Extreme Mechanics Letters最新文献_第5页

Automated de novo design of architectured materials: Leveraging eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for inspiration from stochastic microstructure outliers 建筑材料的自动化从头设计：利用可解释的人工智能（XAI）从随机微观结构异常值中获得灵感

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102269

Zhengkun Feng , Weijun Lei , Leidong Xu , Shikui Chen , Hongyi Xu

Engineered architectured Materials, such as metamaterials with periodic patterns, achieve superior properties compared with their stochastic counterparts, such as the random microstructures found in natural materials. The primary research question focuses on the feasibility of learning advantageous microstructural features from stochastic microstructure samples to facilitate the generative design of periodic microstructures, resulting in unprecedented properties. Instead of relying on brainstorming-based, ad hoc design inspiration approaches, we propose an eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)-based framework to automatically learn critical features from the exceptional outliers (with respect to properties) in stochastic microstructure samples, enabling the generation of novel periodic microstructure patterns with superior properties. This framework is demonstrated on three benchmark cases: designing 2D cellular metamaterials to maximize stiffness in all directions, to maximize the Poisson’s ratio in all directions, and to minimize the thermal expansion ratio. The effectiveness of the design framework is validated by comparing its novel microstructure designs with known stochastic and periodic microstructure designs in terms of the properties of interest.

工程建筑材料，如具有周期性图案的超材料，与随机对立物（如天然材料中的随机微观结构）相比，具有优越的性能。主要研究问题集中在从随机微观结构样本中学习有利的微观结构特征的可行性，以促进周期性微观结构的生成设计，从而获得前所未有的性能。我们提出了一个基于可解释人工智能（XAI）的框架，以自动从随机微观结构样本中的异常异常值（相对于属性）中学习关键特征，而不是依赖于基于头脑风暴的临时设计灵感方法，从而能够生成具有优越属性的新型周期性微观结构模式。该框架在三种基准案例中得到了验证：设计二维胞状超材料，在所有方向上实现刚度最大化，在所有方向上实现泊松比最大化，以及在所有方向上实现热膨胀比最小化。设计框架的有效性是通过比较其新颖的微观结构设计与已知的随机和周期性微观结构设计的性质来验证的。

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引用次数: 0

Design the bionic sucker with high adsorption performance based on Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis 以川菜为原料，设计高吸附性能的仿生吸盘

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102273

Qian Cong , Dexue Zhang , Jin Xu , Tingkun Chen , Jingfu Jin , Chaozong Liu

Based on the observed micromorphology of the Sinogastromyzon szechuanensis, a groove morphology was designed on the sucker working surface. The length, width, and number of the grooved morphology were selected as the design factors for the bionic morphology. The bionic and standard sucker was fabricated using the mold method, and the sucker adsorption performance was tested. Compared to the standard sucker adsorption force on the substrate (33.20 N), the bio-inspired sucker adsorption force could increase by a maximum of 71.22 %. The change law of the adsorption force was the same as the change law of negative pressure holding time. The bionic sucker could form multiple micro-sealing cavities from the groove morphology while forming a normal sealing cavity with the substrate. The bionic sucker adsorption force was greater than that of the standard sucker. As the length and width of the groove increased, the micro-sealing cavity formed by the groove shape made it difficult to form micro-suckers during the adsorption process, and the adsorption force was affected. With the increase in the number of grooves, the number of micro-suckers formed between the morphology and the substrate during the adsorption process could increase, and the adsorption force was increased.

根据对四川海螺的微观形貌观察，设计了吸盘工作面沟槽形态。选择沟槽形态的长度、宽度和数量作为仿生形态的设计因素。采用模法制备了仿生吸盘和标准吸盘，并对吸盘的吸附性能进行了测试。与标准吸盘吸附力（33.20 N）相比，仿生吸盘吸附力最大可提高71.22 %。吸附力的变化规律与负压保持时间的变化规律相同。仿生吸盘在与衬底形成正常密封腔的同时，可从凹槽形态形成多个微密封腔。仿生吸盘吸附力大于标准吸盘吸附力。随着凹槽长度和宽度的增加，凹槽形状形成的微密封腔使得吸附过程中难以形成微吸盘，从而影响吸附力。随着凹槽数量的增加，吸附过程中形貌与基体之间形成的微吸盘数量会增加，吸附力也会增大。

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引用次数: 0

Acoustic chiral mode transfer for symmetry-broken states in anti-parity-time symmetric systems 反奇偶时对称系统中对称破缺态的声学手性模式转移

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102261

Youdong Duan , Lei Zhang , Yonghui Zhang , Linlin Geng , Qiuquan Guo , Jun Yang , Gengkai Hu , Xiaoming Zhou

Dynamic encircling of an anti-parity-time (anti-PT) symmetric exceptional point (EP) leads to chiral transfer of symmetry-broken modes, which has been explored in various systems except acoustics. In this work, acoustic counterpart of this behavior is numerically demonstrated in coupled waveguide systems with anti-PT-symmetric EPs. The model consists of three coupled waveguides designed to mimic a three-state system that can be described by the coupled mode theory. By adiabatically eliminating the intermediate state with high loss, the anti-PT symmetry and associated EP can be formed in an effective system comprising the remaining two states. According to the parametric path enclosing the EP, acoustic propagation model is designed to support the space-driven acoustic mode evolution. Numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate acoustic chiral transfer of symmetry-broken states.

反奇偶性时间（anti-PT）对称例外点（EP）的动态环绕会导致对称破缺模式的手性转移，这已在除声学之外的各种系统中进行了探索。在这项工作中，在具有反PT 对称例外点的耦合波导系统中，这种行为的声学对应物得到了数值证明。该模型由三个耦合波导组成，旨在模拟可由耦合模式理论描述的三态系统。通过绝热消除具有高损耗的中间状态，反PT 对称性和相关 EP 可以在由其余两个状态组成的有效系统中形成。根据包围 EP 的参数路径，设计了声学传播模型，以支持空间驱动的声学模式演化。数值模拟证明了对称性断裂态的声学手性传递。

引用次数: 0

Nonlinear two-scale beam simulations accelerated by thermodynamics-informed neural networks 热力学信息神经网络加速非线性双尺度梁模拟

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102260

Helen Le Clézio , Konstantinos Karapiperis , Dennis M. Kochmann

We introduce an efficient computational framework for the simulation of complex beam networks and architected materials. At its core stands a thermodynamics-informed neural network, which serves as a surrogate material model for the cross-sectional response of hyperelastic, slender beams with varying cross-sectional sizes and geometries. The beam description relies on a formal asymptotic expansion from 3D elasticity, which decomposes the problem into an efficient macroscale simulation of the beam’s centerline and a finite elasticity problem on the cross-section (microscale) at each point along the beam. From the solution on the microscale, an effective energy is passed to the macroscale simulation, where it serves as the material model. We introduce a Sobolev-trained neural network as a surrogate model to approximate the effective energy of the microscale. We compare three different neural network architectures, viz. two well established Multi-Layer Perceptron based approaches — a simple feedforward neural network (FNN) and a partially input convex neural network (PICNN) — as well as a recently proposed Kolmogorov-Arnold (KAN) network, and we evaluate their suitability. The models are trained on varying cross-sectional geometries, particularly interpolating between square, circular, and triangular cross-sections, all of varying sizes and degrees of hollowness. Based on its smooth and accurate prediction of the energy landscape, which allows for automatic differentiation, the KAN model was chosen as the surrogate material model, whose effectiveness we demonstrate in a suite of examples, ranging from cantilever beams to 3D beam networks and architected materials. The surrogate model also shows excellent extrapolation capabilities to load cases outside the training dataset.

我们介绍了一种用于模拟复杂梁网络和结构材料的高效计算框架。该框架的核心是一个热力学信息神经网络，它是具有不同横截面尺寸和几何形状的超弹性细长梁横截面响应的替代材料模型。梁的描述依赖于三维弹性的形式渐近展开，它将问题分解为梁中心线的高效宏观模拟和沿梁各点横截面（微观）的有限弹性问题。根据微观尺度上的求解，有效能量被传递到宏观尺度模拟中，作为材料模型。我们引入 Sobolev 训练的神经网络作为近似微尺度有效能量的代理模型。我们比较了三种不同的神经网络架构，即两种成熟的基于多层感知器的方法--简单前馈神经网络（FNN）和部分输入凸神经网络（PICNN）--以及最近提出的 Kolmogorov-Arnold (KAN) 网络，并评估了它们的适用性。这些模型在不同的横截面几何形状上进行了训练，特别是在方形、圆形和三角形横截面之间进行插值，所有横截面的尺寸和空洞程度都各不相同。由于 KAN 模型能平滑、准确地预测能量分布，并能自动进行区分，因此被选为代用材料模型。代用模型还对训练数据集之外的载荷情况显示出卓越的外推能力。

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引用次数: 0

Full range fragmentation simulation of nanoflake filler-matrix composite coatings on a polymer substrate 聚合物基底上纳米片填料-基质复合涂层的全方位破碎模拟

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102268

Cagan Diyaroglu , Rebecca Villanueva , Umar Raza , Selda Oterkus , Erkan Oterkus , Kyungjin Kim

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental and computational study to explore the damage evolution mechanisms of polymer matrix nanocomposite films consisting of rigid ceramic fillers coated on a polymer substrate. The weight ratio of montmorillonite (MMT) fillers in the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix ranges from 30 % to 70 %, and these are applied onto a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. Through experiments, apart from damage behaviors, the water vapor transmission rates are also measured to gain insight into moisture diffusion characteristics with varying weight ratios of fillers. The optimal weight ratio of nanocomposite films consisting of a PVA matrix with MMT fillers can vary depending on the purpose of damage resistance and moisture barrier characteristics. A peridynamic theory is employed to simulate various damage scenarios of bi-layer nanocomposite films. The solution strategy presented incorporates the use of the cut-boundary and finite element methods to reduce substrate thickness and make initial predictions of crack onset strains, respectively, under quasi-static loading conditions. Several damage scenarios are considered for thin and thick PVA films on the PET substrate, as well as weak to strong interfaces between the PET-PVA and PVA-MMT layers. Additionally, different distributions of MMT fillers are also considered by varying the distances between them and inserting inclusions. The peridynamic damage analyses encompass crack initiation, propagation, and final failure stages across a wide range of strains, including various damage modes such as matrix cracking, cracking at the filler-matrix, or matrix-substrate interfaces, leading to the cohesive film cracking and delamination.

本文通过全面的实验和计算研究，探讨了聚合物基质纳米复合薄膜的损伤演变机理，该薄膜由涂覆在聚合物基质上的刚性陶瓷填料组成。蒙脱石（MMT）填料在聚乙烯醇（PVA）基体中的重量比从 30% 到 70%不等，这些填料被涂覆在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）基体上。通过实验，除了破坏行为外，还测量了水蒸气透过率，以深入了解不同重量比填料的湿气扩散特性。由 PVA 基体和 MMT 填料组成的纳米复合薄膜的最佳重量比可根据抗损坏性和防潮特性的目的而有所不同。本研究采用了周动力学理论来模拟双层纳米复合薄膜的各种损坏情况。所提出的求解策略结合使用了切割边界法和有限元法，以减少基材厚度，并在准静态加载条件下分别对裂纹起始应变进行初步预测。考虑了 PET 基底上的薄 PVA 薄膜和厚 PVA 薄膜以及 PET-PVA 层和 PVA-MMT 层之间由弱到强的界面的几种损坏情况。此外，通过改变 MMT 填料之间的距离和插入夹杂物，还考虑了 MMT 填料的不同分布。周动态损伤分析涵盖了各种应变下的裂纹起始、扩展和最终破坏阶段，包括各种损伤模式，如基体开裂、填料-基体或基体-基体界面开裂，从而导致内聚薄膜开裂和分层。

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引用次数: 0

A kinematics-based single-actuator setup for constant-curvature bending tests in extremely large deformations 基于运动学的单执行器装置，用于超大变形恒定曲率弯曲试验

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102259

Claudio Boni , Laura Galuppi

Thanks to the extreme deformability, low weight and high strength, thin elements, such as glass/carbon fiber composites shells, or chemically-strengthened glass laminae, are increasingly used for different engineering applications, ranging from deployable space structures and adaptive surfaces for architecture, to flexible electronics and wearable devices. Since an accurate design must be based on reliable values of the material strength, many research efforts have been made in recent years to propose innovative methods specifically devoted to the evaluation of the bending response of highly deformable elements. One of the most reliable procedures seems to be the clamp bending test, originally proposed for thin glass elements. The test consists in prescribing a rotation on two opposite edges of a rectangular thin plate, while adjusting the distance between the supports so to obtain a deformation into an arc of circle. If, from the analytical point of view, this is very effective because it allows to determine the material strength by using very simple formulae, from the practical point of view, its major limitation is that it requires to synchronize the motors and actuators governing the motion of translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Here, an innovative design is presented, characterized by a mechanical/kinematic interconnection between translation and rotation, so that it is possible to perform a clamp bending test in extremely large deformations by controlling just one degree of freedom, i.e., using only one actuator.

玻璃/碳纤维复合材料外壳或化学强化玻璃层压板等薄型元件具有极高的变形能力、重量轻和强度高的特点，因此越来越多地应用于不同的工程领域，从可部署的空间结构和建筑自适应表面，到柔性电子设备和可穿戴设备，不一而足。由于精确的设计必须以可靠的材料强度值为基础，近年来许多研究人员努力提出创新方法，专门用于评估高变形元件的弯曲响应。最可靠的方法之一似乎是夹钳弯曲试验，它最初是针对薄玻璃元件提出的。该试验包括在矩形薄板的两个相对边缘上进行旋转，同时调整支撑物之间的距离，以获得圆弧变形。从分析的角度来看，这种方法非常有效，因为它可以通过非常简单的公式确定材料的强度，但从实用的角度来看，它的主要局限性在于需要同步控制平移和旋转自由度运动的电机和执行器。这里介绍的是一种创新设计，其特点是平移和旋转之间的机械/动力相互连接，因此只需控制一个自由度，即只使用一个致动器，就可以进行变形量极大的夹钳弯曲试验。

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引用次数: 0

Aperture size control in kirigami metamaterials: Towards enhanced performance and applications kirigami 超材料中的孔径控制：增强性能和应用

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102266

Junwei Pan, Marco Meloni, Seung Deog Kim, Qian Zhang, Jianguo Cai

Kirigami metamaterials, inspired by the ancient art of kirigami, have recently emerged as an innovative approach for creating metamaterials with a diverse range of properties. While many studies on 2D kirigami have focused on stretchability and multi-stable properties, the variation in aperture size throughout the unfolding process of kirigami is another significant geometric feature. In this study, two novel kirigami materials are introduced, based on the topological construction of traditional triangular kirigami designs. These novel kirigami materials exhibit a wide range of aperture sizes, offering significant flexibility and tunability in stretch ratio. The diverse range of aperture sizes presents numerous potential applications at both micro and macro scales. Additionally, a hollow technique is proposed for designing kirigami cellular structures, which undergo distinct stages during the compression process characterized by low-reaction response and high-reaction response. This research expands the design possibilities of kirigami metamaterials by enabling precise adjustments in aperture sizes.

叽里格米超材料的灵感来自于古代的叽里格米艺术，近来已成为一种创新方法，可用于制造具有各种特性的超材料。虽然许多关于二维叽里格米的研究都集中在可拉伸性和多重稳定特性上，但叽里格米在展开过程中孔径大小的变化是另一个重要的几何特征。在本研究中，基于传统三角形螺旋纸设计的拓扑结构，介绍了两种新型螺旋纸材料。这些新型 "气泡纸 "材料具有多种孔径大小，在拉伸比方面具有显著的灵活性和可调性。孔径大小的多样性为微观和宏观尺度提供了众多潜在应用。此外，还提出了一种用于设计叽里格米蜂窝结构的中空技术，这种蜂窝结构在压缩过程中经历了不同的阶段，其特点是低反应响应和高反应响应。这项研究通过精确调整孔径大小，拓展了叽里胶超材料的设计可能性。

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引用次数: 0

Origami electronic membranes as highly shape-morphable mechanical and environmental sensing systems 作为高度可变形机械和环境传感系统的折纸电子膜

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102264

Yao Yao , Guanghui Li , Xin Ning

This work introduces a concept of highly shape-morphable macro-scale origami electronic membranes based on the design and fabrication of flexible electronics and engineering origami. The origami electronic membranes can change shapes, provide multi-modal mechanical and environmental sensing capabilities in room and harsh temperatures, and/or switch functions by mechanical shape reconfiguration. This paper presents the materials, design, and fabrication methods for realizing six origami electronic membranes capable of reconfiguring planar or three-dimensional shapes based on the modified flasher, Kresling, Miura-ori, circular, letter, and Tachi-Miura origami patterns. They can be folded into small, stowed geometries and controllably deployed into larger areas or volumes to cover expanded spaces for spatial sensing, enabling significant shape adaptability for flexible electronics beyond simple stretching or bending. The mechanical and environmental sensing modalities include measuring motions, mechanical strains, temperatures, UV light, and humidity. The results reported here may expand the use of flexible electronics to applications that especially require aggressive shape transitions between a small, folded geometry and a large surface or volume such as deployable sensing systems for space explorations and accessing and monitoring highly confined locations.

这项研究基于柔性电子器件和工程折纸的设计与制造，提出了一种高度可变形的宏观尺度折纸电子膜的概念。这些折纸电子膜可以改变形状，在室温和严寒条件下提供多模式机械和环境传感功能，以及/或通过机械形状重构实现功能切换。本文介绍了实现六种折纸电子膜的材料、设计和制作方法，这些电子膜能够根据改良的飞鸟、克雷斯林、三浦织、圆形、字母和立三村折纸图案重新配置平面或三维形状。它们可以折叠成较小的收纳几何形状，并可控地部署到较大的区域或体积，以覆盖空间传感的扩展空间，从而使柔性电子器件的形状适应性大大超出简单的拉伸或弯曲。机械和环境传感模式包括测量运动、机械应变、温度、紫外线和湿度。本文报告的结果可将柔性电子器件的应用扩展到特别需要在折叠的小几何体与大表面或大体积之间进行积极形状转换的应用领域，例如用于太空探索的可部署传感系统，以及进入和监测高度密闭地点的传感系统。

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引用次数: 0

Quantifying the relation between aging-related trabecular bone microstructure and mechanical properties with digital volume correlation approach 用数字体积相关方法量化与衰老相关的骨小梁微观结构和力学性能之间的关系

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102265

Hutomo Tanoto , Hanwen Fan , Donggi Ha , Catherine G. Ambrose , Eric O. Klineberg , Yuxiao Zhou

Trabecular bone, a highly porous 3D network of interconnected rods and plates known as trabeculae, plays a critical role in bone strength and integrity. Osteoporosis, a condition commonly associated with aging, leads to deteriorations in bone mass and microarchitecture, manifesting as reduced bone mineral density, thinner trabecular struts, increased trabecular spacing, and a shift from trabecular plates to rods. These microstructural alterations contribute to age-related fragility fractures. To quantitatively explore the link between microstructural changes and the mechanical properties of trabecular bone, we combined mechanical testing with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and digital volume correlation (DVC) to measure 3D full-field deformation in trabecular bone samples from healthy and osteoporotic human cadaver vertebrae. Our multi-step mechanical testing characterized strain concentration propagation under axial compressive loading, providing new insights into how microstructural parameters influence trabecular bone’s mechanical strength. This study demonstrates that imaging-based approaches for evaluating bone mechanical strength could serve as an alternative to traditional fracture risk assessment methods, which primarily rely on bone mineral density.

骨小梁是一种由相互连接的杆和板组成的高孔隙三维网络，被称为骨小梁，在骨强度和完整性方面起着至关重要的作用。骨质疏松症通常与衰老有关，它会导致骨质和微结构退化，表现为骨矿物质密度降低、骨小梁变细、骨小梁间距增大以及骨小梁板块向骨小梁杆块转变。这些微结构的改变导致了与年龄相关的脆性骨折。为了定量探索骨小梁的微观结构变化与力学性能之间的联系，我们将力学测试与微型计算机断层扫描（micro-CT）和数字体积相关（DVC）相结合，测量了来自健康和骨质疏松人体尸体椎骨的骨小梁样本的三维全场变形。我们的多步骤机械测试描述了轴向压缩加载下应变集中传播的特征，为了解微结构参数如何影响骨小梁的机械强度提供了新的视角。这项研究表明，基于成像的骨机械强度评估方法可以替代主要依赖骨矿物质密度的传统骨折风险评估方法。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of rate on the response and localized transformation patterns in NiTi Tubes 速率对镍钛管响应和局部转化模式的影响

IF 4.3 3区工程技术 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2024.102263

Solon Tsimpoukis, Stelios Kyriakides

Tensile tests on NiTi tubes at different average strain rates reveal a unique behavior resulting from interactions between the latent heat of the reversible transformations, the transformation stress and the associated localized deformation patterns. At slow rates (e.g., 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹) transformation is by a helical band or multipronged fronts. The heat exchange with the environment dissipates the latent heat, the temperature remains at the ambient level, and the stress remains constant during transformation. At a rate of 10⁻² s⁻¹ three narrow parallel helical bands of martensite (M) nucleate simultaneously at one end. Their tips propagate at the same speed, while the stress remains constant at the level corresponding to the temperature of the transformed material behind them. Once they reach the other end, further transformation occurs by band broadening accompanied by heating and increase in the recorded stress. During unloading, three helical bands of austenite (A) covering the length of the specimen nucleate nearly simultaneously and subsequently broaden causing cooling and decrease in stress. This behavior is contrasted with that observed in strips and small diameter rods where during loading rate-induced heating results in progressive nucleation of new inclined bands of M at sites with lower temperature. The progressive nucleation of new inclined bands (of A) is repeated during unloading. The rate tube experiments have been successfully simulated numerically using coupled static displacement-transient thermal finite element analysis linked to a user material subroutine based on the thermomechanical constitutive model for SMAs of our group. The following novel features of the analysis are crucial for successful simulations: both transformations are represented by a single surface with softening introduced over their extents; the transformation stress, strain and latent heat vary with temperature; the heat exchange between the model and the environment is modeled appropriately. Overall, the results of the experiments provide a challenging platform for developing and evaluating constitutive models for phase transforming materials, while the analysis points to features that must be included.

在不同平均应变速率下对镍钛管进行的拉伸试验揭示了可逆转变潜热、转变应力和相关局部变形模式之间相互作用所产生的独特行为。在低应变速率下（例如 10-5 s-1），转变是通过螺旋带或多棱形前沿进行的。在转化过程中，与环境的热交换会耗散潜热，温度保持在环境温度水平，应力保持恒定。马氏体（M）以 10-2 s-1 的速度在一端同时形成三条狭窄的平行螺旋带。它们的尖端以相同的速度传播，而应力则保持恒定，与它们后面的转化材料的温度相对应。当它们到达另一端时，伴随着加热和记录应力的增加，通过带状扩展发生进一步转变。在卸载过程中，覆盖试样长度的三条奥氏体螺旋带（A）几乎同时成核，随后变宽，导致冷却和应力下降。这种行为与在带材和小直径棒材中观察到的行为形成鲜明对比，在带材和小直径棒材中，加载过程中速率引起的加热导致在温度较低的部位逐渐形成新的 M 倾斜带。在卸载过程中，新倾斜带（A）的逐渐成核过程会重复出现。我们使用静态位移-瞬态热耦合有限元分析法对速率管实验进行了成功的数值模拟，该分析法与基于我们课题组 SMA 热力学构成模型的用户材料子程序相连接。分析中的以下新特点对成功模拟至关重要：两种转变均由单一表面表示，并在其范围内引入软化；转变应力、应变和潜热随温度变化而变化；模型与环境之间的热交换被适当建模。总之，实验结果为开发和评估相变材料的构成模型提供了一个具有挑战性的平台，同时分析指出了必须包含的特征。

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引用次数: 0