Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2022.148030
T. Sharma, U. Panu
The draft ratios for sizing the reservoirs can vary within a wide range (40% -90% of the mean annual flow, MAF), depending upon the demands for water by various users, and environmental and ecological considerations. The reservoir volumes based on the drought magnitude (DM) method were assessed at aforesaid draft ratios using monthly-standardized hydrological index (SHI) sequences of 10 Canadian rivers located in the Canadian prairies and northwestern Ontario. These rivers are typified by a high level of persistence lag-1 autocorrelation, ρ 1m ≥ 0.50 and up to 0.94) and coefficient of variation (cv o ) in the range of 0.42 to 1.48. The moving average (MA) smoothing of monthly SHI sequences formed the basis of the DM method for estimating reservoir volumes. The truncation or cutoff level in the SHI sequences was found as SHI x [=(α − 1)µ o /σ o ], [(α − 1)µ o /σ max ], or [(α − 1)µ o /σ av ], where α (=0.40 to 0.90) is the draft ratio i.e. proportion of the MAF, µ o and σ o are the overall mean and standard deviation of the monthly flows, σ max is the maximum value of standard deviations and σ av the average of 12 monthly values. The failure probability levels (PF) were fixed at 5%, 2.5% and 0% (corresponding reliability of 95%, 97.5% and 100%). The study revealed that the coefficient of variation is the most important parameter that influences the reservoir size while the role of lag-1 autocorrelation (ρ 1m ) appears more pronounced at high draft ratios, α such as 0.90, 0.80 and 0.70 in increasing the reservoir size. The DM based method can be regarded as an alternative to Behavior analysis for sizing reservoirs at the desired probability of failure or reliability level.
{"title":"Estimation of Reservoir Volumes at Drafts of 40% - 90%: Drought Magnitude Method Applied on Monthly River Flows from Canadian Prairies","authors":"T. Sharma, U. Panu","doi":"10.4236/jwarp.2022.148030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.148030","url":null,"abstract":"The draft ratios for sizing the reservoirs can vary within a wide range (40% -90% of the mean annual flow, MAF), depending upon the demands for water by various users, and environmental and ecological considerations. The reservoir volumes based on the drought magnitude (DM) method were assessed at aforesaid draft ratios using monthly-standardized hydrological index (SHI) sequences of 10 Canadian rivers located in the Canadian prairies and northwestern Ontario. These rivers are typified by a high level of persistence lag-1 autocorrelation, ρ 1m ≥ 0.50 and up to 0.94) and coefficient of variation (cv o ) in the range of 0.42 to 1.48. The moving average (MA) smoothing of monthly SHI sequences formed the basis of the DM method for estimating reservoir volumes. The truncation or cutoff level in the SHI sequences was found as SHI x [=(α − 1)µ o /σ o ], [(α − 1)µ o /σ max ], or [(α − 1)µ o /σ av ], where α (=0.40 to 0.90) is the draft ratio i.e. proportion of the MAF, µ o and σ o are the overall mean and standard deviation of the monthly flows, σ max is the maximum value of standard deviations and σ av the average of 12 monthly values. The failure probability levels (PF) were fixed at 5%, 2.5% and 0% (corresponding reliability of 95%, 97.5% and 100%). The study revealed that the coefficient of variation is the most important parameter that influences the reservoir size while the role of lag-1 autocorrelation (ρ 1m ) appears more pronounced at high draft ratios, α such as 0.90, 0.80 and 0.70 in increasing the reservoir size. The DM based method can be regarded as an alternative to Behavior analysis for sizing reservoirs at the desired probability of failure or reliability level.","PeriodicalId":56705,"journal":{"name":"水资源与保护(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70491543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2022.1410035
Godfrey Musumba, Junior Sembatya, Derick Muloogi
{"title":"Temporal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameters of Ground Water in Kibujjo Village, Namayumba Sub-County, Wakiso District, Uganda","authors":"Godfrey Musumba, Junior Sembatya, Derick Muloogi","doi":"10.4236/jwarp.2022.1410035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.1410035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56705,"journal":{"name":"水资源与保护(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70490978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2022.1411039
L. Tometin, Odilon M. Nonfodji, W. Chouti, M. Dannon, A. Aboubakari, J. Fatombi
{"title":"Use of Natural Coagulants in Removing Organic Matter, Turbidity and Fecal Bacteria from Hospital Wastewater by Coagulation-Flocculation Process","authors":"L. Tometin, Odilon M. Nonfodji, W. Chouti, M. Dannon, A. Aboubakari, J. Fatombi","doi":"10.4236/jwarp.2022.1411039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.1411039","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56705,"journal":{"name":"水资源与保护(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70491097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2022.144018
A. Hiratsuka, Tsutomu Demizu
In COVID-19 pandemic in the world, alcohol (ethanol) can be listed as a sterilizing disinfectant. It absolutely played a Messianic function on the sterilization effect. And it is said that it has one more function called "salinity reduction" but that function is not widely known. The two functions (Sterilization & Salinity Reduction) mentioned above are extremely important regarding the theme of "raw seawater into beverage" in this study. It is thought that if the two functions are achieved other water quality items such as NO-2 and other items can be cleared with comparative ease. To put briefly the feature of modern waterworks in a word, it can be said that "source of water is river water and its sterilization is chlorine". In this study, we set up it with a completely new sanitization method (great reset), that is, "source of water is mixtures (seawater and rainwater) and its sterilization is ethanol". And it can be also expected that the capture and storage of ethanol as a renewable resource is basically possible by utilizing sunlight as a natural power. Therefore, we think that this resolves itself into a question of the choice (sense of value/culture) of the users. It means that how users finally balance out with three factors, i.e., cost, risk (safety) and benefit. Based on the viewpoint mentioned above, we examined the possibility of raw seawater into beverage using ethanol as a renewable resource to create humankind's wisdom to the settlement (breakthrough) of the water scarcity in the world including Asia and Africa. As a result, we have obtained the new findings that suggest the possibility of raw seawater into beverage using ethanol as a renewable resource.
{"title":"Study on the Possibility of Raw Seawater into Beverage<br/>—Using Ethanol as a Renewable Resource","authors":"A. Hiratsuka, Tsutomu Demizu","doi":"10.4236/jwarp.2022.144018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.144018","url":null,"abstract":"In COVID-19 pandemic in the world, alcohol (ethanol) can be listed as a sterilizing disinfectant. It absolutely played a Messianic function on the sterilization effect. And it is said that it has one more function called \"salinity reduction\" but that function is not widely known. The two functions (Sterilization & Salinity Reduction) mentioned above are extremely important regarding the theme of \"raw seawater into beverage\" in this study. It is thought that if the two functions are achieved other water quality items such as NO-2 and other items can be cleared with comparative ease. To put briefly the feature of modern waterworks in a word, it can be said that \"source of water is river water and its sterilization is chlorine\". In this study, we set up it with a completely new sanitization method (great reset), that is, \"source of water is mixtures (seawater and rainwater) and its sterilization is ethanol\". And it can be also expected that the capture and storage of ethanol as a renewable resource is basically possible by utilizing sunlight as a natural power. Therefore, we think that this resolves itself into a question of the choice (sense of value/culture) of the users. It means that how users finally balance out with three factors, i.e., cost, risk (safety) and benefit. Based on the viewpoint mentioned above, we examined the possibility of raw seawater into beverage using ethanol as a renewable resource to create humankind's wisdom to the settlement (breakthrough) of the water scarcity in the world including Asia and Africa. As a result, we have obtained the new findings that suggest the possibility of raw seawater into beverage using ethanol as a renewable resource.","PeriodicalId":56705,"journal":{"name":"水资源与保护(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70491119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2022.145019
Sarvet Jehan, M. Iqbal, Tayyaba Samreen, M. Liaquat, S. Kanwal, M. Naseem
Agricultural sector acts as a major consumer of water which accounts for 70 percent of global freshwater use. Water scarcity acts as an imminent threat to agriculture, there is a need to use those irrigation and management practices that could overcome this overwhelming situation of water scarcity. Lab incubation study was designed to evaluate the effect of different moisture levels (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% FC) on nitrogen mineralization rate. Net nitrogen mineralization was shown at 60% and 80% FC levels. Two opti-mized irrigation levels (I 0.6 and I 0.8 ) along with four levels of dairy manure (10, 15, 20, and 25 Mg ha −1 ) were used in a lysimetric trial. Nitrate-nitrogen was measured at four depths (D 1 : 30 cm, D 2 : 60 cm, D 3 : 90 cm, and D 4 : 120 cm). Results showed strong interaction of irrigation and dairy manure at all depths. Mean maximum nitrate-nitrogen concentration was shown under full irrigation at 120 cm soil depth with the application of DM @ 25 Mg ha −1 . Under two levels of deficit irrigation, I 0.8 has shown maximum nitrate-nitrogen concentration at 90 cm soil depth with the application of DM 25 , however, deficit irrigation level I 0.6 restricted nitrate-nitrogen movement up to 60 cm soil depth, and high concentration was found at 30 cm soil depth. We concluded that deficit irrigation practice along with dairy manure resulted in more nitrate-nitrogen in the upper 60 cm layer of soil where it can be more available for the crops.
农业部门是水的主要消费者，占全球淡水使用量的70%。水资源短缺对农业构成了迫在眉睫的威胁，因此有必要采用能够克服这种严重缺水状况的灌溉和管理办法。室内培养研究旨在评价不同湿度水平(50%、60%、70%、80%、90%和100% FC)对氮矿化率的影响。净氮矿化表现为60%和80% FC水平。两个优化的灌溉水平(i0.6和i0.8)以及四个水平的牛粪(10、15、20和25 Mg ha - 1)在溶液试验中使用。在4个深度(d1: 30 cm, d2: 60 cm, d3: 90 cm和d1: 120 cm)测量硝酸盐氮。结果表明，在所有深度，灌溉水与牛粪具有较强的相互作用。在土壤深度为120 cm、施用DM @ 25 Mg ha - 1的充分灌溉条件下，硝态氮平均浓度最高。在2个亏缺灌溉水平下，I 0.8水平施用DM 25时，90 cm土壤深度处硝酸盐氮浓度最高，而I 0.6水平亏缺灌溉限制了60 cm土壤深度处硝酸盐氮的移动，30 cm土壤深度处硝酸盐氮浓度较高。我们得出的结论是，缺水灌溉和奶牛粪便导致土壤上层60厘米的硝酸盐氮含量增加，这对作物更有效。
{"title":"Effect of Deficit Irrigation Practice on Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrate Nitrogen Leaching under Semi-Arid Conditions","authors":"Sarvet Jehan, M. Iqbal, Tayyaba Samreen, M. Liaquat, S. Kanwal, M. Naseem","doi":"10.4236/jwarp.2022.145019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.145019","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural sector acts as a major consumer of water which accounts for 70 percent of global freshwater use. Water scarcity acts as an imminent threat to agriculture, there is a need to use those irrigation and management practices that could overcome this overwhelming situation of water scarcity. Lab incubation study was designed to evaluate the effect of different moisture levels (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% FC) on nitrogen mineralization rate. Net nitrogen mineralization was shown at 60% and 80% FC levels. Two opti-mized irrigation levels (I 0.6 and I 0.8 ) along with four levels of dairy manure (10, 15, 20, and 25 Mg ha −1 ) were used in a lysimetric trial. Nitrate-nitrogen was measured at four depths (D 1 : 30 cm, D 2 : 60 cm, D 3 : 90 cm, and D 4 : 120 cm). Results showed strong interaction of irrigation and dairy manure at all depths. Mean maximum nitrate-nitrogen concentration was shown under full irrigation at 120 cm soil depth with the application of DM @ 25 Mg ha −1 . Under two levels of deficit irrigation, I 0.8 has shown maximum nitrate-nitrogen concentration at 90 cm soil depth with the application of DM 25 , however, deficit irrigation level I 0.6 restricted nitrate-nitrogen movement up to 60 cm soil depth, and high concentration was found at 30 cm soil depth. We concluded that deficit irrigation practice along with dairy manure resulted in more nitrate-nitrogen in the upper 60 cm layer of soil where it can be more available for the crops.","PeriodicalId":56705,"journal":{"name":"水资源与保护(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70491131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2022.146021
Samah Badarne-Abbasi, R. Armon, A. Nasser
When properly treated, domestic wastewater should be considered a potential reliable water source in arid and semi-arid regions of the world for none-potable purposes. In Israel and other countries around the world, the main biological standards for water reuse are based on fecal coliform (FC) and turbidity. Furthermore, in secondary treatment, the Israeli standard for water reuse and for unrestricted irrigation comprises additional steps such as filtration and chlorination. The present study was conducted to compare the reduction efficiency of live Cryptosporidium oocysts in wastewater effluents by filtration and disinfection by either UV irradiation or chlorination. Cryptosporidium oocysts infectivity reduction was compared to those of the conventional microbial indicators (FC). The study was conducted in two full-scale wastewater treatment plants. The average concentration of FC and Cryptosporidium in secondary effluent was 2.8 × 10 cfu/100ml and 5.7 oocysts/10L, respectively. Infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 2 out of 7 secondary effluent samples (28.5%). Infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detectable in UV disinfected tertiary effluent. Conversely, 3 out of 7 (42.8%) tertiary effluent samples disinfected with chlorine were positive for infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts. The results of this study revealed that the application of a multi barrier treatment, including UV irradiation, for the reduction of Cryptosporidium oocysts and microbial indicators could improve tertiary effluent safety for unrestricted irrigation and other reuse purposes.
{"title":"Reduction of Infectious <i>Cryptosporidium</i> and Microbial Indicators in Wastewater Effluents by Disinfection with UV Irradiation or Chlorine","authors":"Samah Badarne-Abbasi, R. Armon, A. Nasser","doi":"10.4236/jwarp.2022.146021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.146021","url":null,"abstract":"When properly treated, domestic wastewater should be considered a potential reliable water source in arid and semi-arid regions of the world for none-potable purposes. In Israel and other countries around the world, the main biological standards for water reuse are based on fecal coliform (FC) and turbidity. Furthermore, in secondary treatment, the Israeli standard for water reuse and for unrestricted irrigation comprises additional steps such as filtration and chlorination. The present study was conducted to compare the reduction efficiency of live Cryptosporidium oocysts in wastewater effluents by filtration and disinfection by either UV irradiation or chlorination. Cryptosporidium oocysts infectivity reduction was compared to those of the conventional microbial indicators (FC). The study was conducted in two full-scale wastewater treatment plants. The average concentration of FC and Cryptosporidium in secondary effluent was 2.8 × 10 cfu/100ml and 5.7 oocysts/10L, respectively. Infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 2 out of 7 secondary effluent samples (28.5%). Infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts were not detectable in UV disinfected tertiary effluent. Conversely, 3 out of 7 (42.8%) tertiary effluent samples disinfected with chlorine were positive for infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts. The results of this study revealed that the application of a multi barrier treatment, including UV irradiation, for the reduction of Cryptosporidium oocysts and microbial indicators could improve tertiary effluent safety for unrestricted irrigation and other reuse purposes.","PeriodicalId":56705,"journal":{"name":"水资源与保护(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70490681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2022.143013
Bruna Scipioni, Márcia Cristiane Kravetz Andrade, L. Peixoto, Alinne Mizukawa, T. C. Filippe, J. C. R. de Azevedo
{"title":"Use of Caffeine for the Evaluation of the Anthropic Influence over the Upper and Middle Iguaçu River Basins","authors":"Bruna Scipioni, Márcia Cristiane Kravetz Andrade, L. Peixoto, Alinne Mizukawa, T. C. Filippe, J. C. R. de Azevedo","doi":"10.4236/jwarp.2022.143013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.143013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56705,"journal":{"name":"水资源与保护(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70491004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geophysical investigation for Groundwater which entails the use of vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods was carried out in parts of the Idemili area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Geologically the study area falls within the Nanka Sand, belonging to the Ameki Group in the Tertiary Niger Delta Basin. The investigation intends amongst others to assess the groundwater potential of the area, find out the existence of possible aquifer(s) within the area, and es-timate the possible depth of a borehole. 15 VES stations were established at the site using Ohmega System Tetrameter and Schlumberger electrode configuration with current electrode spacing (AB/2) of 350 meters. The geologic parameters, such as the number of geo-electric layers, the thickness of the geo-electric units, and their resistivities were interpreted from the VES curves. A qualitative assessment of the curves shows that a model with 5 layers would sufficiently model the field curves. The thickness value ranged from 0.1 to 86 m, the resistivity ranged from 258 to 13,258 Ωm, and the depth ranged between 1.2 and 109 m. Quantitative interpretation of field curves involved inversion with appropriate parameters using Zond Res1D software.
{"title":"Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potentials of the Nanka Sand in Obosi and Its Environs, Anambra State Nigeria","authors":"Nelson Onyebuchi Nwobi, Solomon Ekene Okeke, Chekwube Nnamdi Didi, Augustine Obiora Okpara","doi":"10.4236/jwarp.2022.1410038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.1410038","url":null,"abstract":"Geophysical investigation for Groundwater which entails the use of vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods was carried out in parts of the Idemili area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Geologically the study area falls within the Nanka Sand, belonging to the Ameki Group in the Tertiary Niger Delta Basin. The investigation intends amongst others to assess the groundwater potential of the area, find out the existence of possible aquifer(s) within the area, and es-timate the possible depth of a borehole. 15 VES stations were established at the site using Ohmega System Tetrameter and Schlumberger electrode configuration with current electrode spacing (AB/2) of 350 meters. The geologic parameters, such as the number of geo-electric layers, the thickness of the geo-electric units, and their resistivities were interpreted from the VES curves. A qualitative assessment of the curves shows that a model with 5 layers would sufficiently model the field curves. The thickness value ranged from 0.1 to 86 m, the resistivity ranged from 258 to 13,258 Ωm, and the depth ranged between 1.2 and 109 m. Quantitative interpretation of field curves involved inversion with appropriate parameters using Zond Res1D software.","PeriodicalId":56705,"journal":{"name":"水资源与保护(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70491086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2022.148031
Masi G. Sam, I. Nwaogazie, C. Ikebude
{"title":"Non-Stationary Trend Change Point Pattern Using 24-Hourly Annual Maximum Series (AMS) Precipitation Data","authors":"Masi G. Sam, I. Nwaogazie, C. Ikebude","doi":"10.4236/jwarp.2022.148031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.148031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56705,"journal":{"name":"水资源与保护(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70491589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The number of interurban and urban-rural travelers in the city of Yaounde has recently exceeded one hundred thousand per year, yet surprisingly few studies have assessed travelers’ behavior, illness, and risk factors in a sanitary risks setting. Particularly scarce are surveys of data spanning travel, return, and follow-up of the same cohort in traveling agencies and parks. This study examines behavior and illness among travelers moving from Yaounde to other urban and rural areas of Cameroon and beyond. Patterns of behavior con-nected to a type of travel and illness are characterized in this study so as to identify risks factors and provide background data for pre-travel advice in our traveling agencies. Assessing the susceptibility that imported cases could pose to the national response to infectious diseases depends both on public health, health services and infrastructures. The six agencies assessed: Nvan, Mokolo, Tongolo, Biyem Assi, Mimbowman and Etoudi reveal that the sanitary infrastructures for faecal and urinary disposal are not sufficient and more so, some agencies do not keep enough cleanliness, let alone provide adequate hand washing material as prescribed by national and international concerns to combat the global health challenges. This could be an impediment to travellers going out or inside of the city, and could be a preponderant mechanism for the spread of infectious disease as presented by the infectious diseases iso-lated and identified in the health districts around the travelling agencies.
{"title":"An Appraisal of Water Availability, Infrastructures for Faecal Disposal and the Potential of Spread of Infectious Diseases in the Traveling Agencies and Motor Parks in the City of Yaounde (Cameroon)","authors":"Ngong Innocent Ankiambon, Ajeagah Gidéon Aghaindum","doi":"10.4236/jwarp.2022.145020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2022.145020","url":null,"abstract":"The number of interurban and urban-rural travelers in the city of Yaounde has recently exceeded one hundred thousand per year, yet surprisingly few studies have assessed travelers’ behavior, illness, and risk factors in a sanitary risks setting. Particularly scarce are surveys of data spanning travel, return, and follow-up of the same cohort in traveling agencies and parks. This study examines behavior and illness among travelers moving from Yaounde to other urban and rural areas of Cameroon and beyond. Patterns of behavior con-nected to a type of travel and illness are characterized in this study so as to identify risks factors and provide background data for pre-travel advice in our traveling agencies. Assessing the susceptibility that imported cases could pose to the national response to infectious diseases depends both on public health, health services and infrastructures. The six agencies assessed: Nvan, Mokolo, Tongolo, Biyem Assi, Mimbowman and Etoudi reveal that the sanitary infrastructures for faecal and urinary disposal are not sufficient and more so, some agencies do not keep enough cleanliness, let alone provide adequate hand washing material as prescribed by national and international concerns to combat the global health challenges. This could be an impediment to travellers going out or inside of the city, and could be a preponderant mechanism for the spread of infectious disease as presented by the infectious diseases iso-lated and identified in the health districts around the travelling agencies.","PeriodicalId":56705,"journal":{"name":"水资源与保护(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70490670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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