Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2093702/v1
Victoria Delicado-Useros, Esther Navarro-Rodenas, Indalecio-M Sánchez-Onrubia, Carmen Ortega-Martínez, Antonia Alfaro-Espín, J. Pérez-Serra, F. García-Alcaraz, Julia Lozano-Serra, Lorena Robles-Fonseca, Teresa Pérez-Domenech
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a major worldwide health problem. The present study aims to contribute to surveillance of the immune and clinical response of vaccines to SARS-CoV-2. Methods Observational study of medication on acquired immunity and effectiveness of vaccines. Population: 620 workers in the health service of Almansa (Spain). Representative sample of 150 individuals. Sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological data and samples were recorded to determine anti- SARS-CoV2 serum IgG levels 6 and 9 months after vaccination with Pfizer. Results Mean age 46.45 years;76% women;85.1% working in a hospital. 19.3% had had COVID-19 in the year prior to vaccination. 96.7% were fully vaccinated with Pfizer/BioNTech. At 6 months, 100% seropositivity and mean IgG levels of 3017.2 AU/ml. Significant variations in IgG levels in individuals with prior COVID-19 infection and smokers. At 9 months, 99.3% remained seropositive;2.8% infected after vaccination. The repeated measures analysis showed a difference in means of 669.0 AU/ml (significant decrease in IgG levels of 28.9%). Conclusion Antibody levels remained positive 6 and 9 months after vaccination, although IgG levels were found to decay.
{"title":"Evolution of Acquired Humoral Immunity after Full Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. IgG Levels in Healthcare Workers at 6 and 9 Months","authors":"Victoria Delicado-Useros, Esther Navarro-Rodenas, Indalecio-M Sánchez-Onrubia, Carmen Ortega-Martínez, Antonia Alfaro-Espín, J. Pérez-Serra, F. García-Alcaraz, Julia Lozano-Serra, Lorena Robles-Fonseca, Teresa Pérez-Domenech","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2093702/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2093702/v1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a major worldwide health problem. The present study aims to contribute to surveillance of the immune and clinical response of vaccines to SARS-CoV-2. Methods Observational study of medication on acquired immunity and effectiveness of vaccines. Population: 620 workers in the health service of Almansa (Spain). Representative sample of 150 individuals. Sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological data and samples were recorded to determine anti- SARS-CoV2 serum IgG levels 6 and 9 months after vaccination with Pfizer. Results Mean age 46.45 years;76% women;85.1% working in a hospital. 19.3% had had COVID-19 in the year prior to vaccination. 96.7% were fully vaccinated with Pfizer/BioNTech. At 6 months, 100% seropositivity and mean IgG levels of 3017.2 AU/ml. Significant variations in IgG levels in individuals with prior COVID-19 infection and smokers. At 9 months, 99.3% remained seropositive;2.8% infected after vaccination. The repeated measures analysis showed a difference in means of 669.0 AU/ml (significant decrease in IgG levels of 28.9%). Conclusion Antibody levels remained positive 6 and 9 months after vaccination, although IgG levels were found to decay.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67957555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Hossain, Parthasarathi Ganguli, Chahat Narula Thakur, R. Steinglass, Brian Castro, L. Shimp, Saumen Bagchi, Anita Bhargava
{"title":"Thinking Out-of-Box in Addressing Communication and Service Delivery Challenges: Use of a Traditional Communication Method for Improving Immunization Coverage in Remote Rural Hard-to-Reach Areas of India","authors":"I. Hossain, Parthasarathi Ganguli, Chahat Narula Thakur, R. Steinglass, Brian Castro, L. Shimp, Saumen Bagchi, Anita Bhargava","doi":"10.4236/wjv.2023.131001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjv.2023.131001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70895999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Cervical cancer can be prevented by early vaccination of young people against papillomaviruses and screening for precancerous le-sions. After a successful pilot phase, vaccination coverage in the generaliza-tion phase is low. The aim of this study was to determine papillomavirus vaccination coverage and to identify associated factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study conducted from (1 st ) to (31 th ) September (2020) in Koumpentoum district. After a literature review, we conducted two-stage cluster sampling and direct structured interviews. Socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers or guardians about papillomaviruses vaccination were collected us-ing a standardized questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was used to es-timate odds ratios. Results: A total of (228) mothers or guardians were interviewed. Coverage for the first dose was (44.74%) CI 95% (38.17 - 51.44) com-pared to (25.88%) CI 95% (19.52 - 31.17) for the second dose. Factors statistically and significantly associated with coverage of the first dose of papillomaviruses vaccine were instruction of mothers or guardians (OR =
{"title":"Associated Factors with Vaccination among Girls Aged between (11) and (13) against Papillomaviruses in Koumpentoum Health District (Senegal)","authors":"E. Diop, Abdoul Aziz Ndiaye, Martial Coly Bop","doi":"10.4236/wjv.2022.122003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjv.2022.122003","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cervical cancer can be prevented by early vaccination of young people against papillomaviruses and screening for precancerous le-sions. After a successful pilot phase, vaccination coverage in the generaliza-tion phase is low. The aim of this study was to determine papillomavirus vaccination coverage and to identify associated factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study conducted from (1 st ) to (31 th ) September (2020) in Koumpentoum district. After a literature review, we conducted two-stage cluster sampling and direct structured interviews. Socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers or guardians about papillomaviruses vaccination were collected us-ing a standardized questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was used to es-timate odds ratios. Results: A total of (228) mothers or guardians were interviewed. Coverage for the first dose was (44.74%) CI 95% (38.17 - 51.44) com-pared to (25.88%) CI 95% (19.52 - 31.17) for the second dose. Factors statistically and significantly associated with coverage of the first dose of papillomaviruses vaccine were instruction of mothers or guardians (OR =","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70895905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kitamura, N. Komatsu, Masahide Matsushita, H. Seo, Seisho Takeuchi
{"title":"Prevaccination Antibody Confers Additional Immune Responses to Repeated Yearly Influenza Vaccination in an Elderly Population","authors":"S. Kitamura, N. Komatsu, Masahide Matsushita, H. Seo, Seisho Takeuchi","doi":"10.4236/wjv.2022.122002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjv.2022.122002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70895881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quil-A and cholesterol can, under certain conditions, form nanoparticles, but the conditions for the formation of a homogeneous population of a particular kind of particles with the same morphology and size have remained elusive. However, a well-defined uniformity, as well as a high degree of batch-to-batch consistency, are prerequisites for adjuvant formulations to be used for practical vaccines. To accomplish the above stated tasks in the present study, we demonstrated that Quil-A and cholesterol form well-defined worm-like stable particles with a mean diameter of around 40 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS) under carefully controlled thermodynamical conditions with little or no Quil-A degradation. The nanoparticles thus prepared possessed a significantly reduced hemolytic effect in comparison to unformulated free Quil-A. However, when the same conditions were applied to QS-21/cholesterol nanoparticle formation the morphology achieved was coil spring-like particles with a mean diameter of around 70 nm. This discrepancy in particle morphology and size was attributed to the differences in hydrophobicity of the Quil-A, being a heterogenic fraction of acylated as well as deacylated saponins, and the QS-21. With the process optimizations leading to a standardized particle size distribution and nanoparticle morphology presented here, NanoQuil F70 holds the potential as a well-tolerated vaccine adjuvant for veterinary use raising a Th1/Th2 balanced immune response.
{"title":"Thermal Treatment of a Novel Saponin-Cholesterol Nanoparticle Vaccine Adjuvant Named NanoQuil F70 Secures a Uniform Morphology and Size Distribution","authors":"Ke-fei Hu, L. Duroux, E. B. Lindblad","doi":"10.4236/wjv.2022.121001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjv.2022.121001","url":null,"abstract":"Quil-A and cholesterol can, under certain conditions, form nanoparticles, but the conditions for the formation of a homogeneous population of a particular kind of particles with the same morphology and size have remained elusive. However, a well-defined uniformity, as well as a high degree of batch-to-batch consistency, are prerequisites for adjuvant formulations to be used for practical vaccines. To accomplish the above stated tasks in the present study, we demonstrated that Quil-A and cholesterol form well-defined worm-like stable particles with a mean diameter of around 40 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS) under carefully controlled thermodynamical conditions with little or no Quil-A degradation. The nanoparticles thus prepared possessed a significantly reduced hemolytic effect in comparison to unformulated free Quil-A. However, when the same conditions were applied to QS-21/cholesterol nanoparticle formation the morphology achieved was coil spring-like particles with a mean diameter of around 70 nm. This discrepancy in particle morphology and size was attributed to the differences in hydrophobicity of the Quil-A, being a heterogenic fraction of acylated as well as deacylated saponins, and the QS-21. With the process optimizations leading to a standardized particle size distribution and nanoparticle morphology presented here, NanoQuil F70 holds the potential as a well-tolerated vaccine adjuvant for veterinary use raising a Th1/Th2 balanced immune response.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70896282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Hossain, T. Masood, Akram Sultan, R. Safdar, H. Setayesh, L. Shimp, Soofia Younus
Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, having high population growth and a complex health care environment, has highest density of unimmunized (zero dose) and under-immunized children. The main reasons of low immunization coverage in Karachi were lack of governance and accountability in a duplicative and fragmented health management structure, weak and inequitable immunization services, and lack of demand and trust among people for immunization services. The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), Ministry of Health (MOH) in Sindh Province spearheaded a structured and collaborative process to develop strategies for addressing inequity in immunization services towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC) in Karachi. The process included a situation analysis with gathering quantitative and qualitative information on the root causes of zero-dose and inequity of the immunization services. The strategies and interventions were developed with multi-layer input and feedback of the stakeholders and partners, and focusing primarily to address gaps in three program areas: governance, leadership and accountability; immunization service delivery; and building demand and trust among the people. The interventions were further prioritized for high-risk areas; identified based on maximum number zero-dose children, presence of large slum areas, measles outbreak and on-going circulation of wild poliovirus. Finally, costing for the Roadmap activities was done through consultation with partners and aligning domestic and external (donor) resources. In this paper, we have highlighted the unique process the Sindh Government undertook in collaboration with the stakeholders and partners to develop strategies and interventions for addressing inequity in urban immunization services in Karachi towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC). Similar processes can be adapted, as a potential model, for developing strategies to achieve universal health coverage in the cities of Pakistan and in other countries.
{"title":"Rethinking Strategies to Address Inequity in Immunization Services towards Achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC) in Karachi, Pakistan","authors":"I. Hossain, T. Masood, Akram Sultan, R. Safdar, H. Setayesh, L. Shimp, Soofia Younus","doi":"10.4236/wjv.2021.114006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjv.2021.114006","url":null,"abstract":"Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, having high population growth and a complex health care environment, has highest density of unimmunized (zero dose) and under-immunized children. The main reasons of low immunization coverage in Karachi were lack of governance and accountability in a duplicative and fragmented health management structure, weak and inequitable immunization services, and lack of demand and trust among people for immunization services. The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), Ministry of Health (MOH) in Sindh Province spearheaded a structured and collaborative process to develop strategies for addressing inequity in immunization services towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC) in Karachi. The process included a situation analysis with gathering quantitative and qualitative information on the root causes of zero-dose and inequity of the immunization services. The strategies and interventions were developed with multi-layer input and feedback of the stakeholders and partners, and focusing primarily to address gaps in three program areas: governance, leadership and accountability; immunization service delivery; and building demand and trust among the people. The interventions were further prioritized for high-risk areas; identified based on maximum number zero-dose children, presence of large slum areas, measles outbreak and on-going circulation of wild poliovirus. Finally, costing for the Roadmap activities was done through consultation with partners and aligning domestic and external (donor) resources. In this paper, we have highlighted the unique process the Sindh Government undertook in collaboration with the stakeholders and partners to develop strategies and interventions for addressing inequity in urban immunization services in Karachi towards achieving Universal Immunization Coverage (UIC). Similar processes can be adapted, as a potential model, for developing strategies to achieve universal health coverage in the cities of Pakistan and in other countries.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45676877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-14DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.11.21257053
D. Sardinha, D. D. C. Lobato, A. L. Ferreira, K. Lima, R. Guimarães, L. N. Lima
Objective: To analyze the severe cases of COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 and compare those vaccinated and unvaccinated against influenza in invasive ventilation, admission in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and deaths. Method: Cross-sectional study with public data from the OpenDataSUS platform confirmed severe cases for COVID-19 in Brazil in the year 2020. Data were analyzed by SPSS, from the chi-square test of independence and binary logistic regression. Results: The population was 472,688 cases and 177,640 deaths, with lethality of 37.58% in severe cases. The test of independence was highly significant in vaccinated survivors (<0.0001), and regression showed an almost twofold odds ratio for invasive ventilation, ICU admission, and death in unvaccinated cases. Conclusion: We recommend mass influenza vaccination as an adjuvant in combating the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.
{"title":"Analysis of 472,688 severe cases of COVID-19 in Brazil showed lower mortality in those vaccinated against influenza","authors":"D. Sardinha, D. D. C. Lobato, A. L. Ferreira, K. Lima, R. Guimarães, L. N. Lima","doi":"10.1101/2021.05.11.21257053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.11.21257053","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To analyze the severe cases of COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 and compare those vaccinated and unvaccinated against influenza in invasive ventilation, admission in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and deaths. Method: Cross-sectional study with public data from the OpenDataSUS platform confirmed severe cases for COVID-19 in Brazil in the year 2020. Data were analyzed by SPSS, from the chi-square test of independence and binary logistic regression. Results: The population was 472,688 cases and 177,640 deaths, with lethality of 37.58% in severe cases. The test of independence was highly significant in vaccinated survivors (<0.0001), and regression showed an almost twofold odds ratio for invasive ventilation, ICU admission, and death in unvaccinated cases. Conclusion: We recommend mass influenza vaccination as an adjuvant in combating the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46709866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Mahmud, Jahida Gulshan, Farhana Tasneem, Syed Shafi Ahmed
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important global health problems and active immunization is the single most important and effective preventive measure against HBV infection. Several studied show that HBV carrier rate is between 2% - 7% in Bangladesh. Bangladesh introduced hepatitis B vaccination in children through Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 2005 that includes 3 doses which starts from six weeks after birth. Currently booster vaccination is not recommended any more. However, many studies on different countries observed a declined level of HBs-antibody over a period of 3 - 6 years that may even reach to non-protective levels. Objective: To evaluate the status of seroconversion and seroprotection along with non-responders of EPI vaccinated children against HBV and to measure their antibody levels in different age groups. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was done in the department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh on 120 cases of EPI vaccinated children enrolled from January-December 2019 while attending the inpatient department without any liver problem. The development of Anti-HBs titre greater than or equal to 10 mIU/mL is considered as protective immunity and any titre less than 10 mIU/mL as non-protective following HBV vaccination. Results: Age of the children was 1 - 12 years with mean age of 5.6 ± 1.7 years and male: female ratio was 1.1:1. Among the children, 56 (46.6%) were from 1 - 5 years age, 36 (30.1%) children from 6 - 10 years age group and 27 (23.3%) children from 11 - 12 years age group. Out of 120 children, presence of Anti-HBs protective titre was in 63 (52.5%) children and non-protective level in 57 (47.5%) children. Among protective level, 34 (60.7%) children were in 1 - 5 years age group, 18 (50.0%) children in 6 - 10 years age group and 11 (39.3%) children in 11 - 12 years age group. Total 24 (20%) children were completely non-responder (antibody titre 0.00 mIU/mL). Out of 120 mother, 06 (5%) were HBV positive. Among them 05 (83.33%) children had Anti-HBs less than 10 mIU/mL. Conclusion: After primary vaccination, a good immune response was detected against hepatitis B virus but it goes below even up to non-protective level with the increase of age. Half of the studied children had non-protective titre after 5 years and one-fifth children totally non-responder after primary hepatitis B vaccination. A booster dose may be recommended after 5 years for optimum seroprotection.
{"title":"Seroconversion of Hepatitis B Vaccine in Young Bangladeshi Children: A Tertiary Centre Experience","authors":"S. Mahmud, Jahida Gulshan, Farhana Tasneem, Syed Shafi Ahmed","doi":"10.4236/WJV.2021.112002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WJV.2021.112002","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important global health problems and active immunization is the single most important and effective preventive measure against HBV infection. Several studied show that HBV carrier rate is between 2% - 7% in Bangladesh. Bangladesh introduced hepatitis B vaccination in children through Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 2005 that includes 3 doses which starts from six weeks after birth. Currently booster vaccination is not recommended any more. However, many studies on different countries observed a declined level of HBs-antibody over a period of 3 - 6 years that may even reach to non-protective levels. Objective: To evaluate the status of seroconversion and seroprotection along with non-responders of EPI vaccinated children against HBV and to measure their antibody levels in different age groups. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was done in the department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh on 120 cases of EPI vaccinated children enrolled from January-December 2019 while attending the inpatient department without any liver problem. The development of Anti-HBs titre greater than or equal to 10 mIU/mL is considered as protective immunity and any titre less than 10 mIU/mL as non-protective following HBV vaccination. Results: Age of the children was 1 - 12 years with mean age of 5.6 ± 1.7 years and male: female ratio was 1.1:1. Among the children, 56 (46.6%) were from 1 - 5 years age, 36 (30.1%) children from 6 - 10 years age group and 27 (23.3%) children from 11 - 12 years age group. Out of 120 children, presence of Anti-HBs protective titre was in 63 (52.5%) children and non-protective level in 57 (47.5%) children. Among protective level, 34 (60.7%) children were in 1 - 5 years age group, 18 (50.0%) children in 6 - 10 years age group and 11 (39.3%) children in 11 - 12 years age group. Total 24 (20%) children were completely non-responder (antibody titre 0.00 mIU/mL). Out of 120 mother, 06 (5%) were HBV positive. Among them 05 (83.33%) children had Anti-HBs less than 10 mIU/mL. Conclusion: After primary vaccination, a good immune response was detected against hepatitis B virus but it goes below even up to non-protective level with the increase of age. Half of the studied children had non-protective titre after 5 years and one-fifth children totally non-responder after primary hepatitis B vaccination. A booster dose may be recommended after 5 years for optimum seroprotection.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45348843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The art of oncoimmunovaccinomics will be concisely explained herein. This scientific insight will explore its history cancer immunotherapy, the molecular basis of cancer immunotherapy, cancer immunotherapeutic approach, cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting, the hallmarks of cancer (can be) revisited, nanotechnology-based cancer immunovaccinomics, the theory of and immunogenomic perspectives.
{"title":"The Art of Oncoimmunovaccinomics","authors":"Taruna Ikrar, Dito Anurogo","doi":"10.4236/wjv.2021.114007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/wjv.2021.114007","url":null,"abstract":"The art of oncoimmunovaccinomics will be concisely explained herein. This scientific insight will explore its history cancer immunotherapy, the molecular basis of cancer immunotherapy, cancer immunotherapeutic approach, cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting, the hallmarks of cancer (can be) revisited, nanotechnology-based cancer immunovaccinomics, the theory of and immunogenomic perspectives.","PeriodicalId":57190,"journal":{"name":"疫苗(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70896262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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