M. B. Harvey, D. Barker, L. Ammerman, P. Chippindale
The scrub pythons (Morelia amethistina complex) are revised based on museum specimens and new material recently collected in eastern Indonesia. Morelia kinghorni (formerly M. amethistina kinghorni) and M. amethistina (formerly M. amethistina amethistina) are recognized as species, and three new species are described. The phylogenetic relationships of scrub pythons are resolved using morphological and molecular characters. Scrub pythons are most closely related to Morelia boeleni and have undergone both ancient divergences and a relatively recent radiation. The distribution of scrub pythons corresponds well with areas of endemism recognized in earlier studies of other taxa. Their distribution and evolution appears to have been shaped by combined effects of dispersal and vicariance. Scrub python populations exhibit interesting color and pattern polymorphism and ontogenetic change, and these characteristics vary among populations.
{"title":"SYSTEMATICS OF PYTHONS OF THE MORELIA AMETHISTINA COMPLEX (SERPENTES: BOIDAE) WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES","authors":"M. B. Harvey, D. Barker, L. Ammerman, P. Chippindale","doi":"10.2307/1467047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467047","url":null,"abstract":"The scrub pythons (Morelia amethistina complex) are revised based on museum specimens and new material recently collected in eastern Indonesia. Morelia kinghorni (formerly M. amethistina kinghorni) and M. amethistina (formerly M. amethistina amethistina) are recognized as species, and three new species are described. The phylogenetic relationships of scrub pythons are resolved using morphological and molecular characters. Scrub pythons are most closely related to Morelia boeleni and have undergone both ancient divergences and a relatively recent radiation. The distribution of scrub pythons corresponds well with areas of endemism recognized in earlier studies of other taxa. Their distribution and evolution appears to have been shaped by combined effects of dispersal and vicariance. Scrub python populations exhibit interesting color and pattern polymorphism and ontogenetic change, and these characteristics vary among populations.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68497717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Incubation temperature affects a wide range of phenotypic traits of hatchling rep- tiles. The main objective of this research was to determine if such phenotypic traits persist long enough in the field to have an effect on fitness. Eggs of Sceloporus undulatus lizards were incubated at six temperature regimes, five constant and one fluctuating, with means ranging from 23-33 C. Hatchlings were measured and their subsequent morphology, growth, and survival were monitored for 7-9 months, one to two months before individuals reached adult size. Phenotypic traits of lizards that hatched at the field site were used for comparative purposes. Morphological traits persisted for 7-9 mo. In contrast, growth rates did not differ among incubation temperature treatments after individuals were released in the field. Overall, 29 (27%) of 107 individuals that were released survived to the spring following hatching, and individuals from eggs incubated at the lowest tem- perature had higher survival than individuals from all other groups. The phenotypes of lizards incubated at intermediate temperatures tended to be most similar to those of field hatched lizards. We rejected two predictions about phenotypic responses to incubation temperature. The first pre- diction was that extreme incubation temperatures would be associated with the most deviant phe- notypes. Observed phenotypic responses to temperature were either linear or, only one extreme temperature produced a deviant phenotype. The second prediction was that hatchlings incubated at warm temperatures and that hatched early in the season would have higher survival in general and higher overwinter survival in particular than hatchlings incubated at cool temperatures and that hatched later in the season. The reverse was true; observed survival was greatest for hatchlings from the coolest incubation treatment that hatched last.
{"title":"EFFECT OF INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH, AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE SCELOPORUS UNDULATUS","authors":"R. Andrews, T. Mathies, D. Warner","doi":"10.2307/1467055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467055","url":null,"abstract":"Incubation temperature affects a wide range of phenotypic traits of hatchling rep- tiles. The main objective of this research was to determine if such phenotypic traits persist long enough in the field to have an effect on fitness. Eggs of Sceloporus undulatus lizards were incubated at six temperature regimes, five constant and one fluctuating, with means ranging from 23-33 C. Hatchlings were measured and their subsequent morphology, growth, and survival were monitored for 7-9 months, one to two months before individuals reached adult size. Phenotypic traits of lizards that hatched at the field site were used for comparative purposes. Morphological traits persisted for 7-9 mo. In contrast, growth rates did not differ among incubation temperature treatments after individuals were released in the field. Overall, 29 (27%) of 107 individuals that were released survived to the spring following hatching, and individuals from eggs incubated at the lowest tem- perature had higher survival than individuals from all other groups. The phenotypes of lizards incubated at intermediate temperatures tended to be most similar to those of field hatched lizards. We rejected two predictions about phenotypic responses to incubation temperature. The first pre- diction was that extreme incubation temperatures would be associated with the most deviant phe- notypes. Observed phenotypic responses to temperature were either linear or, only one extreme temperature produced a deviant phenotype. The second prediction was that hatchlings incubated at warm temperatures and that hatched early in the season would have higher survival in general and higher overwinter survival in particular than hatchlings incubated at cool temperatures and that hatched later in the season. The reverse was true; observed survival was greatest for hatchlings from the coolest incubation treatment that hatched last.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of central Texas nontransforming spring and cave salamanders, genera Eurycea and Typhlomolge (Plethodontidae: Plethodontinae: Hemidactyliini), were examined using 25 allozyme loci and DNA sequence data for a maximum of 356 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Monophyly of the central Texas hemidactyliines is well supported. High levels of divergence occur among many populations and groups of populations, and there clearly are many more species in the group than previously recognized. Many have extremely restricted distributions in isolated islands of aquatic habitat. Several major monophyletic groups were identified that correspond to geographically circumscribed areas of the Edwards Plateau region. The deepest phylogenetic split in the group occurs between populations northeast versus southwest of the Colorado River. Species that have been assigned to the genus Typhlomolge are phylogenetically nested within the central Texas Eurycea; therefore, the genus Typhlomolge is placed in the synonymy of Eurycea. Continued recognition of the species E. latitans, E. nana, E. neotenes, E. pterophila, E. sosorum, E. tridentifera, and E. troglodytes is recommended, but E. neotenes appears to be restricted in range to a small geographic area, and is not widespread in the region as previously thought. The E. latitans and E. troglodytes species complexes are recognized; each con- sists of spring and cave populations that include those at the type localities of the latter two species, plus other populations to which they appear most closely related. Three new species from northeast of the Colorado River are described.
{"title":"PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF CENTRAL TEXAS HEMIDACTYLIINE PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS","authors":"P. Chippindale, A. H. Price, J. Wiens, D. Hillis","doi":"10.2307/1467045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467045","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of central Texas nontransforming spring and cave salamanders, genera Eurycea and Typhlomolge (Plethodontidae: Plethodontinae: Hemidactyliini), were examined using 25 allozyme loci and DNA sequence data for a maximum of 356 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Monophyly of the central Texas hemidactyliines is well supported. High levels of divergence occur among many populations and groups of populations, and there clearly are many more species in the group than previously recognized. Many have extremely restricted distributions in isolated islands of aquatic habitat. Several major monophyletic groups were identified that correspond to geographically circumscribed areas of the Edwards Plateau region. The deepest phylogenetic split in the group occurs between populations northeast versus southwest of the Colorado River. Species that have been assigned to the genus Typhlomolge are phylogenetically nested within the central Texas Eurycea; therefore, the genus Typhlomolge is placed in the synonymy of Eurycea. Continued recognition of the species E. latitans, E. nana, E. neotenes, E. pterophila, E. sosorum, E. tridentifera, and E. troglodytes is recommended, but E. neotenes appears to be restricted in range to a small geographic area, and is not widespread in the region as previously thought. The E. latitans and E. troglodytes species complexes are recognized; each con- sists of spring and cave populations that include those at the type localities of the latter two species, plus other populations to which they appear most closely related. Three new species from northeast of the Colorado River are described.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68497818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neonatal reptiles are here defined as an age class of young eureptilian amniotes (excluding birds) that express attributes most influenced by the pre-paritive development environ- ment (oviduct, egg, and egg nest) and by the demands of parition and first dispersal. Neonatal character states are typically transformed, reduced, or eliminated during the first 10% of their pre- reproductive development. Traditionally, neonates have not been distinguished from juvenile rep- tiles. As a result the neonatology of reptiles has rarely been addressed in past literature. Recent studies reveal a complex array of developmental scenarios involving character state transformations, heterochrony, unique character states in morphology, behavior, physiology, nutrition, dispersion and health. Unique morphological features (such as egg teeth) and limited skeletal ossification charac- terize many neonates. Distinguishing behaviors include "reversal" movements, utilization of bright color patterns, and startling movements with both serving as anti-predation mechanisms. Prolonged association with protective parents, group migration, unique agonistic behavior, and tendencies to- ward rapid dispersion characterize the neonates of individual species. Neonatal physiological attri- butes include: a special availability to inoculation by symbiont fermenting anaerobes in herbivores, rapid conforming responses to their external environments in thermal and hydric exchanges, and in the case of some turtles, extraordinary capacities for supercooling (8.9 C). Post-paritive lecithotrophy (nutrition from residual yolk) sustain both the overwintering of nestlings and the dispersion of non- feeding young for as long as several months. Resistance to infections (such as mycoplasmas) from their maternal parents, combine with nutritive reserves of residual yolk and a common tendency for rapid dispersion to make neonates attractive candidates for augmentation and translocation programs. Coupled with the practical advantages of maintaining and manipulating small animals in a laboratory environment, these qualities distinguish neonates as particularly useful models for ex- perimentally evaluating the relative apportionment of reproductive resources into greater numbers of offspring or into improved quality/survivorship of individual offspring.
{"title":"NEONATOLOGY OF REPTILES","authors":"D. J. Morafka, E. Spangenberg, V. Lance","doi":"10.2307/1467050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467050","url":null,"abstract":"Neonatal reptiles are here defined as an age class of young eureptilian amniotes (excluding birds) that express attributes most influenced by the pre-paritive development environ- ment (oviduct, egg, and egg nest) and by the demands of parition and first dispersal. Neonatal character states are typically transformed, reduced, or eliminated during the first 10% of their pre- reproductive development. Traditionally, neonates have not been distinguished from juvenile rep- tiles. As a result the neonatology of reptiles has rarely been addressed in past literature. Recent studies reveal a complex array of developmental scenarios involving character state transformations, heterochrony, unique character states in morphology, behavior, physiology, nutrition, dispersion and health. Unique morphological features (such as egg teeth) and limited skeletal ossification charac- terize many neonates. Distinguishing behaviors include \"reversal\" movements, utilization of bright color patterns, and startling movements with both serving as anti-predation mechanisms. Prolonged association with protective parents, group migration, unique agonistic behavior, and tendencies to- ward rapid dispersion characterize the neonates of individual species. Neonatal physiological attri- butes include: a special availability to inoculation by symbiont fermenting anaerobes in herbivores, rapid conforming responses to their external environments in thermal and hydric exchanges, and in the case of some turtles, extraordinary capacities for supercooling (8.9 C). Post-paritive lecithotrophy (nutrition from residual yolk) sustain both the overwintering of nestlings and the dispersion of non- feeding young for as long as several months. Resistance to infections (such as mycoplasmas) from their maternal parents, combine with nutritive reserves of residual yolk and a common tendency for rapid dispersion to make neonates attractive candidates for augmentation and translocation programs. Coupled with the practical advantages of maintaining and manipulating small animals in a laboratory environment, these qualities distinguish neonates as particularly useful models for ex- perimentally evaluating the relative apportionment of reproductive resources into greater numbers of offspring or into improved quality/survivorship of individual offspring.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Do young reptiles avoid paying the metabolic costs of rapid growth? Growing mam- mals and birds must spend extra energy, beyond the metabolic costs they have when not growing, to pay the cost of synthesizing new tissues. This synthesis cost is in addition to the other costs that growing animals pay to forage for, consume, digest and allocate the extra food they need to produce new body substance. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that free-living neonate and juvenile terrestrial vertebrates in general will have basal (standard) and field metabolic rates and feeding rates that are higher than expected for (non-growing) adults of the same body mass. Suckling mammals and neonate precocial birds do have relatively high basal metabolic rates. Among reptiles however, currently available data on standard metabolic rates (SMR) of neonates indicates no sig- nificant increment over adult SMR. In the field, metabolic increments due to the additional growth- associated costs should be relatively large and hence readily detectable in neonate reptiles. To date, the field metabolic rates (FMR's) of neonates and juveniles have been measured in ten species of reptiles: three phrynosomatid lizards, three lacertid lizards, two iguanid lizards, one agamid lizard, and one chelonian. The neonate lizards all had metabolic rates that were similar to those measured simultaneously in free-living adults, after correction for body mass differences (using mass0-80). The chelonian (Gopherus agassizii) juveniles also showed no obvious increment in energy expenditure over adults. More careful measurements of SMR in neonate reptiles should be done to determine if reptiles are free of the large energetic "tax" on growth that is paid by neonate mammals and precocial birds. Studies of neonate altricial birds, which are ectothermic for some time after hatching and have low SMR's, also may be instructive in this regard. Field studies of neonate reptile time- activity budgets are needed to determine how they achieve such low field metabolic rates while simultaneously growing rapidly. Do neonates have lower body temperatures on average during their activity period? Do neonates spend less time active each day than adults? Do neonates use micro- habitat resources in ways that reduce intraspecific competition with adults, but allow for rapid growth anyway? Are the thermal dependencies of digestion, metabolism and growth different in neonates, thereby allowing them to function well and grow rapidly at lower daily integrated body temperatures?
{"title":"ENERGY COSTS OF GROWTH IN NEONATE REPTILES","authors":"K. Nagy","doi":"10.2307/1467052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467052","url":null,"abstract":"Do young reptiles avoid paying the metabolic costs of rapid growth? Growing mam- mals and birds must spend extra energy, beyond the metabolic costs they have when not growing, to pay the cost of synthesizing new tissues. This synthesis cost is in addition to the other costs that growing animals pay to forage for, consume, digest and allocate the extra food they need to produce new body substance. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that free-living neonate and juvenile terrestrial vertebrates in general will have basal (standard) and field metabolic rates and feeding rates that are higher than expected for (non-growing) adults of the same body mass. Suckling mammals and neonate precocial birds do have relatively high basal metabolic rates. Among reptiles however, currently available data on standard metabolic rates (SMR) of neonates indicates no sig- nificant increment over adult SMR. In the field, metabolic increments due to the additional growth- associated costs should be relatively large and hence readily detectable in neonate reptiles. To date, the field metabolic rates (FMR's) of neonates and juveniles have been measured in ten species of reptiles: three phrynosomatid lizards, three lacertid lizards, two iguanid lizards, one agamid lizard, and one chelonian. The neonate lizards all had metabolic rates that were similar to those measured simultaneously in free-living adults, after correction for body mass differences (using mass0-80). The chelonian (Gopherus agassizii) juveniles also showed no obvious increment in energy expenditure over adults. More careful measurements of SMR in neonate reptiles should be done to determine if reptiles are free of the large energetic \"tax\" on growth that is paid by neonate mammals and precocial birds. Studies of neonate altricial birds, which are ectothermic for some time after hatching and have low SMR's, also may be instructive in this regard. Field studies of neonate reptile time- activity budgets are needed to determine how they achieve such low field metabolic rates while simultaneously growing rapidly. Do neonates have lower body temperatures on average during their activity period? Do neonates spend less time active each day than adults? Do neonates use micro- habitat resources in ways that reduce intraspecific competition with adults, but allow for rapid growth anyway? Are the thermal dependencies of digestion, metabolism and growth different in neonates, thereby allowing them to function well and grow rapidly at lower daily integrated body temperatures?","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I investigated the relationship between lizard body size and prey size, particularly as it relates to challenges faced by neonatal lizards in the Neotropics. Within the large-bodied teiid lizard Ameiva ameiva, juveniles feed on smaller prey than adults, but adults continue to feed on prey eaten by juveniles. Adults eat invertebrates and vertebrates, including other lizards, and these likely have a much higher payoff in terms of energy gained per unit risk. Prey types and sizes vary among lizard species in an Amazonian rain forest near the Rio Curua-Una. Larger lizard species feed on larger prey, and smaller lizards, by virtue of their small body sizes, cannot feed on many prey taken by large lizards. Large lizards continue to take small prey. The larger non-vertebrate prey taken by lizards in this assemblage are mostly spiders and centipedes, many of which are larger than smaller lizard species and individuals. A combined data set from numerous Neotropical sites shows that the trend observed at the Curua-Una is a general one even though the smallest clade of lizards eat prey smaller than predicted based on body size alone. I suggest that small lizards, neonates in particular, are at great risk in diverse lizard assemblages because of their body size relative to other organisms. They likely compete with adults of their own and other species for food, they are eaten by larger lizards and other vertebrates, and they are likely prey for numerous highly abundant predaceous arthropods, especially spiders and centipedes.
{"title":"ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF BODY SIZE IN NEONATAL AND SMALL-BODIED LIZARDS IN THE NEOTROPICS","authors":"L. Vitt","doi":"10.2307/1467053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467053","url":null,"abstract":"I investigated the relationship between lizard body size and prey size, particularly as it relates to challenges faced by neonatal lizards in the Neotropics. Within the large-bodied teiid lizard Ameiva ameiva, juveniles feed on smaller prey than adults, but adults continue to feed on prey eaten by juveniles. Adults eat invertebrates and vertebrates, including other lizards, and these likely have a much higher payoff in terms of energy gained per unit risk. Prey types and sizes vary among lizard species in an Amazonian rain forest near the Rio Curua-Una. Larger lizard species feed on larger prey, and smaller lizards, by virtue of their small body sizes, cannot feed on many prey taken by large lizards. Large lizards continue to take small prey. The larger non-vertebrate prey taken by lizards in this assemblage are mostly spiders and centipedes, many of which are larger than smaller lizard species and individuals. A combined data set from numerous Neotropical sites shows that the trend observed at the Curua-Una is a general one even though the smallest clade of lizards eat prey smaller than predicted based on body size alone. I suggest that small lizards, neonates in particular, are at great risk in diverse lizard assemblages because of their body size relative to other organisms. They likely compete with adults of their own and other species for food, they are eaten by larger lizards and other vertebrates, and they are likely prey for numerous highly abundant predaceous arthropods, especially spiders and centipedes.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We conducted two laboratory experiments in order to examine the predatory behavior of neonatal water snakes, Nerodia rhombifer. The first experiment determined habitat use and predatory behavior in three litters of preyand habitat-naive neonates in small, naturalistic enclosures. The second experiment tested one litter of snakes at three ages from birth to one year in the same enclosures in order to determine ontogenetic changes in habitat use and predatory behavior. The neonates were highly aquatic, foraging only while in water. While negatively buoyant, they focused their activity at the surface of the water. Neonatal snakes were very successful at attacking live fish, capturing most by the head or repositioning them rapidly to a head-first position. The open-mouthed (OM) foraging behavior typical of adults was only rudimentarily developed. Ontogenetic changes in habitat use included a shift to less dense cover and increased use of open water. Ontogenetic changes in behavior included increased underwater activity and decreased surface activity, a higher rate of attacking, and shorter handling times, although snakes captured fewer fish by the head. OM foraging behavior developed, but was still abbreviated as compared to adults at the end of the year. Field studies corroborate the results of these studies.
{"title":"Ontogeny of predatory behavior in the aquatic specialist snake, Nerodia rhombifer, during the first year of life","authors":"B. A. Savitsky, G. Burghardt","doi":"10.2307/1467054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467054","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted two laboratory experiments in order to examine the predatory behavior of neonatal water snakes, Nerodia rhombifer. The first experiment determined habitat use and predatory behavior in three litters of preyand habitat-naive neonates in small, naturalistic enclosures. The second experiment tested one litter of snakes at three ages from birth to one year in the same enclosures in order to determine ontogenetic changes in habitat use and predatory behavior. The neonates were highly aquatic, foraging only while in water. While negatively buoyant, they focused their activity at the surface of the water. Neonatal snakes were very successful at attacking live fish, capturing most by the head or repositioning them rapidly to a head-first position. The open-mouthed (OM) foraging behavior typical of adults was only rudimentarily developed. Ontogenetic changes in habitat use included a shift to less dense cover and increased use of open water. Ontogenetic changes in behavior included increased underwater activity and decreased surface activity, a higher rate of attacking, and shorter handling times, although snakes captured fewer fish by the head. OM foraging behavior developed, but was still abbreviated as compared to adults at the end of the year. Field studies corroborate the results of these studies.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ten species of Draco are recognized in the Philippines including one described as new. For each species, a diagnosis, description of squamation and color pattern, and summaries of distribution and natural history are provided. Keys to the Draco of the Philippines are also provided. The geographic distributions of Philippine Draco species are largely concordant with aggregate island complexes formed when sea levels were lower in the late Pleistocene. The biogeography of Palawan Island is considered in the context of Draco and found to be inconsistent with the standard model treating Palawan as an extension of the Greater Sunda Shelf. Southeast Asia are small to moderate-sized arboreal lizards that are remarkable in their ability to glide long distances using wing-like patagial membranes supported by elongate thoracic ribs. The taxonomy of the genus has had a chaotic history but benefited greatly from the recent revisions by Inger (1983) and Musters (1983). The taxonomies provided by both authors were rather conservative, and this approach was quite successful with the Draco assem- blages of the Sunda Shelf (i.e., the Malay peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and associated islands) where as many as six species can be found in sympatry at many localities (Inger, 1983; personal ob- servation). Unfortunately, these conserva- tive taxonomic views have obscured the presence of an entirely endemic and spe- cies-rich assemblage of Draco species in the Philippine archipelago. Taylor (1922) recognized 11 species of Draco in the Phil- ippines, although he questioned the pres- ence of D. reticulatus and D. cornutus, and came to no conclusions regarding the status of D. guentheri. Although Taylor had seen most of the Philippine species of Draco in life, later workers with little or
{"title":"A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE FLYING LIZARDS (IGUANIA: AGAMIDAE: DRACO) OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES","authors":"J. McGuire, A. Alcala","doi":"10.2307/1467046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467046","url":null,"abstract":"Ten species of Draco are recognized in the Philippines including one described as new. For each species, a diagnosis, description of squamation and color pattern, and summaries of distribution and natural history are provided. Keys to the Draco of the Philippines are also provided. The geographic distributions of Philippine Draco species are largely concordant with aggregate island complexes formed when sea levels were lower in the late Pleistocene. The biogeography of Palawan Island is considered in the context of Draco and found to be inconsistent with the standard model treating Palawan as an extension of the Greater Sunda Shelf. Southeast Asia are small to moderate-sized arboreal lizards that are remarkable in their ability to glide long distances using wing-like patagial membranes supported by elongate thoracic ribs. The taxonomy of the genus has had a chaotic history but benefited greatly from the recent revisions by Inger (1983) and Musters (1983). The taxonomies provided by both authors were rather conservative, and this approach was quite successful with the Draco assem- blages of the Sunda Shelf (i.e., the Malay peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and associated islands) where as many as six species can be found in sympatry at many localities (Inger, 1983; personal ob- servation). Unfortunately, these conserva- tive taxonomic views have obscured the presence of an entirely endemic and spe- cies-rich assemblage of Draco species in the Philippine archipelago. Taylor (1922) recognized 11 species of Draco in the Phil- ippines, although he questioned the pres- ence of D. reticulatus and D. cornutus, and came to no conclusions regarding the status of D. guentheri. Although Taylor had seen most of the Philippine species of Draco in life, later workers with little or","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68497878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The wiegmannii group of Liolaemus includes L. lutzae, L. occipitalis, L. multima- culatus, L. rabinoi, L. riojanus, L. salinicola, L. scapularis, and L. wiegmannii; the status of L. cranwelli is uncertain, but is here considered a synonym of L. wiegmannii. The morphological characteristics of the wiegmannii group as a whole are described, and a taxonomic review, together with descriptions, distributions, and natural histories are presented for each species. This study then investigates the sequence of morphological changes that accompanied the evolution of the wieg- mannii group. Seven of these, referred to here as the "sand-lizards" are confined to a substrate of loose, aeolean sand with extensive open dunes or sand flats. All of these species are members of a more inclusive clade, the boulengeri group. A phylogenetic analysis of the boulengeri group, based on 39 morphological and one behavioral character, produced a single most parsimonious tree that included the wiegmannii group as a fully resolved clade. This clade has a pectinate topology, with the following relationships: wiegmannii (lutzae (salinicola (scapularis (occipitalis (multimaculatus (riojanus + rabinoi)))))), with sand lizards represented by the last seven species, i.e., L. wiegmannii is the sister taxon to the sand lizards. Many of the morphological and behavioral transformations that occur at the origin of, and sub- sequently within the sand lizards, facilitate life on and under the surface of loose, wind-blown sand. Rapid diving and burial under the sand may be facilitated by a wedge-shaped snout with numerous small scales on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head, a sharp keel formed by the scales of the lower jaw, and a serrate margin on the shoulders and edges of the tail. Breathing under sand by vertical movement of the sternum may be facilitated by a wider sternum, with the fontanel reduced or absent, and a short median interclavicle process. A small ear opening, projecting ciliary scales, and a partly countersunk lower jaw should help to exclude sand from body openings. Fringes of projecting scales on the toes, and smooth, non-imbricate scales on the palms and soles should facilitate surface locomotion on sand. Reduction in dorsal sexual dicromatism, and close substrate color and pattern matching render them cryptic on the sand. Burial as a means of nocturnal retreat occurs in the sand lizards and most other species of the boulengeri group, but rapid diurnal burial as a means of escape occurs only in L. wiegmannii and the sand lizards. RESUMEN: El grupo wiegmannii de Liolaemus incluye L. lutzae, L. occipitalis, L. multimacu- latus, L. rabinoi, L. riojanus, L. salinicola, L. scapularis, y L. wiegmannii; la posicion taxonomica de L. cranwelli es incierta pero es considerada aqui un sin6nimo de L. wiegmannii. Se describen los caracteres morfologicos del grupo wiegmannii y se presenta para cada una revision taxonomica, junto con descripciones, distribuciones e historias
Liolaemus的wiegmannii类群包括L. lutzae、L. occipitalis、L. multima- culatus、L. rabinoi、L. riojanus、L. salinicola、L. scapularis和L. wiegmannii;L. cranwelli的地位是不确定的，但这里被认为是L. wiegmannii的同义词。本文描述了整个维格曼尼群的形态特征，并对其分类进行了综述，同时介绍了每个物种的描述、分布和自然历史。本研究随后调查了伴随韦格-曼尼群进化的形态学变化序列。其中7种，在这里被称为“沙蜥蜴”，被限制在松散的风沙基底上，有广阔的开放沙丘或沙滩。所有这些物种都是一个更具包容性的分支——布伦盖里群的成员。基于39个形态学特征和1个行为特征，对boulengeri类群的系统发育分析产生了一个最简约的树，其中包括wiegmannii类群作为一个完全确定的分支。该分支具有典型的拓扑结构，其关系如下:wiegmannii (lutzae (salinicola) (scapularis (occipitalis (multimaculatus (riojanus + rabinoi)))))))，沙蜥以最后7种为代表，即L. wiegmannii是沙蜥的姐妹类群。许多形态和行为上的转变发生在沙蜥蜴的起源，以及随后发生在沙蜥蜴体内，这有利于在松散的、被风吹起的沙子表面上和表面下的生命。楔形的鼻子在头部的背部和侧面有许多小鳞片，下颚的鳞片形成了锋利的龙骨，肩膀和尾巴的边缘有锯齿状的边缘，这可能有助于快速潜入和埋葬在沙子下。胸骨较宽，囟门缩小或缺失，锁骨中间突较短，可促进胸骨垂直运动在沙下呼吸。一个小的耳口，突出的纤毛鳞片和部分下沉的下颚应该有助于排除身体开口的沙子。脚趾上突出的鳞片的边缘，手掌和鞋底上光滑的非瓦状鳞片应该有助于在沙滩上的表面运动。减少背部性别二色性，密切的基材颜色和图案匹配使它们在沙滩上隐蔽。沙蜥和其他大多数布伦格里亚类群的物种都将埋葬作为夜间撤退的一种手段，但只有L. wiegmannii和沙蜥才将快速的白天埋葬作为一种逃跑的手段。简历:维格曼氏螨群包括:鲁氏螨、枕形螨、多斑螨、rabinoi螨、riojanus螨、salinicola螨、肩胛骨螨、维格曼氏螨;《位置分类学》(the position taxonomica de L. cranwelli)是一种被认为是具有代表性的植物。本文介绍了魏氏菌群的形态学特征，并对其进行了分类、描述、分布和自然史等方面的研究。Luego - se研究了一种新的研究方法，该方法研究了生物形态的演化过程。这些国家，被称为“lagartos arenfcolas”，被称为“国家和地区”，被称为“国家和地区”，被称为“国家和地区”，被称为“国家和地区”，被称为“国家和地区”。今天，我们有两个不同的物种，它们是由两个不同的物种组成的。通过对39个性状的遗传分析，分析了不同性状间的遗传关系，分析了不同性状间的遗传关系，包括不同性状间的遗传关系，以及不同性状间的遗传关系。Este clado tiene una topologia pec- tinada, conlas signentes亲戚:wiegmannii (lutzae) (salinicola(肩胛骨(枕骨)(多斑疹)(riojanus + rabinoi)))))))， conlos lagartos arenicolas代表polas ultimas siete种，siendo L. wiegmannii el tax6和hermano de estos。大部分的转换都是通过组合来实现的，而不是在原始状态下发生的
{"title":"A REVIEW OF LIZARDS OF THE LIOLAEMUS WIEGMANNII GROUP (SQUAMATA, IGUANIA, TROPIDURIDAE), AND A HISTORY OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE IN THE SAND-DWELLING SPECIES","authors":"R. Etheridge","doi":"10.2307/1467049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467049","url":null,"abstract":"The wiegmannii group of Liolaemus includes L. lutzae, L. occipitalis, L. multima- culatus, L. rabinoi, L. riojanus, L. salinicola, L. scapularis, and L. wiegmannii; the status of L. cranwelli is uncertain, but is here considered a synonym of L. wiegmannii. The morphological characteristics of the wiegmannii group as a whole are described, and a taxonomic review, together with descriptions, distributions, and natural histories are presented for each species. This study then investigates the sequence of morphological changes that accompanied the evolution of the wieg- mannii group. Seven of these, referred to here as the \"sand-lizards\" are confined to a substrate of loose, aeolean sand with extensive open dunes or sand flats. All of these species are members of a more inclusive clade, the boulengeri group. A phylogenetic analysis of the boulengeri group, based on 39 morphological and one behavioral character, produced a single most parsimonious tree that included the wiegmannii group as a fully resolved clade. This clade has a pectinate topology, with the following relationships: wiegmannii (lutzae (salinicola (scapularis (occipitalis (multimaculatus (riojanus + rabinoi)))))), with sand lizards represented by the last seven species, i.e., L. wiegmannii is the sister taxon to the sand lizards. Many of the morphological and behavioral transformations that occur at the origin of, and sub- sequently within the sand lizards, facilitate life on and under the surface of loose, wind-blown sand. Rapid diving and burial under the sand may be facilitated by a wedge-shaped snout with numerous small scales on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head, a sharp keel formed by the scales of the lower jaw, and a serrate margin on the shoulders and edges of the tail. Breathing under sand by vertical movement of the sternum may be facilitated by a wider sternum, with the fontanel reduced or absent, and a short median interclavicle process. A small ear opening, projecting ciliary scales, and a partly countersunk lower jaw should help to exclude sand from body openings. Fringes of projecting scales on the toes, and smooth, non-imbricate scales on the palms and soles should facilitate surface locomotion on sand. Reduction in dorsal sexual dicromatism, and close substrate color and pattern matching render them cryptic on the sand. Burial as a means of nocturnal retreat occurs in the sand lizards and most other species of the boulengeri group, but rapid diurnal burial as a means of escape occurs only in L. wiegmannii and the sand lizards. RESUMEN: El grupo wiegmannii de Liolaemus incluye L. lutzae, L. occipitalis, L. multimacu- latus, L. rabinoi, L. riojanus, L. salinicola, L. scapularis, y L. wiegmannii; la posicion taxonomica de L. cranwelli es incierta pero es considerada aqui un sin6nimo de L. wiegmannii. Se describen los caracteres morfologicos del grupo wiegmannii y se presenta para cada una revision taxonomica, junto con descripciones, distribuciones e historias ","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The classification of reproductive patterns inherited from the 19th century reflects mammalian biases and fails to capture our understanding of amniote reproductive diversity. Much more useful is a bipartite classification that fully distinguishes between two separate reproductive parameters: sources of nutrients for development, and state of the reproductive product at emer- gence from the mother. "Oviparity" and "viviparity" are used in their literal senses to refer to "egg-laying" and "live-bearing" reproduction. "Lecithotrophy" refers to provision of nutrients to the embryo via the yolk, and "matrotrophy" to provision by alternative means (e.g., a placenta, a pattern termed "placentotrophy"). Use of these terms has several advantages, including elimina- tion of confusion associated with the archaic term "ovoviviparity". This system also recognizes commonality between patterns involving maternal provision of nutrients before birth or hatching (e.g., to eggs and embryos) and afterwards (to neonates). Growing consensus around the bipartite classification of reproductive patterns reflects recognition of the importance of a common biolog- ical vocabulary that applies widely across traditional methodological, disciplinary, and taxonomic boundaries.
{"title":"CLASSIFICATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS OF AMNIOTES","authors":"Daniel G. Blackburn","doi":"10.2307/1467051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467051","url":null,"abstract":"The classification of reproductive patterns inherited from the 19th century reflects mammalian biases and fails to capture our understanding of amniote reproductive diversity. Much more useful is a bipartite classification that fully distinguishes between two separate reproductive parameters: sources of nutrients for development, and state of the reproductive product at emer- gence from the mother. \"Oviparity\" and \"viviparity\" are used in their literal senses to refer to \"egg-laying\" and \"live-bearing\" reproduction. \"Lecithotrophy\" refers to provision of nutrients to the embryo via the yolk, and \"matrotrophy\" to provision by alternative means (e.g., a placenta, a pattern termed \"placentotrophy\"). Use of these terms has several advantages, including elimina- tion of confusion associated with the archaic term \"ovoviviparity\". This system also recognizes commonality between patterns involving maternal provision of nutrients before birth or hatching (e.g., to eggs and embryos) and afterwards (to neonates). Growing consensus around the bipartite classification of reproductive patterns reflects recognition of the importance of a common biolog- ical vocabulary that applies widely across traditional methodological, disciplinary, and taxonomic boundaries.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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