We provide a detailed description of and a staging table that portrays the ontogeny of the Great Basin spadefoot (Scaphiopus intermontanus Cope) from the just-hatched larva through the adult. We concentrate on the development of external morphological characters as observed in individuals raised under controlled laboratory conditions. We suggest that our staging table, besides providing greater detail, is more appropriate than a generalized staging table for describing the ontogeny of species within Scaphiopus. Also, unlike other staging tables, we delineate stage bound- aries. We recommend the use of stage boundary criteria for the construction of all future staging tables. Our findings indicate that some aspects of Scaphiopus ontogeny may be unique. Unlike other anuran larvae with sinistral spiracles, the operculum in S. intermontanus does not pass through a stage in which there are two separate openings. Other features, such as mouthpart characteristics, may be useful for intrageneric larval identification; however, we show that at least the labial tooth-row formula variation is affected by both rearing temperature and geographic origin of the specimen sample. Finally, rearing conditions possibly affect the timing of certain developmental events in S. intermontanus. Specifically, the timing of hindlimb differentiation seems to be labile relative to when differentiation occurs in other morphological features. table DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS of the ontog- eny of embryonic, larval, metamorphic, and postmetamorphic frogs (Anura) are important for understanding the general pattern(s) of development of representa- tive taxa and, by comparisons of different patterns, for resolving questions about sys- tematic relationships. For anurans, staging tables are a condensed way of describing ontogenetic changes. In a review of the lit- erature, Fox (1984:30) indicated that of the few thousand known species of anu- rans there are complete staging tables- fertilized egg through the completion of metamorphosis-for fewer than 20 spe- cies. Just et al. (1981: their Table 3) com- pared the staging tables of a number of these species. Most of the tables that have been constructed are for species contained in the genera Bufo and Rana. Two of the most detailed tables, for the African
我们提供了一个详细的描述和一个分期表，描绘了大盆地掌足(Scaphiopus intermontanus Cope)从刚孵化的幼虫到成虫的个体发育。我们专注于外部形态特征的发展，观察在受控实验室条件下饲养的个体。我们认为，我们的分期表，除了提供更多的细节，是更合适的比一个广义分期表，以描述物种的个体发生在Scaphiopus。此外，与其他的阶段表不同，我们描绘了阶段边界。我们建议使用舞台边界标准来建造所有未来的舞台桌。我们的研究结果表明，一些方面的疥虫个体发育可能是独特的。与其他具有左旋气门的无尾蝇幼虫不同，山间棘虫的气门盖不会经历有两个独立开口的阶段。其他特征，如口器特征，可能对属内幼虫鉴定有用;然而，我们表明，至少唇牙排公式的变化受到饲养温度和标本样本的地理来源的影响。最后，饲养条件可能影响山间棘猴某些发育事件的发生时间。具体来说，后肢分化的时间相对于其他形态特征发生分化的时间似乎是不稳定的。对胚胎蛙、幼虫蛙、变质蛙和变质蛙(无尾蛙)的本体论的详细描述，对于理解有代表性的分类群的一般发育模式，并通过不同模式的比较，解决系统关系的问题具有重要意义。对于无尾猿来说，分期表是描述个体发生变化的一种浓缩方式。Fox(1984:30)在一篇文献综述中指出，在已知的几千种昆虫中，只有不到20种有完整的分期表——从受精卵到完成变态。Just et al.(1981:他们的表3)比较了许多这些物种的分期表。大多数已建立的表都是针对蟾属和蛙属的物种。两张最详细的表格，非洲人的
{"title":"Postembryonic Ontogeny of the Spadefoot Toad, Scaphiopus intermontanus (Anura: Pelobatidae): External Morphology","authors":"John A. Hall, J. H. Larsen, R. E. Fitzner","doi":"10.2307/1467009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467009","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a detailed description of and a staging table that portrays the ontogeny of the Great Basin spadefoot (Scaphiopus intermontanus Cope) from the just-hatched larva through the adult. We concentrate on the development of external morphological characters as observed in individuals raised under controlled laboratory conditions. We suggest that our staging table, besides providing greater detail, is more appropriate than a generalized staging table for describing the ontogeny of species within Scaphiopus. Also, unlike other staging tables, we delineate stage bound- aries. We recommend the use of stage boundary criteria for the construction of all future staging tables. Our findings indicate that some aspects of Scaphiopus ontogeny may be unique. Unlike other anuran larvae with sinistral spiracles, the operculum in S. intermontanus does not pass through a stage in which there are two separate openings. Other features, such as mouthpart characteristics, may be useful for intrageneric larval identification; however, we show that at least the labial tooth-row formula variation is affected by both rearing temperature and geographic origin of the specimen sample. Finally, rearing conditions possibly affect the timing of certain developmental events in S. intermontanus. Specifically, the timing of hindlimb differentiation seems to be labile relative to when differentiation occurs in other morphological features. table DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS of the ontog- eny of embryonic, larval, metamorphic, and postmetamorphic frogs (Anura) are important for understanding the general pattern(s) of development of representa- tive taxa and, by comparisons of different patterns, for resolving questions about sys- tematic relationships. For anurans, staging tables are a condensed way of describing ontogenetic changes. In a review of the lit- erature, Fox (1984:30) indicated that of the few thousand known species of anu- rans there are complete staging tables- fertilized egg through the completion of metamorphosis-for fewer than 20 spe- cies. Just et al. (1981: their Table 3) com- pared the staging tables of a number of these species. Most of the tables that have been constructed are for species contained in the genera Bufo and Rana. Two of the most detailed tables, for the African","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68496589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Patterns of Genetic Differentiation in Salamanders of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus Complex (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)","authors":"S. Tilley, M. Mahoney","doi":"10.2307/1466979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466979","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68495608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The phylogenetic relationships within the iguanian lizard family Phrynosomatidae are inferred from diverse types of data (i.e., mitochondrial rDNA, osteology, coloration, scalation, karyology, and behavior). All 10 currently recognized genera (Callisaurus, Cophosaurus, Holbrookia, Petrosaurus, Phrynosoma, Sator, Sceloporus, Uma, Urosaurus, and Uta) are included in the phylogenetic analyses. The phylogenies inferred from the separate analyses of the DNA sequence data (779 bp; 162 informative characters; 40 species) and non-DNA data (155 informative characters; 59 species) share 26% (10) of their respective clades. Four of the congruent clades (i.e., sand lizards + Phrynosoma, Petrosaurus, Urosaurus, Uta) are strongly supported (-70% bootstrap) in both of the separate analyses while five others are strongly supported in only one, but not both, of the separate analyses. All conflicting hypotheses leading to the taxonomic incongruence (e.g., Sceloporus group interrelationships) are weakly supported (<70% bootstrap) in one or both of the separate analyses. Combining the DNA and non-DNA data for phylogenetic analysis results in a single shortest tree. Overall, the phylogeny from the combined analysis shares more clades in common with the hypotheses inferred from the separate DNA analysis (74%) than with the separate analysis of the non-DNA data (53%). The intergeneric relationships inferred from the combined analysis are more similar to recently published hypotheses based on morphological data, except the Sceloporus group is paraphyletic. Although phrynosomatid intergeneric relationships are well resolved by the combined analysis of the DNA and non-DNA data, the relationships among most genera are nevertheless weakly supported by the separate and combined analyses. This weak support is most likely the result of rapid speciation. The monophyly of the speciose genus Sceloporus (exclusive of Sator) is supported by the separate non-DNA and combined analyses. The inclusion of numerous incomplete taxa (19 species lacking DNA data) in the combined analysis did not decrease resolution among the complete taxa (40 species with DNA and non-DNA data), but the addition of the incomplete taxa did affect the relationships among the complete taxa. Overall, the DNA data are more homoplastic than the non-DNA data, but the degree of character incongruence exhibited within the different partitions and/or sources of the DNA and non-DNA data sets varies greatly.
{"title":"Evolution of the lizard family Phrynosomatidae as inferred from diverse types of data","authors":"T. Reeder, J. Wiens","doi":"10.2307/1466980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466980","url":null,"abstract":"The phylogenetic relationships within the iguanian lizard family Phrynosomatidae are inferred from diverse types of data (i.e., mitochondrial rDNA, osteology, coloration, scalation, karyology, and behavior). All 10 currently recognized genera (Callisaurus, Cophosaurus, Holbrookia, Petrosaurus, Phrynosoma, Sator, Sceloporus, Uma, Urosaurus, and Uta) are included in the phylogenetic analyses. The phylogenies inferred from the separate analyses of the DNA sequence data (779 bp; 162 informative characters; 40 species) and non-DNA data (155 informative characters; 59 species) share 26% (10) of their respective clades. Four of the congruent clades (i.e., sand lizards + Phrynosoma, Petrosaurus, Urosaurus, Uta) are strongly supported (-70% bootstrap) in both of the separate analyses while five others are strongly supported in only one, but not both, of the separate analyses. All conflicting hypotheses leading to the taxonomic incongruence (e.g., Sceloporus group interrelationships) are weakly supported (<70% bootstrap) in one or both of the separate analyses. Combining the DNA and non-DNA data for phylogenetic analysis results in a single shortest tree. Overall, the phylogeny from the combined analysis shares more clades in common with the hypotheses inferred from the separate DNA analysis (74%) than with the separate analysis of the non-DNA data (53%). The intergeneric relationships inferred from the combined analysis are more similar to recently published hypotheses based on morphological data, except the Sceloporus group is paraphyletic. Although phrynosomatid intergeneric relationships are well resolved by the combined analysis of the DNA and non-DNA data, the relationships among most genera are nevertheless weakly supported by the separate and combined analyses. This weak support is most likely the result of rapid speciation. The monophyly of the speciose genus Sceloporus (exclusive of Sator) is supported by the separate non-DNA and combined analyses. The inclusion of numerous incomplete taxa (19 species lacking DNA data) in the combined analysis did not decrease resolution among the complete taxa (40 species with DNA and non-DNA data), but the addition of the incomplete taxa did affect the relationships among the complete taxa. Overall, the DNA data are more homoplastic than the non-DNA data, but the degree of character incongruence exhibited within the different partitions and/or sources of the DNA and non-DNA data sets varies greatly.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466980","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68495815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sixteen species of Proctoporus (nine of them new) occur in Ecuador. Summaries of individual and geographic variation, distribution, figures, and a key to species are provided. Most species have restricted distributions; however, in some cases this may be an artifact of collecting. Species occupy narrow elevational zones, such as those documented herein along a transect across the Andean Cordillera of extreme northern Ecuador. There are seven possible or confirmed cases of sympatry among congeners. Morphological evidence suggests that species in sympatry may utilize different microhabitats.
{"title":"A Review of Ecuadorian Proctoporus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with Descriptions of Nine New Species","authors":"D. Kizirian","doi":"10.2307/1466981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466981","url":null,"abstract":"Sixteen species of Proctoporus (nine of them new) occur in Ecuador. Summaries of individual and geographic variation, distribution, figures, and a key to species are provided. Most species have restricted distributions; however, in some cases this may be an artifact of collecting. Species occupy narrow elevational zones, such as those documented herein along a transect across the Andean Cordillera of extreme northern Ecuador. There are seven possible or confirmed cases of sympatry among congeners. Morphological evidence suggests that species in sympatry may utilize different microhabitats.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466981","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68495912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Snakes have unique qualifications as experimental subjects, and the use of these animals in behavioral research has gradually increased. They have been models for comparative studies of innate prey preferences and for studies on sensory signals involved in reproductive behavior. Examples from these studies indicate the importance of keeping in mind both statistical methods and the natural behavior of the particular species when designing experiments on snakes. Randomized designs are the most powerful but require larger sample sizes, and so repeated or blocked designs have more often been used in snake studies. How replication affects the inferences drawn is rarely discussed. Nor have most authors evaluated the role of factors that may increase variation in the behavior of snakes, i.e., temperature, stress, feeding condition, shedding cycle, and general health and temperament of the individual subject. Future research on snakes will supply increased understanding of the behavioral ecology of this interesting group, but more care in the design of experiments will be important.
{"title":"EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IN STUDIES OF SNAKE BEHAVIOR","authors":"N. Ford","doi":"10.2307/1467001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467001","url":null,"abstract":"Snakes have unique qualifications as experimental subjects, and the use of these animals in behavioral research has gradually increased. They have been models for comparative studies of innate prey preferences and for studies on sensory signals involved in reproductive behavior. Examples from these studies indicate the importance of keeping in mind both statistical methods and the natural behavior of the particular species when designing experiments on snakes. Randomized designs are the most powerful but require larger sample sizes, and so repeated or blocked designs have more often been used in snake studies. How replication affects the inferences drawn is rarely discussed. Nor have most authors evaluated the role of factors that may increase variation in the behavior of snakes, i.e., temperature, stress, feeding condition, shedding cycle, and general health and temperament of the individual subject. Future research on snakes will supply increased understanding of the behavioral ecology of this interesting group, but more care in the design of experiments will be important.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68496192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To test the hypothesis that males will more vigorously defend high-value territories (those containing females versus those with no females), male green anoles (Anolis carolinensis) were allowed to establish residency in 50 x 25 x 31-cm terraria with or without a female present. Each male was then removed for 1, 3, 5, or 7 h while an intruder was given access to the terrarium. The original owner was then returned to the terrarium with the intruder present, and the aggressive acts of both males were recorded. An aggression index was calculated for each owner-intruder pair to determine which member "won" the contest. Owners won more contests than intruders after all removal times except 7 h. Aggression did not increase significantly at intermediate removal times, when both males may have perceived themselves as territory owners. When the value of a territory was increased by the presence of a female, aggression by both the owner and the intruder increased significantly after the 3-h owner removal time, and aggression by the intruder (but not owner) increased significantly after the 5-h owner removal time. Winners of territorial contests in male green anoles seem to be determined by the resource holding potential of the contestants, the value of a contested territory, and particularly the ability of males to assess each other.
为了验证雄性会更积极地保卫高价值领地(有雌性与没有雌性的领地)的假设，雄性绿蜥(卡罗莱纳斑蜥)被允许在有或没有雌性存在的50 x 25 x 31厘米的terraria中建立居住地。然后，每只雄性被移走1小时、3小时、5小时或7小时，而入侵者被允许进入玻璃容器。然后，原主人被送回了有入侵者在场的玻璃容器，两只雄性的攻击行为都被记录了下来。计算每个主人-入侵者对的侵略指数，以确定哪个成员“赢得”比赛。在除7小时外的所有移动时间内，主人都比入侵者赢得更多的比赛。在中间移动时间，当两只雄性都认为自己是领土所有者时，攻击性没有显著增加。当领地价值因雌性的存在而增加时，领地所有者和入侵者的攻击性在领地所有者移除3小时后均显著增加，领地所有者移除5小时后，领地所有者和入侵者的攻击性均显著增加。在雄性绿斑斑蛙中，领土争夺的赢家似乎是由竞争者持有资源的潜力、争夺领土的价值，尤其是雄性相互评估的能力决定的。
{"title":"TERRITORIAL DEFENSE BY MALE GREEN ANOLES: AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE ROLES OF RESIDENCY AND RESOURCE QUALITY","authors":"B. Leuck","doi":"10.2307/1466996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466996","url":null,"abstract":"To test the hypothesis that males will more vigorously defend high-value territories (those containing females versus those with no females), male green anoles (Anolis carolinensis) were allowed to establish residency in 50 x 25 x 31-cm terraria with or without a female present. Each male was then removed for 1, 3, 5, or 7 h while an intruder was given access to the terrarium. The original owner was then returned to the terrarium with the intruder present, and the aggressive acts of both males were recorded. An aggression index was calculated for each owner-intruder pair to determine which member \"won\" the contest. Owners won more contests than intruders after all removal times except 7 h. Aggression did not increase significantly at intermediate removal times, when both males may have perceived themselves as territory owners. When the value of a territory was increased by the presence of a female, aggression by both the owner and the intruder increased significantly after the 3-h owner removal time, and aggression by the intruder (but not owner) increased significantly after the 5-h owner removal time. Winners of territorial contests in male green anoles seem to be determined by the resource holding potential of the contestants, the value of a contested territory, and particularly the ability of males to assess each other.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466996","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68496117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I was pleased to be invited by the organizers of this symposium to give an opening encomium for Charles Congden Carpenter. I was honored to be asked to say something about the career and contributions of a personal friend and colleague. His accomplishments would be easy to relate, for the record is clear to all, but what about his personal traits? Perhaps a "roast" would work. Or should I keep things more serious and, perhaps, more in accord with the occasion? After obtaining the input of some of his family members and former students-and probably to Chuck's great relief-I soon decided that a "roast" was just not reconcilable with the personality and character of the man we honor here. Although Chuck is certainly not without humor-all who know him will recall his often twinkling eye, followed by a droll comment or pun and often what can be described only as Chuck's chuckle-he is in the final analysis a gentleman scholar, somewhat of the old school, who keeps his own counsel. Carpenter was born on 2 June 1921 in Denison, Iowa. He received his B.A. degree from Northern Michigan College of Education in 1943. After graduation, he entered the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) and attended training programs at several colleges, including a year at Wayne University Medical School in Detroit. After the end of World War II and at his own request, he left for graduate school at the University of Michigan. He received his M.S. in 1947 and Ph.D. in 1951. Frederick Test was his major professor. In 1947 he married Mary Pitynski, who also has had a professional career as an outstanding biochemist at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation. Their oldest daughter, Janet, despite severe diabetes that led to blindness and kidney transplants, completed two degrees in anthropology and continues to live independently and remain active in community affairs. Their other daughter, Caryn Sue (Vaughn), completed her Ph.D. at Oklahoma and is an aquatic ecologist with the Oklahoma Biological Survey. Their son, Geoff, recently received his Ph.D. from New Mexico State and presented the first scientific paper in this symposium. In the summer of 1952 Carpenter first taught at the University of Oklahoma Biological Station, and in 1953 he joined the Faculty at Oklahoma as an Assistant Professor, thus continuing the tradition there in herpetology and vertebrate zoology established by his predecessors A. I. Ortenberger, A. 0. Weese, and Arthur Bragg. In 1959 he was promoted to Associate Professor and also became Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians at the Stovall Museum (now the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History). Carpenter became a full Professor in 1966. In 1987 he became a Professor Emeritus and Curator Emeritus. Retired, but certainly not inactive, he has published several papers and a centennial history of his department. Carpenter's honors include Distinguished Alumni Award from Northern Michigan University, University of Oklahoma Regents' Award for Superior Accomplishm
我很高兴受本次研讨会组织者的邀请，为查尔斯·康登·卡彭特致开幕词。我很荣幸被邀请谈谈我的朋友和同事的职业生涯和贡献。他的成就很容易被联系起来，因为记录是众所周知的，但他的个人特质呢?也许“烤肉”会起作用。或者我应该让事情变得更严肃，也许，更符合场合?在听取了他的一些家庭成员和以前的学生的意见后——这可能让查克松了一口气——我很快就决定，“烤肉”与我们在这里所尊敬的这位男士的个性和性格是不相容的。虽然查克当然不是没有幽默感——所有认识他的人都会记得他经常闪烁的眼睛，然后是滑稽的评论或双关语，通常只能被描述为查克的咯咯笑——但归根结底，他是一位绅士学者，有点老派，他有自己的想法。卡彭特于1921年6月2日出生在爱荷华州丹尼森。他于1943年获得北密歇根教育学院学士学位。毕业后，他参加了陆军专业训练计划(ASTP)，并参加了几所大学的培训计划，包括在底特律韦恩大学医学院学习一年。第二次世界大战结束后，在他自己的要求下，他去了密歇根大学读研究生。1947年获理学硕士学位，1951年获博士学位。弗雷德里克·特斯特是他的主要教授。1947年，他娶了Mary Pitynski，她也是俄克拉何马医学研究基金会的一名杰出的生物化学家。他们的大女儿珍妮特(Janet)尽管患有严重的糖尿病，导致失明和肾脏移植，但她完成了人类学的两个学位，并继续独立生活，积极参与社区事务。他们的另一个女儿卡琳·苏(沃恩)在俄克拉何马州完成了博士学位，是俄克拉何马州生物调查局的水生生态学家。他们的儿子杰夫(Geoff)最近获得了新墨西哥州的博士学位，并在本次研讨会上发表了第一篇科学论文。1952年夏天，卡彭特首先在俄克拉何马大学生物站任教，1953年，他加入俄克拉何马学院担任助理教授，从而延续了他的前任A. I. Ortenberger, A. 0.建立的爬行动物学和脊椎动物动物学的传统。Weese和Arthur Bragg。1959年，他被提升为副教授，并成为斯托瓦尔博物馆(现为俄克拉何马州自然历史博物馆)爬行动物和两栖动物馆馆长。1966年，卡彭特成为正教授。1987年成为荣誉教授和荣誉策展人。他退休了，但肯定不是不活跃，他发表了几篇论文和他的部门的百年历史。卡本特的荣誉包括北密歇根大学杰出校友奖、俄克拉何马大学研究和创造性活动卓越成就奖、西南博物学家协会W. Frank Blair杰出博物学家奖(1986年)、俄克拉何马科学院杰出科学家奖(1991年)、爬虫学家联盟会员、
{"title":"Historical Perspective: Charles C. Carpenter and Reptilian Behavioral Ecology","authors":"V. H. Hutchison","doi":"10.2307/1466992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466992","url":null,"abstract":"I was pleased to be invited by the organizers of this symposium to give an opening encomium for Charles Congden Carpenter. I was honored to be asked to say something about the career and contributions of a personal friend and colleague. His accomplishments would be easy to relate, for the record is clear to all, but what about his personal traits? Perhaps a \"roast\" would work. Or should I keep things more serious and, perhaps, more in accord with the occasion? After obtaining the input of some of his family members and former students-and probably to Chuck's great relief-I soon decided that a \"roast\" was just not reconcilable with the personality and character of the man we honor here. Although Chuck is certainly not without humor-all who know him will recall his often twinkling eye, followed by a droll comment or pun and often what can be described only as Chuck's chuckle-he is in the final analysis a gentleman scholar, somewhat of the old school, who keeps his own counsel. Carpenter was born on 2 June 1921 in Denison, Iowa. He received his B.A. degree from Northern Michigan College of Education in 1943. After graduation, he entered the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) and attended training programs at several colleges, including a year at Wayne University Medical School in Detroit. After the end of World War II and at his own request, he left for graduate school at the University of Michigan. He received his M.S. in 1947 and Ph.D. in 1951. Frederick Test was his major professor. In 1947 he married Mary Pitynski, who also has had a professional career as an outstanding biochemist at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation. Their oldest daughter, Janet, despite severe diabetes that led to blindness and kidney transplants, completed two degrees in anthropology and continues to live independently and remain active in community affairs. Their other daughter, Caryn Sue (Vaughn), completed her Ph.D. at Oklahoma and is an aquatic ecologist with the Oklahoma Biological Survey. Their son, Geoff, recently received his Ph.D. from New Mexico State and presented the first scientific paper in this symposium. In the summer of 1952 Carpenter first taught at the University of Oklahoma Biological Station, and in 1953 he joined the Faculty at Oklahoma as an Assistant Professor, thus continuing the tradition there in herpetology and vertebrate zoology established by his predecessors A. I. Ortenberger, A. 0. Weese, and Arthur Bragg. In 1959 he was promoted to Associate Professor and also became Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians at the Stovall Museum (now the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History). Carpenter became a full Professor in 1966. In 1987 he became a Professor Emeritus and Curator Emeritus. Retired, but certainly not inactive, he has published several papers and a centennial history of his department. Carpenter's honors include Distinguished Alumni Award from Northern Michigan University, University of Oklahoma Regents' Award for Superior Accomplishm","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68495959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although intrasexual competition among males is known to be an important de- terminant of male mating success in lizards, less is known about what role the mate choice component of sexual selection may play in determining male and female mating success. The purpose of this review was to consider the evidence for mate choice in lizards. The issue of whether females in territorial species choose where to reside, and thus mating partners, based on the availability of resources or on male phenotypic traits is largely unresolved in most species. There is, however, good empirical evidence for at least one territorial species that the availability of resources is a more important factor than male phenotypic traits in determining where females reside, and thus their mating partners. Although male body size is known to be a key factor determining male mating success in lizards, only one study of female mate choice has found a significant relationship between female mating preferences and male body size. The best evidence for the importance of male phenotypic traits in female mate choice comes from studies of Anolis lizards that demonstrate that female mating preferences are affected by male display behavior. Findings from studies of female mate choice in lizards support Halliday's causal model of female mate choice and Ryan's sensory exploitation hypothesis, but not the Hamilton and Zuk hypothesis. Finally, a male mating preference for unfamiliar females has been reported in two highly territorial species.
{"title":"MATE CHOICE IN LIZARDS: A REVIEW","authors":"R. Tokarz","doi":"10.2307/1466994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466994","url":null,"abstract":"Although intrasexual competition among males is known to be an important de- terminant of male mating success in lizards, less is known about what role the mate choice component of sexual selection may play in determining male and female mating success. The purpose of this review was to consider the evidence for mate choice in lizards. The issue of whether females in territorial species choose where to reside, and thus mating partners, based on the availability of resources or on male phenotypic traits is largely unresolved in most species. There is, however, good empirical evidence for at least one territorial species that the availability of resources is a more important factor than male phenotypic traits in determining where females reside, and thus their mating partners. Although male body size is known to be a key factor determining male mating success in lizards, only one study of female mate choice has found a significant relationship between female mating preferences and male body size. The best evidence for the importance of male phenotypic traits in female mate choice comes from studies of Anolis lizards that demonstrate that female mating preferences are affected by male display behavior. Findings from studies of female mate choice in lizards support Halliday's causal model of female mate choice and Ryan's sensory exploitation hypothesis, but not the Hamilton and Zuk hypothesis. Finally, a male mating preference for unfamiliar females has been reported in two highly territorial species.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68496066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. C. Gillingham, Christopher Carmichael, Tracy J. Miller
The social behavior of tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, was studied in a natural population on Stephens Island, New Zealand, from January to March, 1987-1989. Study sites were located in both wooded (bush) and open (paddock) habitats. Nocturnal observations were enhanced by using night-vision equipment and elevated viewing platforms. Individuals were identified by idiosyncratic differences in crest morphology. At the peak of courtship activity (late January to the end of February), the behaviors of territorial males were observed and their responses to visual stimuli were tested in the field. Visual stimuli were found to be of significance. A radio-controlled, life-sized tuatara model revealed the importance of nuchal and dorsal crests and female head- nodding in the initiation of male courtship and mating behaviors and territorial defense.
{"title":"SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF THE TUATARA, SPHENODON PUNCTATUS","authors":"J. C. Gillingham, Christopher Carmichael, Tracy J. Miller","doi":"10.2307/1466993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466993","url":null,"abstract":"The social behavior of tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, was studied in a natural population on Stephens Island, New Zealand, from January to March, 1987-1989. Study sites were located in both wooded (bush) and open (paddock) habitats. Nocturnal observations were enhanced by using night-vision equipment and elevated viewing platforms. Individuals were identified by idiosyncratic differences in crest morphology. At the peak of courtship activity (late January to the end of February), the behaviors of territorial males were observed and their responses to visual stimuli were tested in the field. Visual stimuli were found to be of significance. A radio-controlled, life-sized tuatara model revealed the importance of nuchal and dorsal crests and female head- nodding in the initiation of male courtship and mating behaviors and territorial defense.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68495969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Relationships among phylogeny, foraging mode, and prey chemical discrimination by tongue-flicking were investigated by experimentally testing for the presence of lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination in representatives of two families of gekkonoid lizards having different foraging modes. In the experiments, the tongue-flicking and biting responses of each lizard were recorded in response to cotton swabs bearing three classes of stimuli: prey surface chemicals, cologne as a pungency control, and deionized water as an odorless control. In a eublepharid species, Eublepharis macularius, the tongue-flick rate, the proportion of individuals attacking the swab, and a composite measure combining effects of tongue-flicking and attack (TFAS(R)) were significantly higher and the latency to attack significantly shorter in the prey stimulus condition than in the other conditions, which did not themselves differ. In contrast, no tongue-flicking or attacks were observed in any of the conditions for two gekkonid species, Thecadactylus rapicauda and Gekko gecko. Because eublepharids are active foragers whereas gekkonids are ambush foragers, prey chemical discrimination was associated with active foraging, as predicted. Prior to this report, all families of ambush-foraging lizards known to lack prey chemical discrimination belonged to a single clade, Iguania. Actively foraging carnivorous lizards identify prey by chemical cues and belong to Scleroglossa, which includes the families studied here. It is argued that adoption of active foraging may have induced selection for gain of prey chemical discrimination involving tongueflicking in eublepharids. Phylogeny and the presence or absence of prey chemical discrimination are closely related in lizard families because foraging mode is conservative in the major clades Iguania and Scleroglossa.
{"title":"Prey Chemical Discrimination and Foraging Mode in Gekkonoid Lizards","authors":"W. Cooper","doi":"10.2307/1467000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467000","url":null,"abstract":"Relationships among phylogeny, foraging mode, and prey chemical discrimination by tongue-flicking were investigated by experimentally testing for the presence of lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination in representatives of two families of gekkonoid lizards having different foraging modes. In the experiments, the tongue-flicking and biting responses of each lizard were recorded in response to cotton swabs bearing three classes of stimuli: prey surface chemicals, cologne as a pungency control, and deionized water as an odorless control. In a eublepharid species, Eublepharis macularius, the tongue-flick rate, the proportion of individuals attacking the swab, and a composite measure combining effects of tongue-flicking and attack (TFAS(R)) were significantly higher and the latency to attack significantly shorter in the prey stimulus condition than in the other conditions, which did not themselves differ. In contrast, no tongue-flicking or attacks were observed in any of the conditions for two gekkonid species, Thecadactylus rapicauda and Gekko gecko. Because eublepharids are active foragers whereas gekkonids are ambush foragers, prey chemical discrimination was associated with active foraging, as predicted. Prior to this report, all families of ambush-foraging lizards known to lack prey chemical discrimination belonged to a single clade, Iguania. Actively foraging carnivorous lizards identify prey by chemical cues and belong to Scleroglossa, which includes the families studied here. It is argued that adoption of active foraging may have induced selection for gain of prey chemical discrimination involving tongueflicking in eublepharids. Phylogeny and the presence or absence of prey chemical discrimination are closely related in lizard families because foraging mode is conservative in the major clades Iguania and Scleroglossa.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68496144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：