The use of FPGAs in the design of wireless sensor networks can improve the processing system performance so as to develop sensor nodes with powerful embedded processor. In fact, FPGA has a super-parallel processing capacity in data processing and its use and configuration is flexible. This allows intensive digital signal processing tasks like Fast Fourier Transforms to be implemented on the sensor node and this can even support intelligent applications and new security algorithms. This paper presents a wireless sensor network system that monitors and visualizes periodically the environment temperature. The proposed system consists of a base station node based on an FPGA DE2-70 and five sensor nodes having the architecture of the System-on-Chip CC2430.
{"title":"An Intelligent Wireless Sensor Network Temperature Acquisition System with an FPGA","authors":"R. Souissi, Mohsen Ben-Ammar","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2014.61001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2014.61001","url":null,"abstract":"The use of FPGAs in the design of \u0000wireless sensor networks can improve the processing system performance so as to \u0000develop sensor nodes with powerful embedded processor. In fact, FPGA has a \u0000super-parallel processing capacity in data processing and its use and \u0000configuration is flexible. This allows intensive digital signal processing \u0000tasks like Fast Fourier Transforms to be implemented on the sensor node and \u0000this can even support intelligent applications and new security algorithms. \u0000This paper presents a wireless sensor network system that monitors and \u0000visualizes periodically the environment temperature. The proposed system \u0000consists of a base station node based on an FPGA DE2-70 and five sensor nodes \u0000having the architecture of the System-on-Chip CC2430.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"2014 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70899860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ammar Hawbani, Xingfu Wang, Yan Xiong, Saleem Karmoshi
Due to the limited communication range of WSN, the sensor is unable to establish direct connection to the data collection station, therefore the collaborative work of nodes is highly necessary. The data routing is one of the most fundamental processes exploring how to transmit data from the sensing field to the data collection station via the least possible number of intermediate nodes. This paper addresses the problem of data routing based on the sensors grouping; it provides a deep insight on how to divide the sensors of a network into separate independent groups, and how to organize these independent groups in order to make them work collaboratively and accomplish the process of data routing within the network.
{"title":"Wireless Sensor Network Routing Based on Sensors Grouping","authors":"Ammar Hawbani, Xingfu Wang, Yan Xiong, Saleem Karmoshi","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2014.61002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2014.61002","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the limited communication range of WSN, the \u0000sensor is unable to establish direct connection to the data collection station, \u0000therefore the collaborative work of nodes is highly necessary. The data routing \u0000is one of the most fundamental processes exploring how to transmit data from \u0000the sensing field to the data collection station via the least possible number \u0000of intermediate nodes. This \u0000paper addresses the problem of data routing based on the sensors grouping; it \u0000provides a deep insight on how to divide the sensors of a network into separate \u0000independent groups, and how to organize these independent groups in order to \u0000make them work collaboratively and accomplish the process of data routing \u0000within the network.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"8-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70900258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are fast evolving technology for collecting data in real time. Every wireless sensor network (WSN) is consisted of technical and software components which have to refer to the selected application. The paper focuses on the selection of WSN components. The WSN will be situated in the center of Olomouc City (OWSN). It will focus on measurements of harmful air pollutants and selected basic meteorological elements. The criteria for selection of WSN components including the most important parameters will be chosen and the final evaluation of the option utility will be made on the basis of multicriteria decision making process.
{"title":"Wireless Sensor Network Components for Air Pollution Monitoring in the Urban Environment: Criteria and Analysis for Their Selection","authors":"Vendula Hejlová, V. Voženílek","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2013.512027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2013.512027","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are fast evolving technology for collecting \u0000data in real time. Every wireless sensor network (WSN) is consisted of technical \u0000and software components which have to refer to the selected application. The paper \u0000focuses on the selection of WSN components. The WSN will be situated in the center \u0000of Olomouc City (OWSN). It will focus on measurements of harmful air pollutants \u0000and selected basic meteorological elements. The criteria for selection \u0000of WSN components including the most important parameters will be chosen and the \u0000final evaluation of the option utility will be made on the basis of multicriteria \u0000decision making process.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"2013 1","pages":"229-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70899332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a novel energy-aware multi-hop cluster-based fault-tolerant load balancing hierarchical routing protocol for a self-organizing wireless sensor network (WSN), which takes into account the broadcast nature of radio. The main idea is using hierarchical fuzzy soft clusters enabling non-exclusive overlapping clusters, thus allowing partial multiple membership of a node to more than one cluster, whereby for each cluster the clusterhead (CH) takes in charge intra-cluster issues of aggregating the information from nodes members, and then collaborate and coordinate with its related overlapping area heads (OAHs), which are elected heuristically to ensure inter-clusters communication. This communication is implemented using an extended version of time-division multiple access (TDMA) allowing the allocation of several slots for a given node, and alternating the role of the clusterhead and its associated overlapping area heads. Each cluster head relays information to overlapping area heads which in turn each relays it to other associated cluster heads in related clusters, thus the information propagates gradually until it reaches the sink in a multi-hop fashion.
{"title":"Toward a Multi-Hop, Multi-Path Fault-Tolerant and Load Balancing Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network","authors":"M. Beldjehem","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2013.511025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2013.511025","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a novel energy-aware multi-hop cluster-based \u0000fault-tolerant load balancing hierarchical routing protocol for a \u0000self-organizing wireless sensor network (WSN), which takes into account the \u0000broadcast nature of radio. The main idea is using hierarchical fuzzy soft \u0000clusters enabling non-exclusive overlapping clusters, thus allowing \u0000partial multiple membership of a node to more than one cluster, whereby for \u0000each cluster the clusterhead (CH) takes in charge intra-cluster issues of \u0000aggregating the information from nodes members, and then collaborate and \u0000coordinate with its related overlapping area heads (OAHs), which are elected \u0000heuristically to ensure inter-clusters communication. This communication is \u0000implemented using an extended version of time-division multiple access (TDMA) \u0000allowing the allocation of several slots for a given node, and alternating the \u0000role of the clusterhead and its associated overlapping area heads. Each cluster \u0000head relays information to overlapping area heads which in turn each relays it to \u0000other associated cluster heads in related clusters, thus the information \u0000propagates gradually until it reaches the sink in a multi-hop fashion.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"05 1","pages":"215-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70899040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report a novel battery-less wireless current sensor node without an analog to digital converter (ADC). If a capacitor is charged using a current transformer (CT) and a rectifying circuit, the charging time depends on the current flowing through a power line. In the case that the node transmits data every time when voltage of the capacitor exceeds a threshold voltage, we can indirectly measure the current by measuring the transmission intervals. In this method, the circuit of the node can be simplified and power consumption for the wireless transmission can be decreased because the measured current data does not need to be included in the transmitted packet. However, the measurable range is about single digit because the transmission interval decreases suddenly as the current increases. In this work, we have ex- panded the range using one CT, one wireless transmission module, and two charging circuits that include different load resistors connected in series. The results indicated that the measurable range was from 0.5 A to 50 A.
我们报告了一种新型无电池无线电流传感器节点，没有模拟数字转换器(ADC)。如果电容器使用电流互感器(CT)和整流电路充电，则充电时间取决于流过电源线的电流。当电容电压超过阈值电压时，节点每次都传输数据，我们可以通过测量传输间隔间接测量电流。在该方法中，由于不需要将测量的电流数据包含在传输的分组中，因此可以简化节点的电路并降低无线传输的功耗。然而，由于传输间隔随着电流的增加而突然减小，因此测量范围约为个位数。在这项工作中，我们使用一个CT，一个无线传输模块和两个充电电路(包括串联的不同负载电阻)来扩大范围。结果表明，测量范围为0.5 A ~ 50 A。
{"title":"Development of Battery-Less Wireless Current Sensor Node Utilizing Charging Time of Capacitors with Wide Measurement Range","authors":"H. Okada, T. Itoh","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2013.511026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2013.511026","url":null,"abstract":"We report a novel battery-less wireless current sensor node without \u0000an analog to digital converter (ADC). If a capacitor is charged using a current \u0000transformer (CT) and a rectifying circuit, the charging time depends on the \u0000current flowing through a power line. In the case that the node transmits data \u0000every time when voltage of the capacitor exceeds a threshold voltage, we can \u0000indirectly measure the current by measuring the transmission intervals. In this \u0000method, the circuit of the node can be simplified and power consumption for the \u0000wireless transmission can be decreased because the measured current data does \u0000not need to be included in the transmitted packet. However, the measurable \u0000range is about single digit because the transmission interval decreases \u0000suddenly as the current increases. In this work, we have ex- panded \u0000the range using one CT, one wireless transmission module, and two charging \u0000circuits that include different load resistors connected in series. The results \u0000indicated that the measurable range was from 0.5 A to 50 A.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"5 1","pages":"223-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70899113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol consists of sets of rules that determine which node is allowed to access the transmission medium. It provides mechanism for collision avoidance such that interfering sensor nodes do not transmit at the same time. In the literature, researchers have proposed different MAC protocols with features aimed at improving energy efficiency and thereby prolonging the life of sensor nodes. Sensor MAC, Time-out MAC (T-MAC), Dynamic Sensor MAC (DSMAC), WiseMAC, Quorum-based MAC (Queen-MAC) and Traffic Adaptive Medium Access Protocol (TRAMA) are some examples of proposed MAC protocols. There is a duration field in each transmitted packet. The value of this field indicates how long it will take to complete the remaining packet transmission. In the current paper, a novel energy-efficient MAC protocol is proposed based on the use of duration value in transmitted packets to setup varying sleep/wake-up schedules for neighbouring nodes of the receiver. The effectiveness of this proposed Packet-Duration-Value-based MAC (PDV-MAC) protocol is tested via Simulation which is implemented in Visual C# and MATLAB. It is shown by the results obtained that the proposed MAC protocol can indeed be implemented in sensor nodes to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor network.
{"title":"Energy Efficient Packet-Duration-Value Based MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"A. Ajofoyinbo","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2013.510022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2013.510022","url":null,"abstract":"Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol consists of sets of rules that \u0000determine which node is allowed to access the transmission medium. It provides \u0000mechanism for collision avoidance such that interfering sensor nodes do not \u0000transmit at the same time. In the literature, researchers have proposed \u0000different MAC protocols with features aimed at improving energy efficiency and \u0000thereby prolonging the life of sensor nodes. Sensor MAC, Time-out MAC (T-MAC), \u0000Dynamic Sensor MAC (DSMAC), WiseMAC, Quorum-based MAC (Queen-MAC) and Traffic \u0000Adaptive Medium Access Protocol (TRAMA) are some examples of proposed MAC \u0000protocols. There is a duration field in each transmitted packet. The value of \u0000this field indicates how long it will take to complete the remaining packet \u0000transmission. In the current paper, a novel energy-efficient MAC protocol is \u0000proposed based on the use of duration value in transmitted packets to setup varying \u0000sleep/wake-up schedules for neighbouring nodes of the receiver. The effectiveness \u0000of this proposed Packet-Duration-Value-based MAC (PDV-MAC) protocol is \u0000tested via Simulation which is implemented in Visual C# and MATLAB. It is shown \u0000by the results obtained that the proposed MAC protocol can indeed be \u0000implemented in sensor nodes to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor \u0000network.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"2013 1","pages":"194-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70898957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, the existing trade-off between time synchronization quality and energy is studied for both large-scale and small-scale fading wireless channels. We analyze the clock offset estimation problem using one-way, two-way and N-way message exchange mechanisms affected by Gaussian and exponentially distributed impairments. Our main contribution is a general relationship between the total energy required for synchronizing a wireless sensor network and the clock offset estimation error by means of the transmit power, number of transmitted messages and average message delay, deriving the energy optimal lower bound as a function of the time synchronization quality and the number of hops in a multi-hop network.
{"title":"On Energy-Efficient Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensors under Large-Scale and Small-Scale Fading Effects","authors":"P. Briff, A. Lutenberg, L. Vega, Fabian Vargas","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2013.510021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2013.510021","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the existing trade-off between time synchronization \u0000quality and energy is studied for both large-scale and small-scale fading \u0000wireless channels. We analyze the clock offset estimation problem using \u0000one-way, two-way and N-way message exchange mechanisms affected by Gaussian and \u0000exponentially distributed impairments. Our main contribution is a \u0000general relationship between the total energy required for synchronizing a \u0000wireless sensor network and the clock offset estimation error by means of the \u0000transmit power, number of transmitted messages and average message delay, \u0000deriving the energy optimal lower bound as a function of the time \u0000synchronization quality and the number of hops in a multi-hop network.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"2013 1","pages":"181-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70898896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the Kalman filtering problem via wireless sensor networks over fading channels. When part or all of the observation measurements are lost in a random fashion, we obtain the conclusion that the packet dropout probabilities depend upon the time-varying channel gains and the transmission power levels used by the sensors. We develop a satu- rated power controller which trades off sensor energy expenditure versus state estimation accuracy. The latter is measured by the expected value of the future covariance matrices provided by the associated time-varying Kalman filter. We study the statistical convergence properties of the error covariance matrix and pointed out the existence of the admissible packet arrival probability bound.
{"title":"Saturated Power Control Scheme for Kalman Filtering via Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Dongmei Zhang, Z. Miao, Xingang Wang","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2013.510023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2013.510023","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the Kalman filtering problem via wireless sensor \u0000networks over fading channels. When part or all of the observation \u0000measurements are lost in a random fashion, we obtain the conclusion that the \u0000packet dropout probabilities depend upon the time-varying channel gains and \u0000the transmission power levels used by the sensors. We develop a satu- rated power \u0000controller which trades off sensor energy expenditure versus state estimation \u0000accuracy. The latter is measured by the expected value of \u0000the future covariance matrices provided by the associated time-varying Kalman filter. \u0000We study the statistical convergence properties of the error covariance \u0000matrix and pointed out the existence of the admissible packet arrival \u0000probability bound.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"05 1","pages":"203-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70898980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Y. Shwe, Chenchao Wang, P. Chong, Arun K. Kumar
The rapid progress of wireless communication and the availability of many small-sized, light-weighted and low-cost communication and computing devices nowadays have greatly impacted the development of wireless sensor network. Localization using sensor network has attracted much attention for its comparable low-cost and potential use with mon- itoring and targeting purposes in real and hostile application scenarios. Currently, there are many available approaches to locating persons/things based on global positioning system (GPS) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies. However, in some application scenario, e.g., disaster rescue application, such localization devices may be damaged and may not provide the location information of the survivors. The main goal of this paper is to design and develop a robust localization technique for human existence detection in case of disasters such as earthquake or fire. In this paper, we propose a 3-D localization technique based on the hop-count data collected from sensor anchors to estimate the location of the activated sensor mote in 3-D coordination. Our algorithm incorporates two salient features, cubic-based output and event-triggering mechanism, to guarantee both improved accuracy and power efficiency. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can improve the localization precision of the human existence and work well in real environment.
{"title":"Robust Cubic-Based 3-D Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"H. Y. Shwe, Chenchao Wang, P. Chong, Arun K. Kumar","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2013.59020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2013.59020","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid progress of wireless communication and the availability of \u0000many small-sized, light-weighted and low-cost communication and computing devices \u0000nowadays have greatly impacted the development of wireless sensor network. \u0000Localization using sensor network has attracted much attention for its \u0000comparable low-cost and potential use with mon- itoring and \u0000targeting purposes in real and hostile application scenarios. Currently, there \u0000are many available approaches to locating persons/things based on global \u0000positioning system (GPS) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies. \u0000However, in some application scenario, e.g., disaster rescue application, such \u0000localization devices may be damaged and may not provide the location \u0000information of the survivors. The main goal of this paper is to design and develop a \u0000robust localization technique for human existence detection in case of \u0000disasters such as earthquake or fire. In this paper, we propose a 3-D \u0000localization technique based on the hop-count data collected from sensor \u0000anchors to estimate the location of the activated sensor mote in 3-D coordination. \u0000Our algorithm incorporates two salient features, cubic-based output \u0000and event-triggering mechanism, to guarantee both improved accuracy and power efficiency. Both simulation and experimental results indicate \u0000that the proposed algorithm can improve the localization precision of the human \u0000existence and work well in real environment.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"48 1","pages":"169-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70899764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Data Timed Sending (DTS) protocol contributes to the energy savings in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and prolongs the sensor nodes’ battery lifetime. DTS saves energy by transmitting short packets, without data payload, from the sensor nodes to the base station or the cluster head according to the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) scheduling. Placing the short packets into appropriate slots and subslots in the TDMA frames transfers the information about the measured values and node identity. This paper presents the proof of concept of the proposed DTS protocol and provides verification of the energy savings using the QualNet®; communication simulation platform (QualNet) and the SunTM Small Programmable Object Technology (Sun SPOT) testbed platform (for single hop and multi hop scenarios). The simulations and the testbed measurements confirm that the DTS protocol can provide energy savings up to 30% when compared with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard in unslotted Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA-CA) mode at 2.4 GHz frequency band.
{"title":"Data Timed Sending (DTS) Energy Efficient Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks: Simulation and Testbed Verification","authors":"Konstantin Chomu, L. Gavrilovska","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2013.58019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2013.58019","url":null,"abstract":"The Data Timed Sending (DTS) protocol contributes to the energy savings in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and prolongs the sensor nodes’ battery lifetime. DTS saves energy by transmitting short packets, without data payload, from the sensor nodes to the base station or the cluster head according to the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) scheduling. Placing the short packets into appropriate slots and subslots in the TDMA frames transfers the information about the measured values and node identity. This paper presents the proof of concept of the proposed DTS protocol and provides verification of the energy savings using the QualNet®; communication simulation platform (QualNet) and the SunTM Small Programmable Object Technology (Sun SPOT) testbed platform (for single hop and multi hop scenarios). The simulations and the testbed measurements confirm that the DTS protocol can provide energy savings up to 30% when compared with the IEEE 802.15.4 standard in unslotted Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA-CA) mode at 2.4 GHz frequency band.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"5 1","pages":"158-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70899835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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