Pub Date : 2019-12-10DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.6.255
A. Vorobyov, A. Kalachev, S. Zalesov, Андрей Леонидович Воробьев, Алексей Александрович Калачев, С.В. Залесов
Currently, in order to increase the resistance of plants in ecosystems to the action of stress factors of the habitat, development of environmentally safe and highly effective drugs of complex action with growth-stimulating, adaptogenic and phytoprotective properties, and applicable for the increase of survival rate of coniferous seedlings, is urgent. A phytomineral hydrogel derived from Siberian spruce needles extract and activated bentonite (a siliceous mineral) was created to improve the survival rate and resistance to stress of seedlings. High efficiency of the hydrogel is provided by the ingredients of its composition and mechanical activation of bentonite before the nanoparticles formation, while bioactive substances pass into the plant-available form. Stimulants derived from needles and activated bentonite, penetrating into a plant, activate the genes of protection and stress resistance, that is, the biological resources of seedlings boost their immunity and survival rate of planting material, and reduce its production cost due to the low cost of raw materials. The research purpose was to establish the prospects for the use of phytomineral hydrogel for incrustation of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) seedling roots in forest plantations development. The analysis of the research results shows that the survival rate of experimental samples of Siberian spruce is 96.25 %, in the control sample – 89.30 %. The growth of the control seedlings was 4.9 cm or 50.0 % less.For citation: Vorobyov A.L., Kalachev А.А., Zalesov S.V. Phytomineral Gel for Seedling Roots Incrustation of Siberian Spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.). Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 6, pp. 255–261. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.6.255
{"title":"Phytomineral Gel for Seedling Roots Incrustation of Siberian Spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.)","authors":"A. Vorobyov, A. Kalachev, S. Zalesov, Андрей Леонидович Воробьев, Алексей Александрович Калачев, С.В. Залесов","doi":"10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.6.255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.6.255","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, in order to increase the resistance of plants in ecosystems to the action of stress factors of the habitat, development of environmentally safe and highly effective drugs of complex action with growth-stimulating, adaptogenic and phytoprotective properties, and applicable for the increase of survival rate of coniferous seedlings, is urgent. A phytomineral hydrogel derived from Siberian spruce needles extract and activated bentonite (a siliceous mineral) was created to improve the survival rate and resistance to stress of seedlings. High efficiency of the hydrogel is provided by the ingredients of its composition and mechanical activation of bentonite before the nanoparticles formation, while bioactive substances pass into the plant-available form. Stimulants derived from needles and activated bentonite, penetrating into a plant, activate the genes of protection and stress resistance, that is, the biological resources of seedlings boost their immunity and survival rate of planting material, and reduce its production cost due to the low cost of raw materials. The research purpose was to establish the prospects for the use of phytomineral hydrogel for incrustation of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) seedling roots in forest plantations development. The analysis of the research results shows that the survival rate of experimental samples of Siberian spruce is 96.25 %, in the control sample – 89.30 %. The growth of the control seedlings was 4.9 cm or 50.0 % less.For citation: Vorobyov A.L., Kalachev А.А., Zalesov S.V. Phytomineral Gel for Seedling Roots Incrustation of Siberian Spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.). Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2019, no. 6, pp. 255–261. DOI: 10.17238/issn0536-1036.2019.6.255","PeriodicalId":56352,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"255-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74159618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-10DOI: 10.17238/ISSN0536-1036.2018.2.33
A. E. Osipenko, S. V. Zalesov, Алексей Евгеньевич Осипенко, Сергей Вениаминович Залесов
{"title":"Производительность искусственных сосняков в ленточных борах Алтайского края","authors":"A. E. Osipenko, S. V. Zalesov, Алексей Евгеньевич Осипенко, Сергей Вениаминович Залесов","doi":"10.17238/ISSN0536-1036.2018.2.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17238/ISSN0536-1036.2018.2.33","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56352,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Journal","volume":"30 2 1","pages":"33-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90206186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Food availability is an important factor influencing the lives of ant colonies. Wood ants consume protein-rich and sugary foods. Protein-rich food is comprised primarily of insects, a considerable proportion of which the ants acquire by direct predation. They therefore play an important function in biological protection of forests. The objective of our study was to determine if workers activity is dependent on habitat type, size of the nest, bait size and food type (sugar, protein). We selected 23 nests in a spruce forest and placed food baits of various sizes and types near each nest. The results obtained show that the number of individuals on the baits was substantially higher in clearings than within mature forest. The number of worker ants recorded on the baits was slightly higher for larger nests. Bait size and type had no influence on the number of workers present. Because wood ants do not focus solely on food of a certain size or quality, they can effectively decrease the abundance of forest pests.
{"title":"Foraging strategy and food preference of Formica polyctena ants in different habitats and possibilities for their use in forest protection","authors":"A. Véle, R. Modlinger","doi":"10.1515/FORJ-2016-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/FORJ-2016-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Food availability is an important factor influencing the lives of ant colonies. Wood ants consume protein-rich and sugary foods. Protein-rich food is comprised primarily of insects, a considerable proportion of which the ants acquire by direct predation. They therefore play an important function in biological protection of forests. The objective of our study was to determine if workers activity is dependent on habitat type, size of the nest, bait size and food type (sugar, protein). We selected 23 nests in a spruce forest and placed food baits of various sizes and types near each nest. The results obtained show that the number of individuals on the baits was substantially higher in clearings than within mature forest. The number of worker ants recorded on the baits was slightly higher for larger nests. Bait size and type had no influence on the number of workers present. Because wood ants do not focus solely on food of a certain size or quality, they can effectively decrease the abundance of forest pests.","PeriodicalId":56352,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"223 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81041526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Forest management greatly affects the population density of the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus. In this study, a meta-analysis was used to determine whether infection levels of pathogens of I. typographus differ between managed and unmanaged spruce stands. The analysis used data from 10 publications and a total of 61 locations. The results indicated that infection levels of the most common pathogens (ItEPV, Gregarina typographi, and Mattesia schwenkei) are higher in unmanaged than in managed locations. The only exception is the microsporidium Chytridiopsis typographi, which is more common in managed than in unmanaged locations. Our meta-analysis indicates that pathogen levels are generally higher in unmanaged than in managed locations.
{"title":"Infection levels of pathogens in the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) at managed and unmanaged forest locations: a meta-data analysis","authors":"Hana Vanická, K. Lukášová, J. Holuša","doi":"10.1515/FORJ-2016-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/FORJ-2016-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Forest management greatly affects the population density of the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus. In this study, a meta-analysis was used to determine whether infection levels of pathogens of I. typographus differ between managed and unmanaged spruce stands. The analysis used data from 10 publications and a total of 61 locations. The results indicated that infection levels of the most common pathogens (ItEPV, Gregarina typographi, and Mattesia schwenkei) are higher in unmanaged than in managed locations. The only exception is the microsporidium Chytridiopsis typographi, which is more common in managed than in unmanaged locations. Our meta-analysis indicates that pathogen levels are generally higher in unmanaged than in managed locations.","PeriodicalId":56352,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"216 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89612570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Flight performance of Monochamus sartor and Monochamus sutor, two potential vectors of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was evaluated in laboratory flight mill tests. Beetles emerging from logs infested in the laboratory and incubated under outdoor conditions as well as field collected beetles were used. The maximum distance flown by M. sartor in a single flight was 3,136.7 m. Mean distances (per beetle) per flight ranged from 694.6 m in females to 872.5 m in males for M. sartor. In 75% of all individual flights M. sartor flew less than 1 km; only 3.7% flew distances longer than 2 km. The mean cumulative distance travelled by M. sartor beetles throughout their lifespan was 7.5 km. The smaller M. sutor beetles flew faster and longer distances. The maximum distance per flight was 5,556.5 m; mean distances ranged from 1,653.6 m in females to 1178.3 m in males. The number of available laboratory reared beetles was too low for quantification of lifetime flight capacity for M. sutor. The findings are compared to published data from Monochamus galloprovincialis recorded on the same type of flight mill as well as to field data from mark-release-recapture studies. The high flight capacity of Monochamus beetles illustrates the importance of considering dispersal of the vectors when planning control measures against the pine wood nematode.
{"title":"Flight performance of Monochamus sartor and Monochamus sutor, potential vectors of the pine wood nematode","authors":"J. Putz, E. M. Vorwagner, G. Hoch","doi":"10.1515/FORJ-2016-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/FORJ-2016-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flight performance of Monochamus sartor and Monochamus sutor, two potential vectors of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was evaluated in laboratory flight mill tests. Beetles emerging from logs infested in the laboratory and incubated under outdoor conditions as well as field collected beetles were used. The maximum distance flown by M. sartor in a single flight was 3,136.7 m. Mean distances (per beetle) per flight ranged from 694.6 m in females to 872.5 m in males for M. sartor. In 75% of all individual flights M. sartor flew less than 1 km; only 3.7% flew distances longer than 2 km. The mean cumulative distance travelled by M. sartor beetles throughout their lifespan was 7.5 km. The smaller M. sutor beetles flew faster and longer distances. The maximum distance per flight was 5,556.5 m; mean distances ranged from 1,653.6 m in females to 1178.3 m in males. The number of available laboratory reared beetles was too low for quantification of lifetime flight capacity for M. sutor. The findings are compared to published data from Monochamus galloprovincialis recorded on the same type of flight mill as well as to field data from mark-release-recapture studies. The high flight capacity of Monochamus beetles illustrates the importance of considering dispersal of the vectors when planning control measures against the pine wood nematode.","PeriodicalId":56352,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Journal","volume":"48 1","pages":"195 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88199356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Galko, C. Nikolov, A. Kunca, J. Vakula, Andrej Gubka, M. Zúbrik, Slavomír Rell, B. Konôpka
Abstract Six types of pheromone traps were tested between 2012 and 2014 in the High Tatra Mountains, northern Slovakia. Traps were baited with lures for attracting the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Among the tested traps, four types are commercial products; Theysohn (T-trap), Ecotrap (E-trap), Lindgren funnel trap (L-trap), BEKA trap (B-trap) and two are our newly developed models; Funnel trap (P-trap) and Cross trap (K-trap). The traps were set up on ten selected sites and tested during three growing seasons (2012, 2013 and 2014). The newly developed models were compared to the commercially available models for trapping efficiency of target pest, easy to use and impact on non-target insect species. We found that the best commercially available model is the L-trap, however the bottom of L-trap is considered too shallow resulting in an accumulation of rainwater that increases the traps attractiveness for Silphids. In our experiment, the newly developed models; P-trap and K-trap performed better compared to commercially used models. P-trap caught 28% more I. typographus and K-trap caught 57% more beetles compared to T-trap in 2014. There are additional advantages of the newly developed traps such as easy handling, good rainwater drainage, higher collection container volume, and scale marking within the collection container. The results of this study have encouraged us to patent P-trap and K-trap as utility models.
{"title":"Effectiveness of pheromone traps for the European spruce bark beetle: a comparative study of four commercial products and two new models","authors":"J. Galko, C. Nikolov, A. Kunca, J. Vakula, Andrej Gubka, M. Zúbrik, Slavomír Rell, B. Konôpka","doi":"10.1515/FORJ-2016-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/FORJ-2016-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Six types of pheromone traps were tested between 2012 and 2014 in the High Tatra Mountains, northern Slovakia. Traps were baited with lures for attracting the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Among the tested traps, four types are commercial products; Theysohn (T-trap), Ecotrap (E-trap), Lindgren funnel trap (L-trap), BEKA trap (B-trap) and two are our newly developed models; Funnel trap (P-trap) and Cross trap (K-trap). The traps were set up on ten selected sites and tested during three growing seasons (2012, 2013 and 2014). The newly developed models were compared to the commercially available models for trapping efficiency of target pest, easy to use and impact on non-target insect species. We found that the best commercially available model is the L-trap, however the bottom of L-trap is considered too shallow resulting in an accumulation of rainwater that increases the traps attractiveness for Silphids. In our experiment, the newly developed models; P-trap and K-trap performed better compared to commercially used models. P-trap caught 28% more I. typographus and K-trap caught 57% more beetles compared to T-trap in 2014. There are additional advantages of the newly developed traps such as easy handling, good rainwater drainage, higher collection container volume, and scale marking within the collection container. The results of this study have encouraged us to patent P-trap and K-trap as utility models.","PeriodicalId":56352,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"207 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90679391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Wegensteiner, K. Lukášová, Hana Vanická, Soňa Zimová, M. Kacprzyk, J. Holuša
Abstract The striped ambrosia beetles Trypodendron lineatum and T. domesticum are timber forest pests in the Palearctic region and North America. Because only a few pathogens are known for Trypodendron species, the aim of this work was to determine the spectrum of pathogen species of T. lineatum, T. laeve, and T. domesticum. Trypodendron species were collected in pheromone traps at nine localities in the Czech Republic, five localities in Poland, and one locality in Austria. In total, 2,439 T. lineatum, 171 T. domesticum, and 17 T. laeve beetles were dissected and examined. Infection was found in only two of the 17 specimens of T. laeve and in only two of the 171 specimens of T. domesticum; in all four cases, the parasites were nematodes. Parasitisation of T. lineatum by nematodes was found in T. lineatum at eight localities with a mean (± SE) parasitisation level of 8.1 ± 4.7%. A Chytridiopsis sp. was detected in cells of the midgut epithelium of one T. lineatum specimen, and Gregarina sp. was detected in the midgut lumen of two T. lineatum specimens; no other pathogens were found in T. lineatum. The low infection rates and the tendency for infection by nematodes can be explained by the monogamy of Trypodendron spp. and their feeding on fungi in short galleries that are not connected to the galleries of conspecifics.
摘要条纹锦甲(Trypodendron lineatum)和家蝇(T. domesticum)是古北地区和北美地区的木材害虫。由于只有很少的病原体已知的赤足属物种，本工作的目的是确定T. lineatum, T. laeve和T.驯化的病原体种类的光谱。用信息素诱捕法在捷克9个地点、波兰5个地点和奥地利1个地点采集了赤足。共解剖检查了2439只线甲、171只家甲和17只叶甲。17例叶形绦虫和171例家形绦虫分别有2例和2例感染;在所有四个病例中，寄生虫都是线虫。在8个地区发现线虫寄生线纹线虫，平均(±SE)寄生率为8.1±4.7%。在1只lineatum标本的中肠上皮细胞中检测到壶壶菌，在2只lineatum标本的中肠管腔中检测到Gregarina sp;未发现其他病原菌。赤足的低感染率和受线虫感染的倾向可以解释为赤足的一夫一妻制及其在短通道中取食真菌，而短通道与同种通道不相连。
{"title":"Extremely low infection levels of pathogens and nematodes in Trypodendron spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","authors":"R. Wegensteiner, K. Lukášová, Hana Vanická, Soňa Zimová, M. Kacprzyk, J. Holuša","doi":"10.1515/FORJ-2016-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/FORJ-2016-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The striped ambrosia beetles Trypodendron lineatum and T. domesticum are timber forest pests in the Palearctic region and North America. Because only a few pathogens are known for Trypodendron species, the aim of this work was to determine the spectrum of pathogen species of T. lineatum, T. laeve, and T. domesticum. Trypodendron species were collected in pheromone traps at nine localities in the Czech Republic, five localities in Poland, and one locality in Austria. In total, 2,439 T. lineatum, 171 T. domesticum, and 17 T. laeve beetles were dissected and examined. Infection was found in only two of the 17 specimens of T. laeve and in only two of the 171 specimens of T. domesticum; in all four cases, the parasites were nematodes. Parasitisation of T. lineatum by nematodes was found in T. lineatum at eight localities with a mean (± SE) parasitisation level of 8.1 ± 4.7%. A Chytridiopsis sp. was detected in cells of the midgut epithelium of one T. lineatum specimen, and Gregarina sp. was detected in the midgut lumen of two T. lineatum specimens; no other pathogens were found in T. lineatum. The low infection rates and the tendency for infection by nematodes can be explained by the monogamy of Trypodendron spp. and their feeding on fungi in short galleries that are not connected to the galleries of conspecifics.","PeriodicalId":56352,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"202 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72597301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Trophic relationships of Lepidoptera (Insecta) occurring in the territory of Czechia to the Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) was evaluated on the basis of the excerption and critical evaluation of literature. Each species was classified into the following categories – spruce as the host plant, regular development on spruce, narrow trophic relationship, indirect relationship and episodical occurrence. The particular taxa were also characterized according to their distribution and the form of larval life was specified. The development on spruce was documented in 96 species of Lepidoptera, which represented less than 3% of taxa belonging to this group and being reported from Czechia. Of that, spruce was a common host plant for 67 species, 23 species were polyphagous and might develop on spruce, and 6 species belonged to soil species damaging spruce roots, mainly in forest nurseries. Among the species of Lepidoptera, which regularly develop on spruce in the Czech conditions, 55 species were classified. As narrow specialists with special trophic relationship to spruce, 33 taxa could be considered. There were 15 spruce species with forestry importance, which were able to outbreak their populations regularly or irregularly. Among spruce species it was possible to classify 16 taxa as rare. The provided information on Lepidoptera with trophic relationship to spruce is applicable also for other Central European areas. Besides the species with importance for forest pest management, also rare taxa, which can become endangered by climate change or by forest management, were indicated.
{"title":"Review of Lepidoptera with trophic relationships to Picea abies (L.) in the conditions of Czechia","authors":"R. Modlinger, J. Líška","doi":"10.1515/FORJ-2016-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/FORJ-2016-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Trophic relationships of Lepidoptera (Insecta) occurring in the territory of Czechia to the Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) was evaluated on the basis of the excerption and critical evaluation of literature. Each species was classified into the following categories – spruce as the host plant, regular development on spruce, narrow trophic relationship, indirect relationship and episodical occurrence. The particular taxa were also characterized according to their distribution and the form of larval life was specified. The development on spruce was documented in 96 species of Lepidoptera, which represented less than 3% of taxa belonging to this group and being reported from Czechia. Of that, spruce was a common host plant for 67 species, 23 species were polyphagous and might develop on spruce, and 6 species belonged to soil species damaging spruce roots, mainly in forest nurseries. Among the species of Lepidoptera, which regularly develop on spruce in the Czech conditions, 55 species were classified. As narrow specialists with special trophic relationship to spruce, 33 taxa could be considered. There were 15 spruce species with forestry importance, which were able to outbreak their populations regularly or irregularly. Among spruce species it was possible to classify 16 taxa as rare. The provided information on Lepidoptera with trophic relationship to spruce is applicable also for other Central European areas. Besides the species with importance for forest pest management, also rare taxa, which can become endangered by climate change or by forest management, were indicated.","PeriodicalId":56352,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"178 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82705331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Netherer, Magdalena Ehn, E. Blackwell, T. Kirisits
Abstract We performed an inoculation experiment using the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica at the Rosalia Roof study site, which was set up to study drought effects on Norway spruce susceptibility to attacks by the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Tree resistance parameters such as resin flow rate and extent of hypersensitive wound reaction in the phloem were investigated prior to and after fungal infection. Sample trees with different drought treatments (trees fully covered or semi-covered by roofs, control trees) were inoculated with E. polonica in July 2014. In order to check for areas of phloem necrosis, the outer bark around the inoculation holes was scratched off 6 weeks later. We recorded the amount of resin exudation within 12 hours overnight in August and September 2013 and 2014. Although wound reaction zones did not differ in size between tree collectives of the various treatments, fully covered trees tended to exhibit larger necrotic areas compared to control trees. The least water supplied trees showed lowest resin flow rates prior to fungal inoculation, but were the only group to show significantly enhanced resin flow five weeks after the evaluation of defence reactions. Our results agree with earlier findings that wounding and few fungal inoculations can increase tree resistance in the medium term given not too severe water stress. Further investigations will clarify how water stress affects the availability of non-structural carbohydrates for secondary metabolism, when depletion of resources eventually occurs, and at which point trees are most susceptible to bark beetle attack.
{"title":"Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment","authors":"S. Netherer, Magdalena Ehn, E. Blackwell, T. Kirisits","doi":"10.1515/FORJ-2016-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/FORJ-2016-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We performed an inoculation experiment using the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica at the Rosalia Roof study site, which was set up to study drought effects on Norway spruce susceptibility to attacks by the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Tree resistance parameters such as resin flow rate and extent of hypersensitive wound reaction in the phloem were investigated prior to and after fungal infection. Sample trees with different drought treatments (trees fully covered or semi-covered by roofs, control trees) were inoculated with E. polonica in July 2014. In order to check for areas of phloem necrosis, the outer bark around the inoculation holes was scratched off 6 weeks later. We recorded the amount of resin exudation within 12 hours overnight in August and September 2013 and 2014. Although wound reaction zones did not differ in size between tree collectives of the various treatments, fully covered trees tended to exhibit larger necrotic areas compared to control trees. The least water supplied trees showed lowest resin flow rates prior to fungal inoculation, but were the only group to show significantly enhanced resin flow five weeks after the evaluation of defence reactions. Our results agree with earlier findings that wounding and few fungal inoculations can increase tree resistance in the medium term given not too severe water stress. Further investigations will clarify how water stress affects the availability of non-structural carbohydrates for secondary metabolism, when depletion of resources eventually occurs, and at which point trees are most susceptible to bark beetle attack.","PeriodicalId":56352,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"169 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80954171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Forest mortality critically affects stand structure and the quality of ecosystem services provided by forests. Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) generates rather complex infestation and mortality patterns, and implementation of such patterns in forest models is challenging. We present here the procedure, which allows to simulate the bark beetle-related tree mortality in the forest dynamics model Sibyla. We explored how sensitive various production and stand structure indicators are to tree mortality patterns, which can be generated by bark beetles. We compared the simulation outputs for three unmanaged forest stands with 40, 70 and 100% proportion of spruce as affected by the disturbance-related mortality that occurred in a random pattern and in a patchy pattern. The used tree species and age class-specific mortality rates were derived from the disturbance-related mortality records from Slovakia. The proposed algorithm was developed in the SQLite using the Python language, and the algorithm allowed us to define the degree of spatial clustering of dead trees ranging from a random distribution to a completely clustered distribution; a number of trees that died in either mode is set to remain equal. We found significant differences between the long-term developments of the three investigated forest stands, but we found very little effect of the tested mortality modes on stand increment, tree species composition and diversity, and tree size diversity. Hence, our hypothesis that the different pattern of dead trees emergence should affect the competitive interactions between trees and regeneration, and thus affect selected productivity and stand structure indicators was not confirmed.
{"title":"Effect of different tree mortality patterns on stand development in the forest model SIBYLA","authors":"J. Trombik, I. Barka, T. Hlásny","doi":"10.1515/FORJ-2016-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/FORJ-2016-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Forest mortality critically affects stand structure and the quality of ecosystem services provided by forests. Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) generates rather complex infestation and mortality patterns, and implementation of such patterns in forest models is challenging. We present here the procedure, which allows to simulate the bark beetle-related tree mortality in the forest dynamics model Sibyla. We explored how sensitive various production and stand structure indicators are to tree mortality patterns, which can be generated by bark beetles. We compared the simulation outputs for three unmanaged forest stands with 40, 70 and 100% proportion of spruce as affected by the disturbance-related mortality that occurred in a random pattern and in a patchy pattern. The used tree species and age class-specific mortality rates were derived from the disturbance-related mortality records from Slovakia. The proposed algorithm was developed in the SQLite using the Python language, and the algorithm allowed us to define the degree of spatial clustering of dead trees ranging from a random distribution to a completely clustered distribution; a number of trees that died in either mode is set to remain equal. We found significant differences between the long-term developments of the three investigated forest stands, but we found very little effect of the tested mortality modes on stand increment, tree species composition and diversity, and tree size diversity. Hence, our hypothesis that the different pattern of dead trees emergence should affect the competitive interactions between trees and regeneration, and thus affect selected productivity and stand structure indicators was not confirmed.","PeriodicalId":56352,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"173 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83403621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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