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Taijiao: a traditional Chinese approach to enhancing fetal growth through maternal physical and mental health 太教:一种传统的中国方法,通过母亲的身心健康来促进胎儿的生长
Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.001
Fung-Kei Cheng

Despite the fact that Taijiao (traditional Chinese eugenics) has been part of the Chinese obstetrical culture over the years, there is insufficient scientific evidence for its effectiveness. This literature review analyzes the discourse on Taijiao associated with physical and psychological maternal–fetal symbiosis, together with relevant peripheral research outcomes. Taijiao combines maternal health and external environment for benefits in fetal growth through preventive, indirect, and direct measures. Discussing practical implications and future research directions, this review reveals a modernized Taijiao to be a holistic, non-invasive pregnancy management system using a multi-disciplinary approach that enhances infantile life quality, reduces negative consequences of pregnancy deficits and child development, and saves public health expenditure.

尽管太教(传统的中国优生学)多年来一直是中国产科文化的一部分,但其有效性的科学证据不足。本文综述了太教与母胎生理、心理共生关系的相关论述,以及相关的外围研究成果。太郊通过预防、间接和直接措施,将孕产妇健康和外部环境相结合,有利于胎儿的生长发育。本文讨论了其现实意义和未来的研究方向,揭示了现代化的“太娇”是一种采用多学科方法的整体的、无创的妊娠管理系统,可以提高婴儿的生活质量,减少妊娠缺陷和儿童发育的负面影响,节省公共卫生支出。
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引用次数: 1
Toolbox of teaching strategies in nurse education 护理教育教学策略工具箱
Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.002
Jie-hui Xu

There are a variety of teaching strategies that instructors can use to improve student learning. It is of great importance to select appropriate teaching strategies in nurse education to make the training more appealing and more effective.

In this article, ten teaching strategies will be introduced to help instructors learn how to involve the teaching strategy in the nurse education. If using these strategies well, students are more likely to memorize the information associated with the lesson. Selection of teaching strategies appropriately is of great importance for nurse educators to deliver high-quality education.

教师可以使用多种教学策略来提高学生的学习。在护理教育中,选择合适的教学策略,使培训更有吸引力、更有效,具有重要意义。本文将介绍十种教学策略,以帮助教师学习如何将教学策略纳入护士教育。如果使用得当,学生更有可能记住与课程相关的信息。正确选择教学策略对护理教育工作者提供高质量的教育具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 68
Application of transitional care model in cancer pain management after discharge: a randomized controlled trial 过渡护理模式在癌性疼痛出院后管理中的应用:一项随机对照试验
Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.003
Xuan Wang, Xian-Cui Wu

Objective

We sought to determine any benefits of applying a transitional care model in the continuum of cancer pain management, especially after patients' discharge from the hospital.

Methods

A total of 156 eligible participants were recruited and randomly assigned into intervention or control groups. The control group received standard care, while the intervention group received extra, specialized transitional care of pain management. Outcomes were measured at weeks 0 and 2–4 and included demographic data, the Brief Pain Inventory, Global Quality of Life Scale, and Satisfaction Degree of Nursing Service. Adequacy of analgesia and severity of pain were assessed with the Pain Management Index and interview findings.

Results

After 2–4 weeks of intervention, there was a significant difference in the change in average pain score between intervention and control groups (P < 0.05). Reductions in pain scores were significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group (difference: 0.98, P < 0.05). Regarding pain management outcomes, there was a significantly better condition in the intervention group compared with the control group; in the intervention group, 79% of patients had adequate opioids, whereas in the control group, only 63% of patients reported having adequate opioids. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the two groups in quality of life (QOL) scores (P < 0.05); the intervention group had significantly higher quality of life than the control group (difference: 1.06). Finally, there was a significant difference in the degree of satisfaction with the home nursing service; the intervention group had a significantly higher degree of satisfaction with the home nursing service in three aspects: quality, content, and attitude of service.

Conclusions

The application of a transitional care model in cancer pain management after discharge could help patients to improve their cancer pain management knowledge and analgesics compliance. In addition, the continuum of care service will contribute to effective communication between health care providers and patients, which could further improve their relationship.

目的:我们试图确定在癌症疼痛管理的连续性中应用过渡护理模式的任何益处,特别是在患者出院后。方法共招募156名符合条件的受试者,随机分为干预组和对照组。对照组接受标准治疗,干预组接受额外的、专门的疼痛管理过渡治疗。在第0周和第2-4周测量结果,包括人口统计数据、简短疼痛量表、全球生活质量量表和护理服务满意度。通过疼痛管理指数和访谈结果评估镇痛的充分性和疼痛的严重程度。结果干预2 ~ 4周后,干预组与对照组的平均疼痛评分变化差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。干预组疼痛评分的降低明显大于对照组(差异:0.98,P <0.05)。在疼痛管理结果方面,干预组明显优于对照组;在干预组中,79%的患者有足够的阿片类药物,而在对照组中,只有63%的患者报告有足够的阿片类药物。此外,两组患者的生活质量(QOL)评分也有显著差异(P <0.05);干预组患者的生活质量明显高于对照组(差异1.06)。最后,对家庭护理服务的满意度存在显著差异;干预组对家庭护理服务的满意度在服务质量、服务内容、服务态度三个方面均显著高于干预组。结论过渡护理模式在癌性疼痛出院后管理中的应用有助于患者提高癌性疼痛管理知识和镇痛药物依从性。此外,持续的护理服务将有助于保健提供者和患者之间的有效沟通,从而进一步改善他们的关系。
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引用次数: 3
Effect of case management on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis 病例管理对2型糖尿病患者的影响:荟萃分析
Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.008
Zi Zeng , Ting Shuai , Li-Juan Yi , Yan Wang , Guo-Min Song

Background

Case management is a term used to describe the activities performed by a physician or other health care professional to ensure the coordination of medical services required by a patient. Managed care requires the incorporation of information pertaining to patient evaluation, treatment planning, referrals, and follow-up care to ensure that payment for services is received and that care is ongoing and comprehensive. The objective of this review was to assess the efficacy of case management in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with respect to outcomes such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

Methods

Databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, Wan Fang and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) dating as late as Jan, 2015. Reference sections of the included studies were also searched.

Results

Twelve studies, involving 11 RCTs that evaluated a total of 4000 patients, were included in this analysis. Two of the 12 studies evaluated the same RCT. Seven of the 12 studies reported HbA1c as an outcome, and three trials reported changes in SBP, DBP and LDL levels as outcomes. The pooled results indicated that statistically significant improvements in HbA1c (MD = −0.35, 95% CI (−0.68, −0.02), P = 0.04) and LDL levels (MD = −2.49, 95% CI (−4.04, −0.93), P = 0.002) were associated with the case management group compared with control group; however, no statistically significant differences in DBP (MD = −0.08, 95% CI (−0.68, 0.52), P = 0.8) and SBP (MD = −0.96, 95% CI (−5.77, 3.84), P = 0.69) were observed.

Conclusions

Case management was effective in improving HbA1c and LDL levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although no statistically significant differences in DBP and SBP between the case management group and the control group were observed, further research is required to draw a conclusion about the effect of managed care on these outcomes. Based on this meta-analysis of clinical trials, we conclude that case management offers an effective clinical method for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

病例管理是一个术语,用于描述医生或其他卫生保健专业人员为确保患者所需医疗服务的协调而进行的活动。管理式护理需要纳入有关患者评估、治疗计划、转诊和后续护理的信息,以确保收到服务付款,并确保护理是持续和全面的。本综述的目的是评估病例管理对2型糖尿病患者的疗效,包括糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)。方法检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国知网(CNKI)、维普(VIP)、万方、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)等数据库,检索截止至2015年1月的随机对照试验(RCTs)。还检索了纳入研究的参考文献。结果本分析纳入12项研究,涉及11项随机对照试验,共评估了4000例患者。12项研究中有两项评估的是同一项随机对照试验。12项研究中有7项报告了HbA1c作为结果,3项研究报告了收缩压、舒张压和低密度脂蛋白水平的变化作为结果。合并结果显示,与对照组相比,病例管理组HbA1c (MD = - 0.35, 95% CI (- 0.68, - 0.02), P = 0.04)和LDL水平(MD = - 2.49, 95% CI (- 4.04, - 0.93), P = 0.002)的改善具有统计学意义;然而,舒张压(MD = - 0.08, 95% CI (- 0.68, 0.52), P = 0.8)和收缩压(MD = - 0.96, 95% CI (- 5.77, 3.84), P = 0.69)差异无统计学意义。结论病例管理可有效改善2型糖尿病患者的HbA1c和LDL水平。虽然病例管理组和对照组之间的舒张压和收缩压没有统计学上的显著差异,但需要进一步的研究来得出管理式护理对这些结果的影响的结论。基于临床试验的荟萃分析,我们得出结论,病例管理为治疗2型糖尿病提供了一种有效的临床方法。
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引用次数: 12
The Care Dependency Scale: psychometric testing of the Chinese version 护理依赖量表:中文版的心理测量测试
Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.005
Shu-Qi Zhang , Hong-Mei Wang , Xiao-Yuan Yang , Wen-Qin Ye

Objective

To determine the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Care Dependency Scale (CDS) for proxy assessments by nurses in Chinese nursing homes. The CDS is an excellent tool for measuring care dependency in many countries. The Chinese version of the CDS contributes additional data regarding the scale's use.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study of 184 older adults; 128 were re-evaluated after 2 weeks. Cronbach's alpha, the mean inter-item correlation, the inter-rater reliability and the test-retest reliability were used to analyze the reliability of the CDS. A factor analysis was carried out to find common dimensions between the CDS versions.

Results

The alpha coefficient of the CDS was 0.95. The subsequent inter-rater and test-retest reliabilities were analyzed in terms of the Kappa values, which were between 0.84 and 0.89; 0.83 and 0.92, respectively. Three factors were identified in the factor analysis.

Conclusions

The CDS is a suitable tool for assessing care dependency among elderly Chinese residents in nursing homes.

目的确定中文版护理依赖量表(CDS)在中国养老院护士代理评估中的效度和信度。在许多国家,CDS是衡量护理依赖程度的极好工具。CDS的中文版提供了有关该比额表使用情况的额外数据。方法:这是一项184名老年人的横断面研究;2周后重新评估128例。采用Cronbach’s alpha、项目间平均相关系数、量表间信度和重测信度分析量表的信度。进行因子分析以找出cd版本之间的共同维度。结果CDS的α系数为0.95。后续的间测信度和重测信度以Kappa值进行分析,Kappa值在0.84 ~ 0.89之间;分别为0.83和0.92。因子分析确定了三个影响因素。结论CDS是一种适合评估中国养老院老年人护理依赖的工具。
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引用次数: 5
Clinical observation on limb elevation for prevention of blood spills during withdrawal of trocar puncture core needles 肢体抬高预防套管针穿刺芯针拔出时溢血的临床观察
Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.006
Su-Ling Li, Yan Jiang

Objective

The study aimed to explore a lien secure trocar as an effective method to prevent blood spills.

Methods

This study included 1200 patients, who had a safety catheter from March to April in 2012, from the emergency department of the Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University. The patients were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. Using a conventional method, we compressed the vein at the tip of catheter to prevent blood spillage in the control group. We raised the patient's upper limb, while compressing the vein at the tip of catheter in the experimental group.

Results

The results showed that the experimental group was better than the control group not only in quantity but also in quality regarding blood pollution. The results reached a level of statistical significance (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Raising the patient's upper limb and occluding the vein distal to the catheter can effectively interrupt blood spillage while withdrawing the steel needle (i.e., pulling out the trocar).

目的探讨留置安全套管针作为防止血液外溢的有效方法。方法选取2012年3 - 4月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院急诊科使用安全导尿管的患者1200例。将患者随机分为实验组和对照组。对照组采用常规方法,压迫导管尖端静脉,防止血液外溢。实验组抬高患者上肢,同时压迫导管尖端静脉。结果实验组对血液污染的处理无论在数量上还是在质量上都优于对照组。结果达到统计学显著水平(P <0.01)。结论在拔出钢针(即拔出套管针)时,抬高患者上肢并闭塞导管远端静脉可有效阻断血液溢出。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation and analysis of clinical trial research nurse to perform standard operating procedures 临床试验调查分析研究护士执行标准操作程序
Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnre.2015.12.005
Yan Lin , Yan-Yun Wu , Mei-Hua Wu , Xiu-Yu Yang , Ming Zhou

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the situations and factors that cause nurses not to follow standard operating procedures (SOPs) during the clinical trial process.

Methods

Five cases involving patients enrolled in a clinical trial were divided into two groups, pre-SOP training and post-SOP training, to compare and observe the process problems and whether nurses followed SOPs in clinical trials. The causes of problems were analyzed and corrective measures were proposed.

Results

Our results indicate significant improvement in compliance with SOPs after training. There were three occurrences of irregular behavior after training compared with 21 occurrences of irregular behavior before training.

Conclusions

The quality of clinical trials can be improved if nurses strictly follow SOPs.

目的探讨临床试验过程中护士不遵守标准操作程序的情况及影响因素。方法将5例参加临床试验的患者分为sop前培训组和sop后培训组,比较观察临床试验过程中存在的问题及护士是否遵循了sop。分析了产生问题的原因,并提出了纠正措施。结果培训后,对sop的符合性有明显提高。训练后出现3例异常行为,而训练前出现21例异常行为。结论护士严格执行临床操作规程,可提高临床试验质量。
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引用次数: 2
Application of auricular acupoints therapy in relieving the gastrointestinal side effects induced by chemotherapy: an integrative review 耳穴疗法在缓解化疗胃肠道不良反应中的应用综述
Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.004
Ying-Xin Li , Yun-Lan Jiang , Yin-Ping Yi , Wan-Lin Liu , Yi-Xun Tang , Yi-Xian Liu , Yun-Feng Liu

Background

It is an urgent matter to relieve the side effects induced by chemotherapy. In recent years, auricular acupoints therapy, which is a nursing technique used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used on many patients who are undergoing chemotherapy without causing any side effects. Furthermore, it has a good efficacy and is inexpensive.

Aim

The aim of this study was to provide evidence for the need of further research in the treatment and nursing of patients during chemotherapy.

Methods

We conducted an integrated review of the reports in CNKI, WanFang Data, SinoMed, and PubMed databases for journal articles published after 1990. The search terms included auricular acupoints taping and pressing, auricular acupoints therapy, auricular point sticking, ear points, chemotherapy, and side effects and relevant Medical Subject Heading terms. We then analyzed the mechanism, acupoints, and operation method and summarized the application of auricular acupoints therapy in patients suffering from chemotherapy side effects.

Results

This review included 102 articles published between 1990 and 2016, and we brought 63 other articles into the study. Eighteen articles focused on auricular acupoints therapy, combined with other therapy, to relieve patient side effects during chemotherapy.

Conclusions

Auricular acupoints therapy can prevent and relieve the side effects induced by chemotherapy. It deserves further clinical applications.

背景减轻化疗的副作用已成为迫切需要解决的问题。近年来,耳穴疗法作为一种中医护理技术,已被用于许多化疗患者的治疗中,而且没有任何副作用。此外,它具有良好的疗效和价格低廉。目的为进一步研究化疗患者的治疗和护理提供依据。方法综合检索中国知网、万方数据、中国医学信息数据库和PubMed数据库1990年以后发表的期刊文章。检索词包括耳穴贴敷、耳穴治疗、耳穴贴敷、耳穴化疗、副作用及相关医学主题词。分析其作用机制、穴位、操作方法,总结耳穴疗法在化疗毒副反应患者中的应用。本综述纳入了1990年至2016年间发表的102篇文章,并将其他63篇文章纳入研究。18篇文章的重点是耳穴疗法,结合其他疗法,以减轻患者化疗期间的副作用。结论穴位疗法能预防和减轻化疗引起的不良反应。值得进一步临床应用。
{"title":"Application of auricular acupoints therapy in relieving the gastrointestinal side effects induced by chemotherapy: an integrative review","authors":"Ying-Xin Li ,&nbsp;Yun-Lan Jiang ,&nbsp;Yin-Ping Yi ,&nbsp;Wan-Lin Liu ,&nbsp;Yi-Xun Tang ,&nbsp;Yi-Xian Liu ,&nbsp;Yun-Feng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>It is an urgent matter to relieve the side effects induced by chemotherapy. In recent years, auricular acupoints therapy, which is a nursing technique used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used on many patients who are undergoing chemotherapy without causing any side effects. Furthermore, it has a good efficacy and is inexpensive.</p></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><p>The aim of this study was to provide evidence for the need of further research in the treatment and nursing of patients during chemotherapy.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted an integrated review of the reports in CNKI, WanFang Data, SinoMed, and PubMed databases for journal articles published after 1990. The search terms included <em>auricular acupoints taping and pressing</em>, <em>auricular acupoints therapy</em>, <em>auricular point sticking</em>, <em>ear points</em>, <em>chemotherapy</em>, and <em>side effects</em> and relevant Medical Subject Heading terms. We then analyzed the mechanism, acupoints, and operation method and summarized the application of auricular acupoints therapy in patients suffering from chemotherapy side effects.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>This review included 102 articles published between 1990 and 2016, and we brought 63 other articles into the study. Eighteen articles focused on auricular acupoints therapy, combined with other therapy, to relieve patient side effects during chemotherapy.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Auricular acupoints therapy can prevent and relieve the side effects induced by chemotherapy. It deserves further clinical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":57172,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Nursing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54075846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
A case's root cause analysis of osteofascial compartment syndrome induced by radial artery puncture and its defensive strategy 桡动脉穿刺致骨筋膜室综合征1例根本原因分析及防御策略
Pub Date : 2016-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.007
Feng-Ying Kang , Yang Yang , Yu-Ping Tong , Ya-Li Hu , Ning-Ning Xue

Objective

The objective of this study was to reduce or avoid the occurrence of the cases of osteofascial compartment syndrome induced by a radial artery puncture for arterial blood gas analysis.

Methods

We analyzed an adverse event using cheese model analysis, “fish bone” analysis, root cause analysis, and other methods.

Results

There are three root causes leading to an adverse event: operation technique, assessment of the disease, and informing patient families. However, there are many reasons to promote the occurrence and development of the event.

Conclusions

We should analyze and manage the adverse events in patients from the point of view of a system. Developing the measures of a system defense can enhance patient safety and create a good safety culture.

目的减少或避免桡动脉穿刺动脉血气分析所致骨筋膜室综合征的发生。方法采用奶酪模型分析、“鱼骨”分析、根本原因分析等方法对一起不良事件进行分析。结果导致不良事件发生的根本原因有三个:手术技术、病情评估和告知患者家属。然而,推动事件发生和发展的原因是多方面的。结论应从系统的角度分析和处理患者的不良事件。制定系统防御措施可以增强患者安全,营造良好的安全文化。
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引用次数: 0
Closing the gap in nursing education: Comparing nursing registration systems in Australia and China 缩小护理教育的差距:比较澳大利亚和中国的护理注册制度
Pub Date : 2016-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnre.2016.03.001
Carol Chunfeng Wang

Aim

To provide a better understanding of how the nursing registration process in China compares to that of Australia and to identify common features and potential barriers that may affect or facilitate the development of China's ever-demanding need for healthcare and nursing education.

Background

Chinese nursing graduates are increasingly being used to augment the shortage of nurses in other countries, including Australia. However, China is desperately in need of strategies to cope with its current challenges in healthcare and nursing education. There is little discussion concerning the differences in nursing registration systems between countries, such as China and Australia. It is unknown how the differences and potential similarities of nursing registration systems in these two countries contribute to or impede nurses' training in China; or the potential for these Australia trained Chinese nursing returnees to cope with the challenges China is facing.

Evaluation

Using Bereday's four steps comparison method, this paper will describe, explain, compare, and contrast the nursing registration systems of Australia and China.

Key issues

Differences were found in the qualification requirements for: (1) initial registration, (2) levels of registration, (3) continuing professional development, (4) requirements of the registration renewal process, and (5) whether each country has a national nursing registration system. These factors may affect nursing education and healthcare development in China.

Conclusions

Although differences in the nursing registration process between Australia and China were identified, the insights gained from this study support the development of strategies to help with China's ever-demanding need for nursing education and healthcare development, thereby alleviating its nursing shortage.

Implications for nursing management

The implications of globalization of nursing education, research, and clinical practice, coupled with the nursing shortage on a global scale, have demanded increasing attention on the development of a high standard for nursing education that supports a safe and effective nursing workforce. This paper argues that there is value in nursing authorities, educators, and legislators working together in a network of collaborative engagement to support nursing education, thereby alleviating the nursing shortage on a global scale.

目的:更好地了解中国与澳大利亚的护理注册过程,并找出可能影响或促进中国对医疗保健和护理教育不断需求的发展的共同特点和潜在障碍。越来越多的中国护理专业毕业生被用来弥补包括澳大利亚在内的其他国家的护士短缺。然而,中国迫切需要战略来应对当前在医疗保健和护理教育方面的挑战。很少有关于国家之间的护理注册制度的差异的讨论,如中国和澳大利亚。目前尚不清楚这两个国家的护理注册制度的差异和潜在的相似性如何有助于或阻碍中国的护士培训;也不知道这些在澳大利亚接受培训的中国回国护士在应对中国面临的挑战方面的潜力。运用berday的四步比较法,本文将对澳大利亚和中国的护理注册制度进行描述、解释、比较和对比。关键问题在以下方面的资格要求存在差异:(1)初始注册,(2)注册水平,(3)持续专业发展,(4)注册更新过程的要求,以及(5)每个国家是否有国家护理注册系统。这些因素可能会影响中国护理教育和卫生保健的发展。结论虽然澳大利亚和中国在护理注册过程中存在差异,但从本研究中获得的见解支持制定策略,以帮助中国满足日益增长的护理教育和医疗保健发展需求,从而缓解护理短缺问题。护理教育、研究和临床实践全球化的影响,加上全球范围内的护理短缺,要求越来越多地关注发展高标准的护理教育,以支持安全有效的护理队伍。本文认为,护理当局、教育工作者和立法者在一个协作参与的网络中共同努力,支持护理教育,从而缓解全球范围内的护理短缺,这是有价值的。
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引用次数: 15
期刊
Frontiers of Nursing
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