Journal for the History of Astronomy最新文献

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IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/00218286221081975

J. Lennart Berggren

In 2012 the Union of German Academies of Sciences and Humanities announced the funding of a 25-year Academy Project of research into the reception and study of medieval Arabic and Latin versions of Ptolemaic works. Known as Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus (PAL), its primary aim is “to make the Ptolemaic corpus on the science of the stars available to researchers” (p. 3). To achieve this simply stated goal the organizers have created what is probably the largest collaborative, current project in the history of astronomy. Interested scholars may follow the activities of PAL on its website: https:// ptolemaeusbadwe.de. This volume represents results of the first triennial PAL conference, offering a deliberately broad coverage of Ptolemaic astronomy and astrology in Latin, Arabic and Greek. After a useful overview of each of its fourteen contributions, the book begins with four papers on the Greek and Near Eastern Traditions. In his lead-in paper, “The Ancient Ptolemy,” Alexander Jones seeks to present Ptolemy “in the round” and begins by asking which “Ptolemaic” works Ptolemy wrote. Reviewing the evidence on the doubtful works, he exploits the searchability of the digital Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) to identify traits of Ptolemy’s writing that allow a secure test of his authorship. One result of this is a strong argument for accepting the previously doubtful philosophical work, Criterion, as a work of Ptolemy. After considering the relative order in which Ptolemy composed his works, Jones presents two views of the Ptolemaic canon: a view by discipline and another by prevailing themes. For example, both the Almagest and the Harmonics, although in different disciplines, are “deeply concerned with applying sense perception . . .and reason” to create models underlying observed phenomena (p. 28). Jones concludes by emphasizing Ptolemy’s concern with “mathematically defined modes of representation of the cosmos” (p. 29). To Jones’s examples one might add the Analemma, the subject of Nathan Sidoli’s “Mathematical Methods in Ptolemy’s Analemma.” The analemma was an ancient method of geometrically representing a sphere on a plane, a problem Ptolemy faced in his Planispherium and Geography. Sidoli carefully explains the method, based on the division of the celestial sphere into eight octants by three mutually perpendicular great circles all passing through the observer’s position at the center of that sphere. These three 1081975 JHA0010.1177/00218286221081975Journal for the History of AstronomyEssay Review Essay Review2022

2012年，德国科学与人文学院联盟宣布资助一个为期25年的学院项目，用于接收和研究托勒密中世纪阿拉伯语和拉丁语版本的作品。其主要目的是“向研究人员提供托勒密关于恒星科学的语料库”（第3页）。为了实现这一简单的目标，组织者创建了可能是天文学史上最大的合作项目。感兴趣的学者可以在PAL的网站上关注PAL的活动：https://ptolemaeusbadwe.de。这本书代表了第一届三年一度的PAL会议的成果，用拉丁语、阿拉伯语和希腊语对托勒密天文学和占星术进行了有意的广泛报道。在对其十四篇贡献中的每一篇进行了有益的概述之后，本书以四篇关于希腊和近东传统的论文开始。亚历山大·琼斯在他的前言《古代托勒密》中试图“全面”介绍托勒密，并首先询问托勒密写了哪些“托勒密”作品。在审查可疑作品的证据时，他利用数字同义词库Linguae Graecae（TLG）的可搜索性来识别托勒密作品的特征，从而可以安全地测试他的作者身份。这样做的一个结果是，有一个强有力的论据支持接受之前存疑的哲学著作《标准》作为托勒密的作品。在考虑托勒密作品创作的相对顺序后，琼斯提出了托勒密经典的两种观点：一种是按学科的观点，另一种是以主流主题的观点。例如，Almagest和Harmonics虽然在不同的学科中，但都“深切关注应用感知……和理性”来创建观察到的现象的模型（第28页）。琼斯最后强调了托勒密对“数学定义的宇宙表示模式”的关注（第29页）。在琼斯的例子中，可以加上奈森·西多利（Nathan Sidoli）的《托勒密难题中的数学方法》（Mathematical Methods in Ptolemy’s Analemma）中的“难题”。“难题”是一种古老的在平面上几何表示球体的方法，托勒密在《平面遗传学与地理学》（Planispherium and Geography）中面临着这个问题。Sidoli仔细解释了这种方法，基于三个相互垂直的大圆将天球划分为八个八分之一，所有这些圆都穿过观测者在天球中心的位置。这三篇1081975 JHA0010.1177/021822621081975天文学史期刊论文综述论文综述2022

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引用次数: 1

Accuracy of eclipse records in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史中日食记录的准确性

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/00218286221097111

L. Morrison, F. Stephenson, C. Hohenkerk

From a comparison with calculation of the dates and descriptions of the allusions to lunar and solar eclipses recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, we confirm the identifications of the eclipses given by Swanton in his 1996 translation and annotation. The details of the analysis on which this is based are given in the supplementary material published as an appendix in the on-line edition of the Journal.

通过与《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》记载的月食和日食典故的日期计算和描述的比较，我们证实了斯旺顿在1996年的翻译和注释中给出的日食的识别。作为《华尔街日报》在线版附录的补充材料中提供了作为分析基础的详细信息。

引用次数: 0

Early application of kinetic theory of gases to star clusters 气体动力学理论在星团中的早期应用

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/00218286221078338

Bruce D. Popp

This is a case of working by analogy to apply successful work from one field, the kinetic theory of gases, to another field, the distribution of stars in globular clusters. The origin of the analogy lies in Henri Poincaré reading a vague suggestion by Lord Kelvin and recognizing the interest and potential value of this suggestion. The result is the application of mechanics to the dynamics of clusters with very many stars. A good idea, even a very clever good idea, still takes significant work to elaborate in all its implications. Here we see assumptions that lead to partial success in providing a relation between the density of stars in a cluster and the distance from the center. Partial success motivated work using assumptions that were less restrictive. We follow the assumptions and work through 1916, when work paused for many years.

这是一个类比的例子，将一个领域的成功工作，气体动力学理论，应用到另一个领域，即球状星团中恒星的分布。这个比喻的起源在于亨利·庞加莱读到开尔文勋爵的一个模糊的建议，并认识到这个建议的兴趣和潜在价值。其结果是将力学应用于具有非常多恒星的星团的动力学。一个好主意，即使是一个非常聪明的好主意，仍然需要大量的工作来阐述它的所有含义。在这里，我们看到了一些假设，这些假设部分成功地提供了星团中恒星密度与离中心距离之间的关系。部分成功使用限制性较少的假设来激励工作。我们按照假设工作到1916年，当时工作暂停了很多年。

引用次数: 0

WT-PE: Prime editing with nuclease wild-type Cas9 enables versatile large-scale genome editing. WT-PE：使用野生型 Cas9 核酸酶进行主编辑可实现多功能的大规模基因组编辑。

IF 39.3 3区哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00936-w

Rui Tao, Yanhong Wang, Yun Hu, Yaoge Jiao, Lifang Zhou, Lurong Jiang, Li Li, Xingyu He, Min Li, Yamei Yu, Qiang Chen, Shaohua Yao

Large scale genomic aberrations including duplication, deletion, translocation, and other structural changes are the cause of a subtype of hereditary genetic disorders and contribute to onset or progress of cancer. The current prime editor, PE2, consisting of Cas9-nickase and reverse transcriptase enables efficient editing of genomic deletion and insertion, however, at small scale. Here, we designed a novel prime editor by fusing reverse transcriptase (RT) to nuclease wild-type Cas9 (WT-PE) to edit large genomic fragment. WT-PE system simultaneously introduced a double strand break (DSB) and a single 3' extended flap in the target site. Coupled with paired prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) that have complementary sequences in their 3' terminus while target different genomic regions, WT-PE produced bi-directional prime editing, which enabled efficient and versatile large-scale genome editing, including large fragment deletion up to 16.8 megabase (Mb) pairs and chromosomal translocation. Therefore, our WT-PE system has great potential to model or treat diseases related to large-fragment aberrations.

包括复制、缺失、易位和其他结构变化在内的大规模基因组畸变是遗传性基因疾病的一个亚型，也是癌症发病或进展的原因。目前的质粒编辑器 PE2 由 Cas9-拈酸酶和反转录酶组成，能对基因组缺失和插入进行高效编辑，但规模较小。在这里，我们将反转录酶（RT）与野生型Cas9核酸酶（WT-PE）融合在一起，设计出了一种新型原核编辑器，用于编辑大的基因组片段。WT-PE 系统能同时在目标位点引入双链断裂（DSB）和单个 3' 扩展瓣。WT-PE系统的3'末端具有互补序列，同时针对不同的基因组区域，再加上成对的质粒编辑向导RNA（pegRNAs），WT-PE可产生双向质粒编辑，从而实现高效、多用途的大规模基因组编辑，包括高达16.8兆碱基（Mb）对的大片段缺失和染色体易位。因此，我们的 WT-PE 系统在模拟或治疗与大片段畸变有关的疾病方面具有巨大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Astronomical or political: Interpretation of comets in times of crisis in Qing China 天文或政治:清代危机时期彗星的解读

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/00218286211070275

Ting Chen, Lingfeng Lü

By the late Qing dynasty, Western scientific learning had been disseminated among the Chinese literati. However, astronomical knowledge was still interpreted in the traditional Chinese astrological manner and served as an instrument in political affairs, especially in times of crisis. This paper examines controversies over astronomical observations between the proponents of traditional astrology and Western learning by presenting two cases of comet sightings. The first case is of a comet sighting between 1880 and 1882, and the second is of comets sighted before the Chinese Revolution of 1911. The reasons for the recurrence of ancient cometary prognostication in the early 20th century, when modern knowledge of comets was widespread in China, were explored as well.

到了晚清，西方的科学知识已经在中国文人中传播开来。然而，天文知识仍然以中国传统的占星术方式进行解释，并在政治事务中发挥作用，尤其是在危机时期。本文通过介绍两个彗星观测案例，探讨了传统占星术和西学支持者之间关于天文观测的争议。第一个案例是1880年至1882年间的彗星观测，第二个案例是1911年中国革命前的彗星观测。20世纪初，当现代彗星知识在中国广泛传播时，古代彗星预测再次出现的原因也被探讨。

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to ‘The Heliocentric Path of the Moon’ 《月球日心说》的勘误表

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/00218286211067843

引用次数: 0

Michael Hoskin (1930–2021) 迈克尔·霍斯金（1930–2021）

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/00218286221077318

JamesJ . Evans, R. Kremer

Michael Hoskin, who founded this journal and edited it for 45 years, died at his home in Cambridge, England, on December 5, 2021. Some years ago, Michael, wanting to lighten our load on that day in the future when we would eventually lose him, and wanting, too, for things to be set down correctly in his beloved journal, sent us notes for his own obituary. We have drawn upon them substantially but have added to them. Michael Hoskin was born in south London on February 27, 1930, the only child of a tax official and a schoolteacher. He attended a Catholic grammar school in west London, surviving first the bombs of the blitz and later the flying bombs and rockets. The school focused on the Classics and so Hoskin spent his last two years there exclusively in the study of Latin and Greek. After leaving school he was for 5 years a student at London University, earning a BA and MA in pure mathematics. In 1952 he transferred to Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he wrote his doctoral thesis in algebraic geometry. He then spent a year in military research before returning to Cambridge in 1956 as Research Fellow at Jesus College. In the same year he married Jean Margaret (Jane) Small, with whom he was to have five children. The award of the Fellowship should have reassured Hoskin of his abilities as a pure mathematician, but he was unable to throw off his sense of inferiority to his sole fellow doctoral-student, one Michael Atiyah. Atiyah’s recent obituarist has described him as England’s finest mathematician since Newton, but no one warned Hoskin that Atiyah was out of the ordinary. Taking therefore a gloomy view of his own mathematical ability, Hoskin began to cast around for a career outside mathematics. He chanced upon an advertisement from Leicester University for an inaugural lectureship in a subject called history of science. Although the rival candidates each had a PhD in history of science, it was Hoskin who was appointed. A frantic 3 months of preparation for his lectures were to follow. Two years later, Rupert Hall suddenly resigned his lectureship in history of science in Cambridge. Hoskin applied and, although there was a distinguished field, he was appointed. He was to spend the rest of his career in Cambridge. At first his only colleague was a philosopher of science and they taught a joint course, with Hoskin single-handedly covering the whole of the history of science and medicine. Furthermore, on arrival in Cambridge he had been asked by the philosopher Richard Braithwaite to take over supervision of a doctoral student named Derek T. Whiteside, who was working in 17th-century mathematics. After Whiteside completed his dissertation he then proposed a publishing project of the first magnitude, a multi-volume edition of Newton’s mathematical papers. Cambridge University Press agreed to take the project on, but only if Hoskin would guarantee it by being formally involved in seeing the work through the press. The 1077318 JHA0010.1177/00218286221077318

迈克尔·霍斯金于2021年12月5日在英国剑桥的家中去世，他创立了这本杂志并编辑了45年。几年前，迈克尔想减轻我们将来失去他的那一天的负担，也想在他心爱的日记中正确地记录事情，于是给我们寄来了他自己的讣告。我们充分利用了它们，但又加以补充。迈克尔·霍斯金于1930年2月27日出生在伦敦南部，是一位税务官员和一名教师的独子。他曾就读于伦敦西部的一所天主教文法学校，先是经历了闪电战的轰炸，后来又经历了飞弹和火箭弹的袭击。这所学校的重点是古典文学，所以霍斯金在那里的最后两年专门学习拉丁语和希腊语。离开学校后，他在伦敦大学学习了5年，获得了纯数学学士和硕士学位。1952年，他转到剑桥的彼得学院，在那里他写了代数几何的博士论文。随后，他花了一年时间从事军事研究，1956年回到剑桥，担任耶稣学院研究员。同年，他与简·玛格丽特·斯莫尔结婚，两人育有五个孩子。奖学金的授予本应让霍斯金确信自己作为一个纯粹的数学家的能力，但他无法摆脱对他唯一的博士生迈克尔·阿蒂亚的自卑。阿蒂亚最近的讣告称他是自牛顿以来英国最优秀的数学家，但没有人警告霍斯金阿蒂亚与众不同。因此，霍斯金对自己的数学能力感到悲观，他开始寻找数学以外的职业。他偶然看到莱斯特大学的一则广告，招聘科学史这门学科的首任讲师。虽然竞争对手的候选人都有科学史博士学位，但霍斯金被任命为候选人。接下来，他要为他的讲座做三个月的疯狂准备。两年后，鲁伯特·霍尔突然辞去了剑桥大学科学史讲师的职务。霍斯金提出了申请，尽管这是一个杰出的领域，他还是被任命了。他将在剑桥度过他的余生。起初，他唯一的同事是一位科学哲学家，他们联合教授一门课程，霍斯金一人负责整个科学史和医学史。此外，刚到剑桥时，哲学家理查德·布雷斯韦特(Richard Braithwaite)就请他接替正在研究17世纪数学的博士生德里克·t·怀特塞德(Derek T. Whiteside)的指导。在怀特塞德完成他的论文后，他提出了一个第一个重要的出版计划，一个多卷的牛顿数学论文的版本。剑桥大学出版社同意接手这个项目，但前提是霍斯金要保证正式参与出版工作。jha0010.1177 /00218286221077318天文学史讣告研究论文

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引用次数: 0

Annibale Riccò and the catoptric proof of the Earth’s curvature Annibale Riccó与地球曲率的光学证明

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/00218286211049617

P. F. Nali

Phenomena as common as the daily rising or setting of the Sun can reveal, upon careful examination, something surprising and unexpected, which has been attracting scientific attention belatedly and had to wait long before being explained. From systematic observation of sunrises over the marine horizon, the Italian astronomer Annibale Riccò (1844–1919) unexpectedly claimed to have recognized a new and novel evidence of the Earth’s roundness, scrutinizing distorted images of the Sun reflected off waters. Others had previously come to a similar conclusion, but it was Riccò’s pioneering work that brought this “catoptric” proof of the Earth’s curvature to the scientific limelight of his time. The interesting debate ensued gave rise to more articulated interpretations of Riccò’s observations, including recovery of olden “dioptric” explanations. The catoptric model was eventually abandoned, as it does not adequately take into account the effects of atmospheric refraction and above all the observed phenomenon is not genuinely “reflective.” The argument is nevertheless correct in principle and retains historical and pedagogical interest.

像太阳每天升起或落下这样常见的现象，经过仔细研究，可以揭示出一些令人惊讶和意想不到的事情，这些事情引起了科学界的关注，但为时已晚，必须等待很长时间才能得到解释。意大利天文学家Annibale Riccå（1844-1919）通过对海洋地平线上日出的系统观测，出人意料地声称自己发现了地球圆度的一个新的新颖证据，仔细观察了海水反射的太阳扭曲图像。其他人此前也得出了类似的结论，但正是Riccå的开创性工作，将这一地球曲率的“猫眼”证明带到了他那个时代的科学聚光灯下。随后发生的有趣的辩论引发了对Riccå的观察结果的更清晰的解释，包括恢复旧的“屈光”解释。Catoptic模型最终被放弃，因为它没有充分考虑到大气折射的影响，而且最重要的是，观察到的现象并不是真正的“反射性的”。然而，这一论点在原则上是正确的，并保留了历史和教学的兴趣。

引用次数: 0

A Spanish study of the 1572 nova: Jerónimo Muñoz and his Book on the New Comet 西班牙对1572年新星的研究：Jerónimo Muñoz和他的《关于新彗星的书》

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/00218286221077337

G. Recio

The nova of 1572 was one of the most important astronomical events of the 16th century, mentioned by more than 40 authors. One of them was Jerónimo Muñoz, a Valentian Professor of Mathematics, who not only observed it, but also wrote a Book on the New Comet in Castilian, at the request of the Spanish King, Phillip II. There he addresses, among other things, the nature and location of the phenomenon, concluding that it was a star-like comet, which was located at a distance beyond that of the Sun. The article deals with Jerónimo Muñoz’s life and work within the Spanish astronomical community and explains the main ideas Muñoz presented in the Book regarding the nature and significance of the nova. The online edition of the article includes an appendix containing a complete English translation of the Book on the New Comet.

1572年的新星是16世纪最重要的天文事件之一，有40多位作者提到过。其中一位是Jerónimo Muñoz，一位瓦伦丁数学教授，他不仅观察到了新彗星，还应西班牙国王菲利普二世的要求，用卡斯蒂利亚语写了一本关于新彗星的书。在书中，他提到了这一现象的性质和位置，并得出结论，这是一颗类似恒星的彗星，位于太阳之外的距离。这篇文章介绍了Jerónimo Muñoz在西班牙天文学界的生活和工作，并解释了Muñoz书中提出的关于新星的性质和意义的主要观点。这篇文章的在线版本包括一个附录，其中包含《新彗星之书》的完整英文翻译。

引用次数: 0

Erratum to ‘A Reading Guide for Bruno’s On the Infinite’ 布鲁诺《论无限》阅读指南勘误表

IF 0.4 3区哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Journal for the History of Astronomy

Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/00218286211067841

引用次数: 0

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