
交联聚合物由于重量轻、性能优越而被广泛应用于结构、工程和生物医学领域。虽然人们已经认识到链弯曲刚度在其热力学和机械性能中起着至关重要的作用,但它如何影响具有柔性或半柔性链的交联聚合物的这些性能仍存在争议。在此,我们利用基于珠链 CG 模型的粗粒度(CG)分子动力学(MD)模拟,系统地探讨了其影响因素。结果发现,随着链弯曲刚度的增加,交联聚合物的密度和弹性模量(即剪切模量和拉伸模量)先是略有下降,然后显著下降,接着逐渐增加,聚合物也从致密交联热固性过渡到高多孔性纤维网络。具有柔性链和半柔性链的交联聚合物的模量随密度的变化呈现出不同的缩放规律。对于具有柔性链的交联聚合物,其模量随着应变速率的增加而显著增加,这与变形过程中链间相互作用势能的变化有关。然而,对于具有足够刚性链的多孔交联聚合物,模量对应变速率的依赖性很小,链内相互作用(即键拉伸能和角弯曲能)成为主导,与应变速率无关。此外,对于具有柔性链的致密交联热固性塑料和具有刚性骨架的高孔隙网络,弹性模量都呈现出与 Debye-Waller 因子成比例的规律。我们的研究工作有助于更好地理解具有可变链弯曲刚度的交联聚合物在分子水平上的机械性能和变形机制,为通过链工程定制交联聚合物的机械性能提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Linear strain gradient-regulated bifurcation of circular bilayer plates 圆双层板的线性应变梯度调节分叉
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102250
Ben Cao , Yuanhang Yang , Mingchao Liu , Changjin Huang
Bilayer structures with controllable self-folding capability have found applications in a variety of cutting-edge fields such as flexible electrics, wearable devices and soft robotics. The folding of bilayer structures occurs when the mismatch strain between the two layers exceeds the bifurcation threshold, resulting in a deformation transition from an axisymmetric to a folded state. Previous efforts have predominantly focused on bilayer structures with uniform and/or anisotropic strain distributions. However, the role of non-uniform in-plane strain distributions in regulating the bifurcation of bilayer structures has not been fully understood. In this study, the effects of linear in-plane strain gradients on the bifurcation of circular bilayer plates, both with and without geometric mismatch, are systematically investigated by combining theoretical analysis, finite element simulations and experiments. Our results reveal that both the mismatch strain gradient and the geometric mismatch between the two layers play crucial roles in regulating bifurcation. Notably, linear mismatch strain gradients with larger strain at the center delay bifurcation, while those with larger strain along the edge promote bifurcation. This work offers new insights into the design of controllable self-folding bilayer structures, which is of great significance for advanced applications.
具有可控自折叠能力的双层结构已在柔性电气、可穿戴设备和软机器人等多个尖端领域得到应用。双层结构的折叠发生在两层之间的错配应变超过分叉阈值时,从而导致从轴对称状态到折叠状态的变形过渡。以往的研究主要集中于均匀和/或各向异性应变分布的双层结构。然而,非均匀面内应变分布在调节双层结构分叉中的作用尚未得到充分了解。在本研究中,我们结合理论分析、有限元模拟和实验,系统地研究了线性面内应变梯度对有几何错配和无几何错配的圆形双层板分叉的影响。研究结果表明,错配应变梯度和两层板之间的几何错配在分叉过程中起着至关重要的调节作用。值得注意的是,中心应变较大的线性错配应变梯度会延迟分叉,而边缘应变较大的线性错配应变梯度则会促进分叉。这项研究为设计可控自折叠双层结构提供了新的见解,对先进应用具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Multifunctional bistable ultrathin composite booms with flexible electronics 带柔性电子器件的多功能双稳态超薄复合材料吊杆
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102247
Yao Yao , Juan M. Fernandez , Sven G. Bilén , Xin Ning
Small satellites such as CubeSats pose demanding requirements on the weight, size, and multifunctionality of their structures due to extreme constraints on the payload mass and volume. To address this challenge, we introduce a concept of multifunctional deployable space structures for CubeSats based on ultrathin, elastically foldable, and self-deployable bistable composite structures integrated with flexible electronics. The multifunctional bistable booms can be stored in a coiled configuration and self-deploy into a long structure upon initiation by releasing the stored strain energy. The boom demonstrates the capabilities of delivering power and transmitting data from the CubeSat to the flexible devices on the boom tip. The boom also shows the ability to monitor the dynamics and vibration during and after the deployment. A payload boom has been installed in a 3 U CubeSat as flight hardware for in-space testing and demonstration. This effort combines morphable ultrathin composite structures with flexible electronics.
由于有效载荷的质量和体积受到极大限制,立方体卫星等小型卫星对其结构的重量、尺寸和多功能性提出了苛刻的要求。为了应对这一挑战,我们提出了一种用于立方体卫星的多功能可部署空间结构概念,这种结构基于超薄、可弹性折叠和可自行部署的双稳态复合结构,并集成了柔性电子器件。多功能双稳态吊杆可以盘绕配置存储,并在启动时通过释放存储的应变能自展开成一个长结构。该吊杆展示了从立方体卫星向吊杆顶端的柔性设备供电和传输数据的能力。吊杆还展示了在部署期间和之后监测动态和振动的能力。有效载荷吊杆已作为飞行硬件安装在 3 U 立方体卫星上,用于空间测试和演示。这项工作将可变形的超薄复合材料结构与柔性电子设备相结合。
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引用次数: 0
Strength characterization of ultrathin chips by using large deflection theory of multi-layer plate for three-point bending tests 利用多层板大挠度理论进行超薄芯片三点弯曲试验的强度表征
IF 4.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102249
Dao-Long Chen , Chien-Ming Chen , Chin-I. Tsai , Ryan Chen , Hsin-Chih Shih , Ian Hu , Sheng-Rui Jian
This study developed mathematical formulas for a two-layer structure, specifically an ultrathin memory die with a film, which accounted for large deflection effects with Legendre-Jacobi’s elliptic integrals and frictional forces on the supports. The formulas were used to calculate die strength using three-point bending tests and were verified through comparisons with simulated and measured load-deflection curves. The study found that the Poisson's effect cannot be neglected for plate-like structures, and the slip effect was also significant, with accounting for friction improving accuracy. Additionally, the span between supports was found to increase nonlinearity. The study concluded that stress-deflection curves derived in the study can be used to determine die strength, with calculated strengths of 745 MPa and 1296 MPa for film-up and film-down configurations, respectively.
本研究开发了双层结构的数学公式,特别是带有薄膜的超薄记忆模具,利用 Legendre-Jacobi 的椭圆积分和支撑物上的摩擦力考虑了大挠度效应。这些公式用于通过三点弯曲试验计算模具强度,并通过与模拟和测量的载荷-挠度曲线进行比较进行验证。研究发现,对于板状结构,泊松效应不可忽视,滑移效应也很重要,考虑摩擦力可提高精度。此外,研究还发现支撑之间的跨度会增加非线性。研究得出的结论是,研究中得出的应力-挠度曲线可用于确定模具强度,薄膜向上和薄膜向下配置的计算强度分别为 745 兆帕和 1296 兆帕。
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引用次数: 0
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Extreme Mechanics Letters
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