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MODELING DOMINANCE: THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE, COLORATION, AND EXPERIENCE ON DOMINANCE RELATIONS IN TREE LIZARDS (UROSAURUS ORNATUS) 优势建模:大小、颜色和经验对树蜥蜴(花尾龙)优势关系的影响
IF 2.5 2区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/1466998
G. C. Carpenter
Two populations of tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) that differ in morphological and social traits were used in a comparative study examining the relative influence of several variable characteristics on dominance relations. Adult males from the Aguirre Spring (AS) population exhibit monomorphic throat coloration, whereas Dofia Ana (DA) males are polymorphic. AS males are, in certain respects, more aggressive than DA males. Pairwise dominance contests were staged to assess relative contributions of size, social experience, and throat coloration in determining dominance outcome. Although the relative size of individuals has usually been regarded as a primary predictor of dominance, recent studies have shown that a disparity in color or experience can serve to override size differences between contestants. Data for size, recent dominance experience, and throat coloration were entered into logistic regression programs to generate models that were both predictive and explanatory. These models indicated effects of size, experience, and coloration in both populations. Throat coloration was a relatively stronger predictor of dominance outcome in males from the polymorphic (DA) population, whereas previous dominance experience was more important in AS males.
摘要以两个形态特征和社会特征不同的树蜥蜴(ornatus Urosaurus)为研究对象,研究了不同形态特征对优势关系的相对影响。来自Aguirre Spring (AS)种群的成年雄性表现为单态喉咙颜色,而Dofia Ana (DA)雄性则表现为多态喉咙颜色。在某些方面,AS男性比DA男性更具攻击性。两两优势竞争是为了评估大小、社会经验和喉咙颜色在决定优势结果方面的相对贡献。虽然个体的相对尺寸通常被认为是优势的主要预测因素,但最近的研究表明,肤色或经验的差异可以掩盖参赛者之间的尺寸差异。数据的大小,最近的优势经验,和喉咙的颜色被输入到逻辑回归程序,以产生既预测和解释的模型。这些模型表明了大小、经验和肤色对两个种群的影响。在多态(DA)群体中,喉咙颜色是一个相对较强的优势结果预测因子,而在AS男性中,先前的优势经验更为重要。
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引用次数: 80
IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF CHARLES C. CARPENTER: FACULTATIVE STRIKE-INDUCED CHEMOSENSORY SEARCHING AND TRAIL-FOLLOWING BEHAVIOR OF BUSHMASTERS (LACHESIS MUTA) AT DALLAS ZOO 跟随查尔斯·卡彭特的脚步:达拉斯动物园大毒蛇(lachesis muta)的兼性罢工诱导的化学感觉搜索和跟踪行为
IF 2.5 2区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/1467003
Donal M. Boyer, C. M. Garrett, J. B. Murphy, Hobart M. Smith, D. Chiszar, Dallas Zoo
Bushmasters (Lachesis muta) at Dallas Zoo demonstrated strike-induced chemo- sensory searching (SICS) and trail-following when feeding on relatively large prey (>25% of snake body mass). Smaller prey were usually held following predatory strikes. Facultative use of the strike-and-release pattern based on prey size has not previously been documented for any rodent- feeding viper. Experiment I documented the relationship between prey mass and post-strike holding or releasing. Experiment II showed that SICS occurred after large prey were released. Experiment III revealed that bushmasters followed chemical trails after releasing large prey, indicating that trailing behavior is a facultative component of predation in these snakes.
达拉斯动物园的大毒蛇(Lachesis muta)在捕食相对较大的猎物(约占蛇体重的25%)时,展示了攻击诱导的化学感觉搜索(SICS)和跟踪。较小的猎物通常是在掠食者袭击后被捕获的。基于猎物大小的兼性攻击和释放模式在任何啮齿动物食性毒蛇中都没有记录。实验一记录了猎物质量和击后抓放之间的关系。实验二表明,在大型猎物被释放后,发生了快速反应。实验三显示,大毒蛇在释放大型猎物后会跟随化学痕迹,这表明跟踪行为是这些蛇捕食的兼性组成部分。
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引用次数: 6
Ecological Aspects of Foraging Mode for the Snakes Crotalus cerastes and Masticophis flagellum 角足蛇和鞭毛Masticophis flagellum觅食方式的生态学研究
IF 2.5 2区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/1467004
S. Secor
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引用次数: 63
BEHAVIORAL PROFILE OF FREE-RANGING MALE LIZARDS, ANOLIS CAROLINENSIS, ACROSS BREEDING AND POST-BREEDING SEASONS 自由放养的雄性卡罗莱纳蜥蜴在繁殖期和繁殖期后的行为特征
IF 2.5 2区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/1466995
T. A. Jenssen, N. Greenberg, Katheryn A. Hovde
The behavior of 10 free-ranging male Anolis carolinensis was videotaped in a riparian habitat for 41 h during May-July of the breeding season; 8 of the original 10 males plus 1 substitute were videotaped for an additional 22 h during August-September of the post-breeding season. Comparisons of breeding versus non-breeding seasons showed dramatic shifts in the per- centage of time spent in the following behavioral modes: (1) "stationary," 51.1% versus 85.6% (with respective display rates of 46/h versus 2/h); (2) "travel," 26.7% versus 2.6% (with respective distance rates of 73 m/h versus 106 m/h and display rates of 209/h versus 78/h); (3) "creep," <1% versus 14.1% (with post-breeding distance rate of 17 m/h and display rate of 15/h); (4) "courtship," 4.2% versus 0% (occurring 1/40 min with a display rate of 233/h); (5) "copulation," 6.1% versus 0% (occurring 1/7 h, each averaging 15 min); (6) "male dispute," 9.2% versus 0% (occurring 1/h, with a display rate of 73/h); (7) "foraging," 1.0% versus 1.5% (occurring 1.2/h versus 3.6/h); and (8) "predator avoidance," "drinking," "defecation," and "shedding," total 1.5% versus 0.2%. Over all contexts, the respective breeding versus post-breeding season rates for distance moved and displaying were 26 m/h versus 8 m/h and 100 displays/h versus 6 displays/h. Breeding males were polygynous and defended exclusive, closely monitored home ranges (x = 174 m3) that overlapped an average of 2.8 resident females. Males used all available microhabitats and were considered perch generalists. Males spent two-thirds of their time between 0 and 2 m above the ground on perches 1-8 cm in diameter during the breeding season, but more often frequented higher and thinner perches in the post-breeding season, during which time much creeping and foraging occurred. Males exhibited a wide range of foraging behavior, reflecting a generalist's mode of prey capture. Feeding was initiated when stationary (sit-and-wait), traveling (eat-on-the-run), and creeping (active search); more feeding events were initiated from a stationary mode, but traveling (breeding season) and creeping (post-breeding season) produced more feeding attempts per unit of time. Males were bright green 75% (breeding season) and 87% (post-breeding season) of the time. Shifts between four categories of body colors (bright green to chocolate brown) averaged 4.7 (breeding season) and 1.0 changes/h (post-breeding season), with a bright green state maintained for significantly shorter durations during the breeding period than after the breeding period (x = 27.1 and 89.6 min, respectively). There was no evidence that change in body color was matching substrate color; however, green-to-brown shifts in body color were usually associated with the initiation of social interactions. Behaviors possibly associated with pheromone reception or deposition were infrequent (<8 times/h), occurring most often in the post-breeding season when no social behavior was observed. Based on
在繁殖季节的5 - 7月间,对10只自由放养的雄性卡罗来纳斑蝽在河岸栖息地的行为进行了41 h的录像;在繁殖后季节的8 - 9月,对最初10只雄性中的8只和1只替代雄性中的1只进行了22小时的录像。繁殖期和非繁殖期的比较表明,在下列行为模式中所花费的时间百分比发生了巨大的变化:(1)“静止”,51.1%对85.6%(显示率分别为46/h对2/h);(2) “行驶”,26.7%对2.6%(分别为73米/小时和106米/小时,显示速度分别为209米/小时和78米/小时);(3) “蠕变”<1% vs . 14.1%(繁殖后距离率为17 m/h,显示率为15 m/h);(4)“求爱”,4.2%对0%(发生在1/40分钟内,显示率为233/h);(5)“交配”,6.1% vs 0%(发生1/7小时,每次平均15分钟);(6) “男性纠纷”,9.2%对0%(发生1次/小时,显示率为73次/小时);(7)“觅食”,1.0%对1.5%(发生1.2次/小时对3.6次/小时);(8)“躲避捕食者”、“喝水”、“排便”和“脱落”的比例分别为1.5%和0.2%。在所有情况下,繁殖季节和繁殖后季节的移动距离和展示速度分别为26米/小时和8米/小时,100次展示/小时和6次展示/小时。交配的雄性是一夫多妻的,并且在严密监控的范围内(x = 174 m3)保卫着与平均2.8只雌性重叠的栖息地。雄鱼利用所有可用的微生境,被认为是栖鱼的通才。在繁殖季节,雄性花三分之二的时间在距离地面0 - 2米之间的直径1-8厘米的栖木上,但在繁殖后的季节,雄性花更多的时间在更高和更细的栖木上,在此期间发生了大量的爬行和觅食。雄性表现出广泛的觅食行为,反映了一种多面手捕捉猎物的模式。进食开始于静止(坐等)、行进(边跑边吃)和爬行(主动搜索);更多的摄食事件从静止模式开始,但旅行(繁殖季节)和爬行(繁殖后季节)在单位时间内产生更多的摄食尝试。75%(繁殖季节)和87%(繁殖后季节)的雄性呈亮绿色。四种体色(亮绿色到巧克力棕色)之间的转换平均为4.7次(繁殖期)和1.0次(繁殖期后),在繁殖期保持亮绿色状态的时间明显短于繁殖期后(x = 27.1 min和89.6 min)。没有证据表明体色变化与底物颜色相匹配;然而,身体颜色从绿色到棕色的转变通常与社会互动的开始有关。可能与信息素接收或沉积有关的行为很少(<8次/h),最常发生在没有观察到社会行为的繁殖后季节。在此基础上,讨论了圈养对蜥蜴行为的影响。
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引用次数: 149
Diet, Litter, and Sex Effects on Chemical Prey Preference, Growth, and Site Selection in Two Sympatric Species of Thamnophis 食物、窝落物和性别对两种同域物种的化学猎物偏好、生长和选址的影响
IF 2.5 2区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/1467002
Lani P. Lyman-Henley, G. Burghardt
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引用次数: 11
AGGREGATION OF SQUAMATE REPTILES ASSOCIATED WITH GESTATION, OVIPOSITION, AND PARTURITION 与妊娠、产卵和分娩有关的有鳞爬行动物的聚集
IF 2.5 2区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/1466999
B. Graves, D. Duvall
Prerequisite to the evolution of social behavior is a context in which individuals can interact. Animal aggregations near preferred habitat features can provide such a context. Near times of gestation, oviposition, and parturition, habitat features that facilitate these processes may be specialized and of paramount importance to the fitness of gravid individuals. Additionally, spatial proximity to conspecifics may enhance individual fitness through antipredator, thermoregulatory, or osmoregulatory effects. Such effects could result in selection for attraction to conspecifics, as well as localized habitat features, and more complex mutualistic and manipulative social interactions. Furthermore, philopatry and the proximity of littermates, parents, and offspring at the time of parturition or hatching would enhance inclusive fitness effects of mutualistic interactions. Mutual attraction to preferred habitat features as exhibited by gravid squamates may provide a useful model of early stages in the evolution of more complex social systems. Literature concerning aggregation of gravid squamates, communal nesting and birth, and interactions among neonates and postparturient females is reviewed.
社会行为进化的先决条件是个体能够相互作用的环境。动物聚集在首选栖息地特征附近可以提供这样的背景。在怀孕、产卵和分娩的临近时期,促进这些过程的栖息地特征可能是特化的,对怀孕个体的健康至关重要。此外,与同种生物的空间接近可能通过抗捕食者、体温调节或渗透调节作用增强个体适应性。这种影响可能导致同种物种的吸引力选择,以及局部栖息地特征,以及更复杂的互惠性和操纵性社会互动。此外,在分娩或孵化时,配偶、父母和后代的亲近性和亲近性会增强互惠互动的包容性适合度效应。妊娠鳞片对首选栖息地特征的相互吸引可能为更复杂的社会系统进化的早期阶段提供了有用的模型。文献有关妊娠鳞片聚集,共同筑巢和分娩,以及新生儿和产后雌性之间的相互作用进行了回顾。
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引用次数: 137
USING GROWTH-BASED MODELS TO STUDY BEHAVIORAL FACTORS AFFECTING SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM 利用基于生长的模型研究影响性别大小二态性的行为因素
IF 2.5 2区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 1995-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/1466997
J. Stamps
In animals with asymptotic growth after maturity, a variety of factors can lead to inter- and intraspecific variation in sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Growth-based models tailored for a particular taxon provide a useful framework for analyzing questions about the proximate bases, adaptive significance, and evolution of SSD. This paper shows how growth-based models designed for Anolis lizards have been used to study the effects of male territorial and competitive behavior on SSD and adult size distributions. In a comparative study of different species of anoles, indices of SSD based on male and female asymptotic snout-vent length (SVL) have been used to confirm a prediction from territorial theory that SSD should be related to inter-female distance. Within populations of Anolis sagrei and Anolis limifrons, adult size distributions were sometimes skewed in favor of larger males than predicted by null growth-based models, as a result of the underrepresentation of small, young males in samples containing females of the same age. A relative shortage of newly mature males in adult size distributions is consistent with behavioral studies suggesting that young, small males may bear the brunt of aggression from larger territorial males. Hence, growth-based models can be used to suggest and test behavioral and other hypotheses about the factors affecting SSD.
在成熟后渐近生长的动物中,多种因素可导致性大小二态性(SSD)的种间和种内变化。为特定分类单元量身定制的基于生长的模型为分析SSD的近因、适应意义和演化等问题提供了一个有用的框架。本文展示了如何使用为蜥蜴设计的基于生长的模型来研究雄性领土和竞争行为对SSD和成年体型分布的影响。在一项不同种类雌蜥蜴的比较研究中,利用基于雄性和雌性渐近鼻口长度(SVL)的SSD指数,证实了领地理论的预测,即SSD与雌性间距离有关。在沙斑柳和限定斑柳种群中,成年个体的体型分布有时比基于零生长模型的预测更偏向于体型较大的雄性,这是由于在含有同龄雌性的样本中,体型较小的年轻雄性的代表性不足。新近成熟的雄性在成年体型分布中相对较少,这与行为研究一致,表明年轻的、体型较小的雄性可能首当其冲地受到较大领地雄性的攻击。因此,基于成长的模型可用于建议和测试影响SSD因素的行为和其他假设。
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引用次数: 29
Potential Hematological and Biochemical Indicators of Stress in Free-Ranging Desert Tortoises and Captive Tortoises Exposed to a Hydric Stress Gradient 散养荒漠象龟和圈养象龟在水分胁迫梯度下的潜在血液学和生化指标
IF 2.5 2区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/1467067
M. O’connor, J. S. Grumbles, R. George, L. C. Zimmerman, J. Spotila
Hematologic and plasma biochemical parameters were monitored in free-ranging desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii, near Las Vegas, NV and on a population of captive tortoises maintained in 4 ha pens with natural physiography and vegetation and subjected to varying levels of water supplementation to mimic different levels of hydric stress. Significant increases in plasma electrolyte and urea nitrogen concentrations and white blood cell counts (compared to free-ranging and water-supplemented, captive animals) occurred in captive animals without water supplementation. Differences in electrolytes and BUN among treatments were consistent with altered water balance. Free-ranging animals received no supplemental water. Blood profiles from free-ranging animals, however, more closely resembled profiles from captive animals that received supplemental water than profiles from animals that did not receive supplemental water. Captivity, thus, altered blood profiles in a manner similar to that seen with decreased water availability. The electrolyte, urea nitrogen, and white blood cell differences among water supplementation treatments, while significant, were not sufficient to distinguish among animals from different treatments. No reliably predictive indicators of water stress-or other stresses-were found. Several biochemical assays suggested specific stresses (other than water stress) which some of the tortoises faced. We suggest that blood profiles might be more profitably used to search for specific hypothesized stressors in populations rather than as assays of unspecified generic stress on populations of tortoises.
对内华达州拉斯维加斯附近自由放养的沙漠象龟(Gopherus agassizii)和圈养象龟种群进行了血液学和血浆生化参数监测,这些象龟生活在具有自然地貌和植被的4公顷围栏中,并接受不同水平的水分补充以模拟不同水平的水分胁迫。在没有补充水的圈养动物中,血浆电解质和尿素氮浓度以及白细胞计数显著增加(与自由放养和补充水的圈养动物相比)。不同处理之间电解质和尿素氮的差异与水平衡的改变一致。自由放养的动物没有补充水。然而,自由放养动物的血液特征与补充水的圈养动物的血液特征比没有补充水的动物的血液特征更接近。因此,圈养会以类似于水供应减少的方式改变血液特征。补水处理之间的电解质、尿素氮和白细胞差异虽然显著,但不足以区分不同处理的动物。没有发现水应力或其他应力的可靠预测指标。几项生化分析表明,一些陆龟面临着特定的压力(除了水压力)。我们认为,血液图谱可能更有利地用于寻找特定的假设压力源,而不是作为对乌龟种群中未指定的一般压力的分析。
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引用次数: 27
Home Range Size and Movements by Desert Tortoises, Gopherus agassizii, in the Eastern Mojave Desert 东莫哈韦沙漠中沙漠象龟的活动范围和大小
IF 2.5 2区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/1467070
M. O’connor, L. C. Zimmerman, D. Ruby, S. Bulova, J. Spotila
We constructed minimum convex polygon (MCP) home ranges for free-ranging desert tortoises from a natural population adjacent to the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center, near Las Vegas, NV. Home range area estimates were not significantly different from those estimated for other desert tortoises in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. Male tortoises had significantly larger and more variable home ranges in a combined statistical analysis of this study with those of Burge (1977) and Barrett (1990). Bootstrap analysis of the MCP polygon areas suggested substantial autocorrelation of the tortoise sightings despite a mean interval between recaptures of 3.2 days, violating an assumption of nearly all home range estimation techniques and predisposing to underestimation of the true home range area. Extending the interval between recaptures would severely limit the number of points that could be obtained on an individual tortoise in a single activity season. We also created "by eye" minimum polygons to compare with MCP's for the same tortoises. This comparison suggests that MCP's for desert tortoises include, as substantial fractions of their total area (12-56%, mean = 35%), areas with no evidence that tortoises use them. Movements between resightings vary with the sex of the animal (male > female) and interval since previous sighting. The distance of movements was approximately exponentially distributed, with short movements more common than longer movements, predisposing home range estimates for desert tortoises to be autocorrelated. We urge the consideration of home range as an indicator of size of the areas traversed by a tortoise and the patterns of movement in different individuals, sexes, and/or populations with less emphasis on the biological interpretation of area as a resource or characteristic of the animal.
我们对内华达州拉斯维加斯附近沙漠龟保护中心附近的一个自然种群的自由放养沙漠象龟构建了最小凸多边形(MCP)家域。家域面积估计与莫哈韦沙漠和索诺兰沙漠的其他沙漠象龟的家域面积估计没有显著差异。本研究与Burge(1977)和Barrett(1990)的研究结果进行了综合统计分析,结果表明,雄性陆龟的活动范围明显更大,变化更大。MCP多边形区域的Bootstrap分析表明,尽管重新捕获的平均间隔为3.2天,但乌龟的发现存在显著的自相关性,这违反了几乎所有家园范围估计技术的假设,并且容易低估真实的家园范围面积。延长两次捕获之间的间隔将严重限制在单个活动季节中可以在单个乌龟身上获得的点数。我们还创建了“肉眼”最小多边形,以便与相同乌龟的MCP进行比较。这一比较表明,沙漠陆龟的MCP包括没有证据表明陆龟使用它们的地区,这是其总面积的很大一部分(12-56%,平均= 35%)。观察的间隔随着动物的性别(雄性或雌性)和上一次观察的间隔而变化。移动距离近似呈指数分布,短距离移动比长距离移动更常见,容易使沙漠象龟的家园范围估计自相关。我们强烈要求考虑将活动范围作为龟所穿越区域大小的指标,以及不同个体、性别和/或种群的活动模式,而不是强调将区域作为动物的资源或特征的生物学解释。
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引用次数: 66
Patterns of Burrow Use by Desert Tortoises: Gender Differences and Seasonal Trends 沙漠象龟使用洞穴的模式:性别差异和季节趋势
IF 2.5 2区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 1994-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/1467077
S. Bulova
Knowledge of burrow use and movement patterns, and how they are influenced by social interactions in desert tortoises, is critical to understanding habitat use in this threatened species. I examined sex differences and seasonal variation in burrow use by desert tortoises. Twentyeight free-ranging tortoises were fitted with radio transmitters and were regularly located from June-October 1992. Location and behavior of radio-tagged tortoises were recorded and occupied shelters were marked. Patterns of burrow use and co-occupancy differed between the sexes and corresponded to the reproductive cycle. Most observations were of tortoises inhabiting shelters singly. During the nesting season in June, female tortoises moved among shelters more than did males. During the mating season in August and September, males changed shelters more frequently than did females, and male-female co-occupancy was commonly observed. Consideration of burrow use patterns and associated social behavior may improve population density estimates, success of relocation management, and understanding of the epidemiology of upper respiratory tract disease.
了解沙漠象龟的洞穴使用和移动模式,以及它们如何受到社会互动的影响,对于了解这种濒危物种的栖息地使用至关重要。我研究了沙漠陆龟使用洞穴的性别差异和季节变化。二十八只自由放养的陆龟装有无线电发射机,并于1992年6月至10月定期定位。记录了无线电标记陆龟的位置和行为,并标记了占用的庇护所。地穴利用和共占有的模式在两性之间存在差异,并与生殖周期相对应。大多数观察结果是乌龟单独居住在避难所。在6月的筑巢季节,雌龟比雄龟更频繁地在避难所之间移动。在8月和9月的交配季节,雄性比雌性更频繁地更换庇护所,并且经常观察到雄性和雌性共同居住。考虑洞穴使用模式和相关的社会行为可以改善人口密度估计,搬迁管理的成功,以及对上呼吸道疾病流行病学的理解。
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引用次数: 59
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