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Serum Antibody Titers of Measles and Rubella among Japanese Children 日本儿童麻疹和风疹血清抗体滴度分析
Pub Date : 2015-10-30 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2015.54017
Y. Tsuji, C. Karasawa
Background: The rubella outbreak in Japan has not yet been eliminated. In particular, an outbreak of congenital rubella syndrome has recently become a public health problem in Japan. The World Health Organization has set an elimination target of 2015 for measles in Japan. However, an outbreak of measles occurred in Japan between 2007 and 2008. Starting in April 2006, the measles and rubella vaccines were administered twice, once when a child reached 1 year old and once when the child was 5 - 6 years old (just before starting elementary school). Between October of 1978 and 2006, children were vaccinated only once for measles and rubella. Design: During the study enrollment period (2011-2013), the serum antibody titers of measles and rubella were measured in pediatric patients (n = 163) in the Tokyo Takanawa Hospital. Results: The prevalence rates of the two diseases indicated that only one vaccination was insufficient to protect against infection. Conclusions: Our studies have determined that it was important to vaccinate children twice for measles and rubella during early infancy.
背景:日本的风疹疫情尚未消除。特别是,先天性风疹综合征的爆发最近已成为日本的一个公共卫生问题。世界卫生组织为日本设定了2015年消灭麻疹的目标。然而,日本在2007年至2008年期间爆发了麻疹。从2006年4月开始,麻疹和风疹疫苗接种了两次,一次是在儿童满1岁时,一次是在儿童5 - 6岁时(刚开始上小学之前)。从1978年10月到2006年10月,儿童只接种过一次麻疹和风疹疫苗。设计:在研究入组期间(2011-2013年),对东京高川医院(Tokyo Takanawa Hospital)儿科患者(n = 163)进行麻疹和风疹血清抗体滴度测定。结果:两种疾病的流行率表明,仅接种一次疫苗不足以预防感染。结论:我们的研究已经确定,在婴儿期早期为儿童接种两次麻疹和风疹疫苗是很重要的。
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引用次数: 1
Immune Response after Hepatitis B Vaccination among Egyptian Medical Students in Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲地区埃及医学生接种乙肝疫苗后的免疫反应
Pub Date : 2015-07-20 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2015.53015
Reem Elmaghlob, Gamal El Didamony, Ashraf Elbahrawy, A. Abdallah, M. Hemida, A. Elwassief, M. Ali, Ahmed Alashker, A. Mohammad, M. Morsy, Hafez Abdelhafeez
Background: Early promotion of hepatitis B (HB) vaccination among health care workers is an important component of the HBV infection control. No available data assess immune response of HB vaccination among Egyptian medical students. Objective: we conducted this study to evaluate the immune response among medical students after completion of their vaccination schedule. Methods: A total of 150 Egyptian medical students were included. Three doses of recombinant HB vaccine had been administered to all participating students at 0, 1 and 6 months. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (Anti-HBs) titers, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and total antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were measured by enzyme immunoassay, 1 to 2 months after completion of vaccination course. Results: Among 150 students included, the mean age was 22.4 ± 1.7 years (range 18 - 28 years). Fifty nine (39.4%) were males and 91 (60.6%) were females. All students have anti-HBs levels more than 100 IU/L. The mean anti-HBs of included students was 8994.2 ± 6373.1 IU/L. There was no significant difference of anti-HBs levels regarding age, sex, residence or body mass index distribution. Conclusion: Early HB vaccination of health care workers is associated with good immune response and should be encouraged.
背景:在卫生保健工作者中早期推广乙型肝炎(HB)疫苗接种是控制HBV感染的重要组成部分。尚无资料评估埃及医学生接种乙肝疫苗的免疫反应。目的:本研究旨在评估医学生完成疫苗接种后的免疫反应。方法:对150名埃及医学生进行调查。所有参与研究的学生在0、1和6个月时接种了三剂重组HB疫苗。接种结束后1 ~ 2个月,采用酶免疫分析法测定乙型肝炎表面抗原(Anti-HBs)滴度、乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)和乙型肝炎核心抗原(anti-HBc)总抗体。结果:纳入的150名学生平均年龄为22.4±1.7岁(18 ~ 28岁)。男性59例(39.4%),女性91例(60.6%)。所有学生的抗hbs水平均在100 IU/L以上。纳入学生的平均抗- hbs为8994.2±6373.1 IU/L。在年龄、性别、居住地、体质指数分布等方面,抗- hbs水平无显著差异。结论:卫生保健工作者早期接种乙肝疫苗与良好的免疫应答有关,应予以鼓励。
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引用次数: 2
T Regulatory Cells and BCG as a Vaccine against Tuberculosis: An Overview T调节细胞和卡介苗作为结核病疫苗的研究综述
Pub Date : 2015-04-16 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2015.52012
O. Parkash
Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG), which has been used since 1921 as the only vaccine against tuber-culosis (TB), protects poorly, if at all, against pulmonary tuberculosis among adults in high incident developing countries. This failure has been attributed to the possible down modulating action of T regulatory cells (Tregs), which can be stimulated by environmental mycobacteria and expanded by BCG vaccination. Tregs induced at the site of BCG vaccination may interfere with protection against tuberculosis. This communication describes the contribution of Tregs towards dampening the efficacy of BCG and plausible approaches to countering this down modulating effect of Tregs. Probably, antigen specific inhibition of the local recruitment of Tregs whilst avoiding generalised disturbance of immune homeostasis could prove to be worthwhile. Alternatively, drugs with short half life may achieve more acceptable transient inhibition of Tregs function than the prolonged action of monoclonal antibodies. Evolving novel safe strategies is a challenge for developing a better anti TB vaccine.
卡介苗(Bacille Calmette Guerin, BCG)自1921年以来一直被用作预防结核病(TB)的唯一疫苗,但在高发病率的发展中国家,它对成人肺结核的预防效果很差,如果有的话。这种失败归因于T调节细胞(Tregs)可能的下调作用,Tregs可被环境分枝杆菌刺激并通过卡介苗接种扩增。在卡介苗接种部位诱导的Tregs可能会干扰对结核病的保护。本通讯描述了Tregs对抑制BCG效力的贡献以及对抗Tregs下调作用的可行方法。也许,抗原特异性抑制局部募集treg,同时避免免疫稳态的普遍紊乱可能是值得的。另外,半衰期短的药物对Tregs功能的短暂抑制可能比单克隆抗体的长期作用更容易接受。发展新的安全策略是开发更好的抗结核疫苗的一个挑战。
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引用次数: 5
Impact of Seven Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Nasopharyngeal Carriage in Young Children in Okinawa, Japan 七价肺炎球菌结合疫苗对日本冲绳幼儿鼻咽携带的影响
Pub Date : 2015-04-16 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2015.52011
H. Akeda, B. Chang, Y. Nakamura, H. Hamabata, Kenji Ameku, T. Toma, Eiichi Tamanaha, M. Ohnishi
In Japan, the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) became available in February 2010 and was subsidized by the national funding system from May 2011 in Okinawa, after which it was incorporated into the national immunization practice (NIP) in April 2013 using a 3 + 1 schedule for all infants. We conducted an annual survey in 2012 to determine the effect of PCV7 on nasopharyngeal colonization by pneumococcal serotypes and to analyze the risk factors for colonization in infants. Nasopharyngeal swabs for pneumococcal isolation and serotyping were obtained from infant 2 to 22 months of age before and after PCV7 immunization among 4 clinics in Okinawa, Japan. Between January 2012 and December 2012, nasopharyngeal swabs for bacterial cultures were obtained among 782 infants aged 2 to 22 months old and demographic data was obtained among 725 participant infants. Among the 725 evaluable infants, 193 pneumococcal strains were detected in 180 infants for an overall nasopharyngeal carriage of 24.8%. The main capsular serotypes isolated were 6C (16.1%), 19A (12.4%) and 15B (9.8%). Carriage of PCV7 serotypes accounted for 21.8% (42/193). The result of multivariate data analysis showed the pneumococcal carriage rate of non-PCV7 serotypes was significantly (P < 0.001) high in infant with siblings and daycare attendance. On the other hand, the result of multivariate data analysis showed that carriage rate of PCV7 serotype had only significantly high risk in infant with siblings and did not have a significant risk dependent on age and daycare attendance. Carriage PCV7 serotypes increased in the presence of other siblings, while PCV7 vaccination was shown to eliminate daycare attendance as a risk. The results of this study demonstrates that PCV7 vaccination decrease the overall nasopharyngeal carriage of PCV7 serotypes in vaccinated children including children at risk such as children attending day-care centers.
在日本,七价肺炎球菌结合疫苗(PCV7)于2010年2月开始提供,并从2011年5月起在冲绳得到国家资助系统的补贴,之后于2013年4月将其纳入国家免疫实践(NIP),对所有婴儿采用3 + 1时间表。我们于2012年进行了一项年度调查,以确定PCV7对肺炎球菌血清型鼻咽部定植的影响,并分析婴儿定植的危险因素。对日本冲绳县4个诊所接种PCV7疫苗前后2 ~ 22月龄婴儿进行肺炎球菌分离和血清分型的鼻咽拭子检测。在2012年1月至2012年12月期间,对782名2至22个月大的婴儿进行鼻咽拭子细菌培养,并对725名参与研究的婴儿进行人口统计。在725名可评估的婴儿中,在180名婴儿中检测到193株肺炎球菌,总体鼻咽携带率为24.8%。分离到的荚膜血清型主要为6C(16.1%)、19A(12.4%)和15B(9.8%)。携带PCV7血清型占21.8%(42/193)。多变量数据分析结果显示,非pcv7血清型肺炎球菌携带率在有兄弟姐妹和日托儿童中显著(P < 0.001)高。另一方面,多变量数据分析结果显示,PCV7血清型携带率仅在有兄弟姐妹的婴儿中具有显著的高风险,而与年龄和日托服务无关。在有其他兄弟姐妹在场的情况下,携带PCV7血清型增加,而PCV7疫苗接种被证明可以消除日托的风险。本研究结果表明,PCV7疫苗接种减少了接种疫苗儿童(包括高危儿童,如日托中心儿童)PCV7血清型的总体鼻咽携带。
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引用次数: 3
HER2-Specific Vaccines for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Immunotherapy her2阳性乳腺癌免疫治疗的her2特异性疫苗
Pub Date : 2015-04-16 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2015.52013
M. Omabe, Shahid Ahmed, A. Sami, Yufeng Xie, M. Tao, J. Xiang
Anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) immunization can be elicited by vaccination with DNA encoding the extra- or intra-cellular domain (ECD or ICD) of HER2, naked or encap-sulated in viral vectors. HER2-peptides derived from ECD or ICD of HER2, and HER2-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) or engineered DCs expressing HER2, respectively. We performed a computer- based literature search which includes but is not limited to the following keywords: breast cancer, immunotherapy, HER2-peptide vaccine, HER2-DNA vaccine, HER-DC vaccine, HER2 vaccine, and HER2/neu, in PubMed, Medline, EMBO and Google Scholar; data from recently reported clinical trials were also included. Drawing upon this synthesis of literature, this work summarizes the de-velopment and current trend in experimental and clinical investigations in HER2-positive breast cancer using HER2-specific vaccine and immunotherapy, focusing especially on: (i) DNA-; (ii) peptide-; and (iii) DC-based vaccines. It addresses interventions that have been applied to overcome immunotolerance thereby to improve treatment outcomes. These include blocking the inhibitory cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), which is expressed at high levels by regulatory T (Treg) cells, or complete Treg depletion to improve T-cell activation. Moreover, modulatory interventions can provide further improvement in the efficacy of HER2-specific vaccine. The interventions include the use of immunogenic adjuvants such as cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), the use of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and tetanus toxin’s universal epitopes such as the CD4+ help T (Th)-epitope P30, and the use of either chimeric or heterogenous xenogeneic HER2. Combining active HER2-vaccination with adoptive trastuzumab antibody immunotherapy is likely to increase the effectiveness of each approach alone. The development of effective HER2-vaccines for breast cancer remains a critical challenge. Though these novel interventions seem promising, further investigation is still needed since the results are preliminary. Furthermore, the review discusses the challenges and future perspectives in HER2-vaccine research and development.
抗人表皮生长因子受体2 (HER2)免疫可以通过接种编码HER2细胞外或细胞内结构域(ECD或ICD)的DNA,裸或包封在病毒载体中引起。HER2肽分别来源于HER2的ECD或ICD, HER2脉冲树突状细胞(dc)或表达HER2的工程树突状细胞。我们在PubMed, Medline, EMBO和谷歌Scholar中进行了基于计算机的文献检索,包括但不限于以下关键词:乳腺癌,免疫治疗,HER2肽疫苗,HER2- dna疫苗,HER-DC疫苗,HER2疫苗和HER2/neu;最近报道的临床试验数据也包括在内。根据这些文献的综合,本工作总结了使用her2特异性疫苗和免疫疗法治疗her2阳性乳腺癌的实验和临床研究的进展和当前趋势,特别关注:(i) DNA-;(2)肽-;(三)dc型疫苗。它涉及已用于克服免疫耐受从而改善治疗结果的干预措施。这些措施包括阻断抑制性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4 (CTLA-4),该蛋白在调节性T细胞(Treg)中高水平表达,或完全耗尽Treg以改善T细胞活化。此外,调节性干预可以进一步提高her2特异性疫苗的疗效。干预措施包括使用免疫原性佐剂,如细胞因子白介素-12 (IL-12)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF),使用toll样受体(TLR)配体和破伤风毒素的通用表位,如CD4+帮助T (Th)-表位P30,以及使用嵌合或异质HER2。结合活动性her2疫苗接种和过继性曲妥珠单抗抗体免疫治疗可能会增加每种方法的有效性。开发有效的乳腺癌her2疫苗仍然是一项重大挑战。虽然这些新的干预措施看起来很有希望,但由于结果是初步的,还需要进一步的调查。此外,本文还讨论了her2疫苗研究和开发的挑战和未来前景。
{"title":"HER2-Specific Vaccines for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Immunotherapy","authors":"M. Omabe, Shahid Ahmed, A. Sami, Yufeng Xie, M. Tao, J. Xiang","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2015.52013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2015.52013","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) immunization can be elicited by vaccination with DNA encoding the extra- or intra-cellular domain (ECD or ICD) of HER2, naked or encap-sulated in viral vectors. HER2-peptides derived from ECD or ICD of HER2, and HER2-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) or engineered DCs expressing HER2, respectively. We performed a computer- based literature search which includes but is not limited to the following keywords: breast cancer, immunotherapy, HER2-peptide vaccine, HER2-DNA vaccine, HER-DC vaccine, HER2 vaccine, and HER2/neu, in PubMed, Medline, EMBO and Google Scholar; data from recently reported clinical trials were also included. Drawing upon this synthesis of literature, this work summarizes the de-velopment and current trend in experimental and clinical investigations in HER2-positive breast cancer using HER2-specific vaccine and immunotherapy, focusing especially on: (i) DNA-; (ii) peptide-; and (iii) DC-based vaccines. It addresses interventions that have been applied to overcome immunotolerance thereby to improve treatment outcomes. These include blocking the inhibitory cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), which is expressed at high levels by regulatory T (Treg) cells, or complete Treg depletion to improve T-cell activation. Moreover, modulatory interventions can provide further improvement in the efficacy of HER2-specific vaccine. The interventions include the use of immunogenic adjuvants such as cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), the use of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and tetanus toxin’s universal epitopes such as the CD4+ help T (Th)-epitope P30, and the use of either chimeric or heterogenous xenogeneic HER2. Combining active HER2-vaccination with adoptive trastuzumab antibody immunotherapy is likely to increase the effectiveness of each approach alone. The development of effective HER2-vaccines for breast cancer remains a critical challenge. Though these novel interventions seem promising, further investigation is still needed since the results are preliminary. Furthermore, the review discusses the challenges and future perspectives in HER2-vaccine research and development.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70895629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
High Immunization Coverage but Delayed Immunization Reflects Gaps in Health Management Information System (HMIS) in District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India—An Immunization Evaluation 印度喜马偕尔邦康格拉地区免疫覆盖率高但免疫延迟反映了卫生管理信息系统(HMIS)的差距
Pub Date : 2015-04-16 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2015.52009
R. Sood, Anjali Sood, O. Bharti, V. Ramachandran, Archana Phull
Background: Complete and timely childhood immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions in improving child survival in developing countries. Computerized HMIS has been recently introduced to collect aggregated data on service beneficiaries in Himachal Pradesh. HMIS provides coverage estimates for immunization while information on timeliness is currently not available. Hence we conducted a study to validate coverage and assess the timeliness of immunization in Kangra District of Himachal Pradesh. We surveyed mothers (224) of children aged 12 - 23 months (as on January 2008) and selected 32 clusters in the district between January and March 2008. Design/Methods: We conducted a cross sectional survey and selected 32 clusters by probability proportional to size method whereas seven eligible children per cluster were randomly selected. We interviewed mothers using a structured interview schedule, examined immunization card & looked for Bacillus Calmette Guierre (BCG) Scar. Vaccination after 30 days from national schedule was considered “delayed”. We computed proportions of children completely immunized, immunization delayed, frequency of reasons for delay and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for significance of associated factors. We conducted a case control analysis of factors associated with timely immunization by taking timely immunized children as cases and delayed immunized ones as controls. Results/Outcome: Reported coverage was universal (100%). Validated full immunization coverage was 94.2% by card/record & 99% by history. Only 29.5% (CI = 20.6% - 37.4%) of children were fully immunized as per schedule (delay less than 30 days). Median delay was 21 days for BCG, 28 days for Diptheria Pertussis Tetanus (DPT 3) and 25 days for measles. Among those with delayed vaccinations, reasons were forgetfulness (36%), lack of correct knowledge (27%) & mother gone to parents’ home (27%) & insufficient children in a camp to open full dose BCG vial (22%). Our case control analysis of timely vaccinated versus delayed vaccination revealed that “precall” (reminder) was significantly [OR = 0.1, CI = 0.2 - 0.5] protective against delayed vaccination. Logistic Regression of delay > 30 days revealed that having returned unimmunized from immunization camp earlier due to insufficient children to open vaccine vial (because of high wastage factor) was significantly associated with delayed immunization (p = 0.0000), while knowledge of date of immunization camp was significantly protective from delayed immunization (p = 0.0026). 68% of the children were having at least one immunization delayed over 30 days from recommended schedule, while the proportion of children whose immunization was delayed by over 90 days was 9.4%. Conclusions: Validated field coverage estimates are lower than reported which can be due to inclusion of children of migrants in numerator & not in the denominator. High proportion of children (>70%) were delayed, suggesting implications for WH
背景:全面和及时的儿童免疫接种是改善发展中国家儿童生存的最具成本效益的干预措施之一。最近引入了计算机化的HMIS,以收集喜马偕尔邦服务受益人的汇总数据。卫生管理信息系统提供免疫接种覆盖率估计,但目前没有关于及时性的信息。因此,我们开展了一项研究,以验证喜马偕尔邦康格拉县免疫接种的覆盖率并评估其及时性。我们调查了224名12 - 23个月大的孩子的母亲(截至2008年1月),并在2008年1月至3月期间在该地区选择了32组。设计/方法:采用横断面调查方法,采用概率比例法选取32组儿童,每组随机选取7名符合条件的儿童。我们使用结构化访谈时间表对母亲进行访谈,检查免疫卡并寻找卡介苗疤痕。超过国家计划30天的疫苗接种被视为“延迟”。我们计算了完全免疫儿童的比例、免疫延迟、延迟原因的频率和相关因素显著性的95%置信区间(CI)。我们以及时免疫儿童为病例,延迟免疫儿童为对照,对及时免疫相关因素进行病例对照分析。结果/结局:报告的覆盖率是普遍的(100%)。通过卡片/记录验证的完全免疫覆盖率为94.2%,通过历史验证的覆盖率为99%。只有29.5% (CI = 20.6% - 37.4%)的儿童按照计划(延迟少于30天)完全接种了疫苗。卡介苗的中位延迟为21天,白喉-百日咳-破伤风(DPT 3)为28天,麻疹为25天。在延迟接种疫苗的儿童中,原因是遗忘(36%)、缺乏正确知识(27%)和母亲去了父母家(27%)以及营地中没有足够的儿童打开全剂量卡介苗瓶(22%)。我们对及时接种疫苗与延迟接种疫苗的病例对照分析显示,“预先提醒”(precall)对延迟接种疫苗具有显著的保护作用[OR = 0.1, CI = 0.2 - 0.5]。延迟bbb30天的Logistic回归显示,由于没有足够的儿童打开疫苗瓶(由于浪费系数高)而提前从免疫营地返回未接种疫苗与延迟免疫显著相关(p = 0.0000),而了解免疫营地日期对延迟免疫有显著保护作用(p = 0.0026)。68%的儿童至少有一次免疫接种比建议计划推迟30天以上,而免疫接种推迟90天以上的儿童比例为9.4%。结论:经过验证的实地覆盖率估计低于报告,这可能是由于将移民儿童纳入分子而不是分母。很大比例的儿童(约70%)被延误,这对世卫组织的麻疹控制战略和国家结核病控制规划产生了影响,因为其中4.5%的儿童患有麻疹。为避免延误,我们建议(i)使用单剂量瓶BCG;(ii)预先通知母亲;修改医疗卫生管理信息系统软件,以跟踪个别受益人的免疫状况和及时性,而不是总数。
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引用次数: 14
Multinational Measles Outbreak in Post-Elimination Era, Involves Three Countries of North America and a European Country in a Short Transmission Chain 消除后时代的多国麻疹疫情,涉及北美三个国家和欧洲一个国家短传播链
Pub Date : 2015-04-16 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2015.52010
C. Ruíz-Matus, L. Suárez-Idueta, Ilse Herbas-Rocha, J. Díaz-Ortega, Edith Cruz-Ramírez, Abraham Ramírez-Jurado, I. López-Martínez, José Cruz Rodríguez-Martínez, J. A. Díaz-Quiñónez
Background: Four measles cases in Canada and one in the United States are linked to international importation of measles in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Objective: To describe characteristics of transmission and not spillover to local population in Mexico. Material and Methods: The outbreak investigation was based on active search of cases and in the rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage in children aged 1 - 7 years old. Laboratory confirmation by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and molecular detection by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay in throat swab and urine were done. Results: One transmission chain with three generations of cases was identified. The primary case was a 9-year-old boy who was infected in Wales, UK. His sisters aged 7 and 15 years old respectively, were the first generation of cases in Mexico. The second generation was related to the imported cases, and affected two Canadian tourists and an American woman aged 39 years old. A third generation occurred in Canada and affected an infant of 15 months of age and his sister aged 4 years old. The genotype D8 which was circulating in UK was identified in these patients. One probable case was detected in Quintana Roo, but was discarded by laboratory testing. The coverage with at least one dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine ranged from 95% to 99.5%. Conclusion: International travelers with no history of vaccination are at risk of acquiring measles even in countries that have interrupted endemic transmission. The high immunization coverage of measles containing vaccine could explain the absence of cases in Mexican population. Highlights: Multinational measles outbreak in a country without endemic transmission. The findings exhibit the importance of immunization in international travelers in the post-elimination era.
背景:加拿大的4例麻疹病例和美国的1例与墨西哥金塔纳罗奥州普拉亚德尔卡门的麻疹国际输入有关。目的:描述墨西哥的传播特征和不向当地人群溢出的特征。材料和方法:疫情调查的基础是积极查找病例和快速监测1 - 7岁儿童的疫苗接种覆盖率。用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)分子检测法对咽拭子和尿液进行实验室确认。结果:鉴定出一条三代病例的传播链。主要病例是一名在英国威尔士感染的9岁男孩。他的姐妹分别为7岁和15岁,是墨西哥第一代病例。第二代与输入性病例有关,感染两名加拿大游客和一名39岁的美国妇女。第三代发生在加拿大,影响了一个15个月大的婴儿和他4岁的妹妹。在这些患者中发现了在英国流行的基因型D8。在金塔纳罗奥州发现了1例可能病例,但经实验室检测不予处理。至少一剂麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹(MMR)疫苗的覆盖率为95%至99.5%。结论:即使在已阻断地方性传播的国家,没有疫苗接种史的国际旅行者仍有感染麻疹的风险。含麻疹疫苗的高免疫覆盖率可以解释墨西哥人口中没有病例的原因。重点:在一个没有地方性传播的国家暴发多国麻疹疫情。研究结果显示了在消除后时代对国际旅行者进行免疫接种的重要性。
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引用次数: 4
Humoral Immune Response of Immunized Sows with Recombinant Proteins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli 产肠毒素大肠杆菌重组蛋白免疫母猪的体液免疫反应
Pub Date : 2015-01-20 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2015.51008
D. A. Pereira, C. Silva, M. Ono, O. Vidotto, M. C. Vidotto
Enteric disorders in pigs are related to the fimbriae F4 (K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P), F41 and F18 of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Immunization of sows with adhesins is important to stimulate the production of antibodies and the consequent transfer of these to the piglets via colostrum to prevent diarrhea during the neonate period and after weaning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune response of the sows immunized with recombinant ETEC proteins (F4, F5, F6, F18 and F41). The immune response of the sows immunized with the recombinant proteins was compared with a commercial vaccine containing ETEC bacterins. The study was performed on a commercial farm and included nine pregnant sows divided into three groups: G1 was vaccinated with recombinant proteins (n = 3); G2 was vaccinated with the commercial vaccine (n = 3); and G3 was vaccinated with sterile buffered saline (PBS) (n = 3). All the sows were fed a balanced diet without antibiotics and water ad libitum. The recombinant fimbriae stimulated the specific humoral immune response of the immunized sows. There was a statistically significant increase in the levels of antibodies to the fimbriae F4 (K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P) and F18 in the sows vaccinated with the recombinant proteins compared with the control group. The colostrum IgG titers for all fimbriae in all the immunized sows were significantly increased compared to the control group. Additionally, all the piglets exhibited significantly increased antibody levels relative to all fimbriae when compared with those in the unimmunized control group, demonstrating successful antibody transfer via colostrum of the sows to the piglets.
猪肠道疾病与产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)菌毛F4 (K88)、F5 (K99)、F6 (987P)、F41和F18有关。用黏附素免疫母猪对于刺激抗体的产生和随后通过初乳将这些抗体转移到仔猪以预防新生儿期和断奶后的腹泻是重要的。本研究的目的是评价重组ETEC蛋白(F4, F5, F6, F18和F41)免疫母猪的免疫应答。用重组蛋白免疫母猪的免疫反应与含有ETEC细菌的商业疫苗进行了比较。该研究在一个商业农场进行,包括9头妊娠母猪,分为三组:G1接种重组蛋白(n = 3);G2接种市售疫苗(n = 3);G3接种无菌缓冲生理盐水(PBS) (n = 3)。所有母猪均饲喂不含抗生素的平衡饲粮和随意饮水。重组菌毛刺激了免疫母猪的特异性体液免疫反应。与对照组相比,接种重组蛋白的母猪毛膜F4 (K88)、F5 (K99)、F6 (987P)和F18抗体水平均有统计学意义的升高。与对照组相比,所有免疫组母猪初乳各菌膜IgG滴度均显著升高。此外,与未免疫对照组相比,所有仔猪相对于所有毛的抗体水平均显著增加,表明抗体通过母猪初乳成功转移到仔猪。
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引用次数: 6
Successes, Challenges and Lessons Learned in Accelerating Introduction of Rotavirus Immunisation in Zambia 在赞比亚加快轮状病毒免疫接种的成功、挑战和经验教训
Pub Date : 2015-01-20 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2015.51006
R. Chilengi, Cheryl Rudd, C. Bolton, B. Guffey, P. Masumbu, J. Stringer
Introduction: Under five mortality in Zambia is unacceptably high and diarrhoea is the third leading contributor. The Programme for Awareness and Elimination of Diarrhoea (PAED) sought to support the government to accelerate the introduction of new vaccines, including the pneumococcal, second dose measles and rotavirus vaccines in Zambia. Here we present our approach, progress and lessons learned in two years of the programme. Stakeholder Engagement: Definite commitment and buy-in and sign off by the MOH were fundamental prerequisites. National and international stakeholders including the Inter Agency Coordinating Committee (ICC), GAVI Alliance, WHO, University Teaching Hospital, Paediatrics Association of Zambia, and UNICEF were engaged for stakeholder buy-in and integration. Progress made: Following successful integration, PAED was officially launched in January 2012. Preparatory work done included: Introduction and acceptance of the PAED agenda in ICC, new vaccines proposal to GAVI, resource mobilisation, Effective Vaccine Management implementation, national cold chain scale-up strategy, vaccine orientation and adapted data collection tools, health worker training, step-wise vaccine introduction to Lusaka province districts and finally national roll-out of the rotavirus vaccine immunisation. Between January 2011 and November 2013, over 270,000 vaccine doses were distributed in Lusaka province. When 94,500 infants were fully immunised, adequate preparations had been made to facilitate national launch of rotavirus immunisations countrywide on 27th November 2013. Discussion: The PAED model was successful at resource mobilization; it has demonstrated how private sector can contribute to new vaccine introduction. Lessons learned from this model can be replicated in other countries with similar need and constraints.
简介:赞比亚五岁以下儿童死亡率高得令人无法接受,腹泻是第三个主要原因。提高认识和消除腹泻方案力求支持赞比亚政府加速引进新疫苗,包括肺炎球菌疫苗、第二剂麻疹疫苗和轮状病毒疫苗。在此,我们介绍我们在该方案实施两年来的做法、进展和经验教训。利益相关者参与:明确的承诺、卫生部的认可和签署是基本的先决条件。国家和国际利益攸关方,包括机构间协调委员会、全球疫苗和免疫联盟、世卫组织、大学教学医院、赞比亚儿科协会和儿童基金会,参与了利益攸关方的参与和整合。取得的进展:在成功整合之后,PAED于2012年1月正式启动。所做的筹备工作包括:在国际商会中介绍和接受《预防和发展战略》议程、向全球疫苗免疫联盟提出新疫苗建议、调动资源、实施有效疫苗管理、国家冷链扩大战略、疫苗导向和适应的数据收集工具、卫生工作者培训、逐步向卢萨卡省各区引进疫苗,最后在全国推广轮状病毒疫苗免疫。2011年1月至2013年11月期间,在卢萨卡省分发了27万多剂疫苗。在对94,500名婴儿进行全面免疫接种后,已做好充分准备,以便于2013年11月27日在全国范围内开展轮状病毒免疫接种。讨论:PAED模式在资源调动方面是成功的;它展示了私营部门如何能够为引进新疫苗作出贡献。从这一模式中吸取的经验教训可以在具有类似需求和限制的其他国家复制。
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引用次数: 17
Immunizing Vulnerable Populations Like Rag Pickers, Garbage Collectors, Municipality Workers and Newspaper Hawkers against Rabies in Shimla Municipality, HP, India 为印度希姆拉市的弱势群体,如拾荒者、垃圾收集者、市政工作人员和报贩接种狂犬病疫苗
Pub Date : 2015-01-20 DOI: 10.4236/WJV.2015.51003
O. Bharti
Background: Rabies is a zoonotic disease and many vulnerable sections like rag pickers and municipality workers neglect animal bites due to ignorance of their potential deadly outcomes. Stray dogs abound in garbage pits and this population is exposed to their attacks. It should be a mandate for municipalities to help protect their sanitary workforce, especially rag pickers, from deadly infectious diseases such as Rabies, Hepatitis-B, HIV, Tetanus etc. Objectives: Objective of this study was to study methods to provide pre-exposure Rabies vaccination for such highly exposed populations by engaging them and understanding their perception of this disease through a constant dialogue with them. Methods: We started by engaging with the rag pickers to know how best to entice them to get themselves immunized. We then attempted to search literature for the most practical methods likely to succeed in reducing risk of rabies deaths in this population. Results: WHO approved 3 injections of 0.1 ml tissue culture vaccine on days 0, 7 and 21 were tried but were shown to result in many dropouts among rag pickers for repeat injections. We then followed a method where 0.1 ml of rabies vaccine was injected at 4 different anatomical sited in one setting. This proved acceptable and relatively inexpensive. A small number of subjects were studied by determination of neutralizing antibody by RFFIT, which proved immunogenic having anamnestic response on boosters given single IM or at 4 sites ID subsequently, implying that short schedule rabies pre-exposure vaccination can be done in high risk groups and may save lives if applied to the poorest that are highly exposed.
背景:狂犬病是一种人畜共患疾病,许多易受伤害的部门,如拾荒工人和市政工人,由于对其潜在的致命后果一无所知而忽视了动物咬伤。垃圾坑里到处都是流浪狗,这群人很容易受到它们的攻击。市政当局应责成保护其卫生工作人员,特别是拾荒工人,免受狂犬病、乙型肝炎、艾滋病毒、破伤风等致命传染病的侵害。目的:本研究的目的是研究通过与这些高度暴露人群进行持续对话,了解他们对这种疾病的看法,从而为他们提供暴露前狂犬病疫苗接种的方法。方法:我们首先与拾荒者接触,了解如何最好地吸引他们接种疫苗。然后,我们试图在文献中寻找可能成功降低这一人群狂犬病死亡风险的最实用方法。结果:世卫组织批准在第0天、第7天和第21天注射0.1 ml组织培养疫苗3次,但结果显示许多拾荒者放弃重复注射。然后,我们采用一种方法,在一个环境中在4个不同的解剖部位注射0.1 ml狂犬病疫苗。事实证明,这是可以接受的,而且相对便宜。通过RFFIT测定中和抗体对少数受试者进行了研究,结果证明免疫原性对单次接种或随后在4个位点接种的增强剂有遗忘反应,这意味着短时间狂犬病暴露前疫苗接种可以在高危人群中进行,如果应用于高度暴露的最贫困人群,可能会挽救生命。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
疫苗(英文)
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