Over the past years, wireless sensor systems have picked up a global consideration from both the researchers and the genuine clients. It includes a large number of sensing devices, some computing techniques and communication with limited power supplies and processing abilities which collectively work to fulfill a large sensing task. IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee based Wireless Sensor Networks raise a few issues like Energy Scavenging for the limited power supply. Accordingly good functioning of such system relies upon energies of the wireless motes. This paper presents two analytical models which demonstrate and predict the QoS in terms of throughput, jitter, average end-to-end delay and energy consumption. These two distinct network models based on IEEE 802.15.4 are cluster-based and grid-based, and are simulated using QualNet v 6.1 Simulator.
在过去的几年里，无线传感器系统已经从研究人员和真正的客户那里获得了全球的关注。它包括大量的传感设备，一些计算技术和通信，有限的电源和处理能力，共同完成一个大型传感任务。基于IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee的无线传感器网络针对有限的供电提出了能量清除等问题。因此，该系统的良好功能依赖于无线粒子的能量。本文提出了两个分析模型，从吞吐量、抖动、平均端到端延迟和能耗等方面对QoS进行了论证和预测。基于IEEE 802.15.4的这两种不同的网络模型是基于集群的和基于网格的，并使用QualNet v 6.1模拟器进行了仿真。
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of AODV Protocol for Energy Consumption and QoS in IEEE 802.15.4 Based Wireless Sensor Network Using QualNet Simulator","authors":"Piyush Charan, T. Usmani, Rajeev Paulus, S. Saeed","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2016.88014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2016.88014","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past years, wireless \u0000sensor systems have picked up a global consideration from both the researchers \u0000and the genuine clients. It includes a large number of sensing devices, some \u0000computing techniques and communication with limited power supplies and \u0000processing abilities which collectively work to fulfill a large sensing task. \u0000IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee based Wireless Sensor Networks raise a few issues like \u0000Energy Scavenging for the limited power supply. Accordingly good functioning of \u0000such system relies upon energies of the wireless motes. This paper presents two \u0000analytical models which demonstrate and predict the QoS in terms of throughput, \u0000jitter, average end-to-end delay and energy consumption. These two distinct \u0000network models based on IEEE 802.15.4 are cluster-based and grid-based, and are \u0000simulated using QualNet v 6.1 Simulator.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"166-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Laheurte, A. Kabalan, H. Retima, Eric Piedallu, Fulvio Michelis, B. Lebental
This paper describes the design of a battery-assisted Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Radio-Fre- quency IDentification (RFID) tag suitable for embedding in concrete materials and its measurement in a mortar slab. The device is built to communicate wirelessly not only the ID number of the RFID chip but also the digitalized output of a strain gauge sensor. Design optimizations of the RFID antenna is based on published permittivity and conductivity values of concrete. Experimental read ranges are measured from 800 to 1000 MHz with the help of commercial test equipment. Reading is possible up to 50 cm from the surface of a mortar block for a tag embedded 5 cm below the surface. This result is the first published one for RFID tags embedded in concrete or mortar.
{"title":"Embedded UHF RFID Tag for Durability Monitoring in Concrete","authors":"J. Laheurte, A. Kabalan, H. Retima, Eric Piedallu, Fulvio Michelis, B. Lebental","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2016.87012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2016.87012","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the design of a battery-assisted Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) Radio-Fre- quency IDentification (RFID) tag suitable for embedding in concrete materials and its measurement in a mortar slab. The device is built to communicate wirelessly not only the ID number of the RFID chip but also the digitalized output of a strain gauge sensor. Design optimizations of the RFID antenna is based on published permittivity and conductivity values of concrete. Experimental read ranges are measured from 800 to 1000 MHz with the help of commercial test equipment. Reading is possible up to 50 cm from the surface of a mortar block for a tag embedded 5 cm below the surface. This result is the first published one for RFID tags embedded in concrete or mortar.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bomgni, E. T. Fute, Miguel Landry Foko Sindjoung, C. T. Djamégni
A Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) is an ad-hoc network populated by small hand-held commodity devices, running on batteries called stations or sensors. Often used in hostiles and sometimes unreachable environments, stations are subject to energetic constraints which can significantly decrease the network life time. Permutation routing problem is mainly found in the literature of WSN. This problem occurs when some stations have items that belong either or not to them. The goal is to send each item to its receiver. To solve this problem, several works are presented in the literature. In this paper, we present a new permutation routing protocol for multi-hop wireless sensors network that, compared to recent work in the field is more efficient in terms of conservation of sensors’ energy, which results in a longer life time of the network. Also, contrary to some other routing protocols which assume that the memory of the sensors is infinite, we show that the memory size of the sensors is limited, which in our opinion is more realistic.
{"title":"A Tree-Based Distributed Permutation Routing Protocol in Multi-Hop Wireless Sensors Network","authors":"A. Bomgni, E. T. Fute, Miguel Landry Foko Sindjoung, C. T. Djamégni","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2016.86010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2016.86010","url":null,"abstract":"A Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) is an \u0000ad-hoc network populated by small hand-held commodity devices, running on \u0000batteries called stations or sensors. Often used in hostiles and sometimes \u0000unreachable environments, stations are subject to energetic constraints which \u0000can significantly decrease the network life time. Permutation routing problem \u0000is mainly found in the literature of WSN. This problem occurs when some \u0000stations have items that belong either or not to them. The goal is to send each \u0000item to its receiver. To solve this problem, several works are presented in the \u0000literature. In this paper, we present a new permutation routing protocol for \u0000multi-hop wireless sensors network that, compared to recent work in the field \u0000is more efficient in terms of conservation of sensors’ energy, which results in \u0000a longer life time of the network. Also, contrary to some other routing \u0000protocols which assume that the memory of the sensors is infinite, we show that \u0000the memory size of the sensors is limited, which in our opinion is more \u0000realistic.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"93-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara Nouh, Nada Elgaml, Nora A. Ali, Ahmed K. F. Khattab, R. Daoud, H. Amer
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have recently become one of the major research areas in the wireless communication field and are implemented in a variety of applications. One of these applications that will be tackled in this paper is monitoring electromagnetic (EM) pollution that is mostly caused by a variety of wireless devices that we use in our daily life. This paper presents a generic algorithm that uses a WSN to monitor EM hazardous emissions and reports variation caused by four violators. Additionally it calculates the network’s lifetime and simultaneously studies the effect of random parameters and their distributions on the network. Finally the different combinations of the random parameters and the altered distributions are compared together to achieve the combination that can prolong the network’s lifetime.
{"title":"Generalized Electromagnetic Pollution Monitoring Using WSN","authors":"Sara Nouh, Nada Elgaml, Nora A. Ali, Ahmed K. F. Khattab, R. Daoud, H. Amer","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2016.86009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2016.86009","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have recently become one of the major research areas in the wireless communication field and are implemented in a variety of applications. One of these applications that will be tackled in this paper is monitoring electromagnetic (EM) pollution that is mostly caused by a variety of wireless devices that we use in our daily life. This paper presents a generic algorithm that uses a WSN to monitor EM hazardous emissions and reports variation caused by four violators. Additionally it calculates the network’s lifetime and simultaneously studies the effect of random parameters and their distributions on the network. Finally the different combinations of the random parameters and the altered distributions are compared together to achieve the combination that can prolong the network’s lifetime.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"85-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used to sense certain parameters in an environment, manipulate the acquired data and transmit/receive the information in an intra or inter communication network. Innovative researches in WSNs have resulted in the increase of application scenarios, which, at a time instant, were not even well-thought-of to be automated by WSNs. With this advent, it becomes necessary to customize sensor nodes depending on node specific characteristics and the deployment environment. Challenges for designing a WSN depend on the scenario in which it is implemented. Commercially available wireless motes are mostly generalized for usage in most of the applications. This survey work aims to provide an insight on the various wireless motes available in the market. This will enhance future researchers to select wireless modules which might be most suitable for their application needs. Various parameters related to the technical and implementation characteristics of WSNs were considered in this survey. This survey also concentrates with the survey on individual RF modules based on certain parameters like frequency of operation, transmission power, receiver sensitivity, interface mechanism, data rate, active, sleep & power-down current consumptions, range and cost involved.
{"title":"Survey on Motes Used in Wireless Sensor Networks: Performance & Parametric Analysis","authors":"R. Narayanan, T. Sarath, V. Vineeth","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2016.84005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2016.84005","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used to sense certain parameters in an environment, manipulate the acquired data and transmit/receive the information in an intra or inter communication network. Innovative researches in WSNs have resulted in the increase of application scenarios, which, at a time instant, were not even well-thought-of to be automated by WSNs. With this advent, it becomes necessary to customize sensor nodes depending on node specific characteristics and the deployment environment. Challenges for designing a WSN depend on the scenario in which it is implemented. Commercially available wireless motes are mostly generalized for usage in most of the applications. This survey work aims to provide an insight on the various wireless motes available in the market. This will enhance future researchers to select wireless modules which might be most suitable for their application needs. Various parameters related to the technical and implementation characteristics of WSNs were considered in this survey. This survey also concentrates with the survey on individual RF modules based on certain parameters like frequency of operation, transmission power, receiver sensitivity, interface mechanism, data rate, active, sleep & power-down current consumptions, range and cost involved.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"51-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Home security should be a top concern for everyone who owns or rents a home. Moreover, safe and secure residential space is the necessity of every individual as most of the family members are working. The home is left unattended for most of the day-time and home invasion crimes are at its peak as constantly monitoring of the home is difficult. Another reason for the need of home safety is specifically when the elderly person is alone or the kids are with baby-sitter and servant. Home security system i.e. HomeOS is thus applicable and desirable for resident’s safety and convenience. This will be achieved by turning your home into a smart home by intelligent remote monitoring. Smart home comes into picture for the purpose of controlling and monitoring the home. It will give you peace of mind, as you can have a close watch and stay connected anytime, anywhere. But, is common man really concerned about home security? An investigative study was done by conducting a survey to get the inputs from different people from diverse backgrounds. The main motivation behind this survey was to make people aware of advanced HomeOS and analyze their need for security. This paper also studied the necessity of HomeOS investigative study in current situation where the home burglaries are rising at an exponential rate. In order to arrive at findings and conclusions, data were analyzed. The graphical method was employed to identify the relative significance of home security. From this analysis, we can infer that the cases of having kids and aged person at home or location of home contribute significantly to the need of advanced home security system. At the end, the proposed system model with its flow and the challenges faced while implementing home security systems are also discussed.
{"title":"An Investigative Study for Smart Home Security: Issues, Challenges and Countermeasures","authors":"Sudhir Chitnis, Neha Deshpande, A. Shaligram","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2016.84006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2016.84006","url":null,"abstract":"Home security should be a top concern for everyone who owns or rents a home. Moreover, safe and secure residential space is the necessity of every individual as most of the family members are working. The home is left unattended for most of the day-time and home invasion crimes are at its peak as constantly monitoring of the home is difficult. Another reason for the need of home safety is specifically when the elderly person is alone or the kids are with baby-sitter and servant. Home security system i.e. HomeOS is thus applicable and desirable for resident’s safety and convenience. This will be achieved by turning your home into a smart home by intelligent remote monitoring. Smart home comes into picture for the purpose of controlling and monitoring the home. It will give you peace of mind, as you can have a close watch and stay connected anytime, anywhere. But, is common man really concerned about home security? An investigative study was done by conducting a survey to get the inputs from different people from diverse backgrounds. The main motivation behind this survey was to make people aware of advanced HomeOS and analyze their need for security. This paper also studied the necessity of HomeOS investigative study in current situation where the home burglaries are rising at an exponential rate. In order to arrive at findings and conclusions, data were analyzed. The graphical method was employed to identify the relative significance of home security. From this analysis, we can infer that the cases of having kids and aged person at home or location of home contribute significantly to the need of advanced home security system. At the end, the proposed system model with its flow and the challenges faced while implementing home security systems are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"61-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indoor positioning systems (IPSs) have been intended to provide position information of persons and devices. Higher user percentage of handheld devices such as tablets or mobile phones had led to the development of a number of indoor positioning systems. In this research a work on a real time portable RFID indoor positioning device such as on smartphone will be performed. The personal networks will be designed to meet the users’ needs and interconnect users’ devices equipped with different communications technologies in various places to form one network for better result. Radio frequency identification (RFID) with directional antenna has proved its potential for locating objects in indoor environment. Hence, the proposed device idea will be used to exploit various unknown locations in an indoor environment such as college campus; this interpretation will rely on Wireless LAN, Received Signal Strength values from Access Points (AP) in specific mentioned arenas; these APs will be monitored constantly by RFID with directional antenna (DA) and handheld devices. For obtaining the better results from existing devices, algorithms of Range Estimation are proposed, which can be used on various handheld devices for locating indoor objects.
{"title":"Analysis of Geo Positioning System Using RF & DA","authors":"Jaspreet Kaur Kohli, A. Potgantwar","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2016.84007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2016.84007","url":null,"abstract":"Indoor positioning systems (IPSs) have been intended to provide position information of persons and devices. Higher user percentage of handheld devices such as tablets or mobile phones had led to the development of a number of indoor positioning systems. In this research a work on a real time portable RFID indoor positioning device such as on smartphone will be performed. The personal networks will be designed to meet the users’ needs and interconnect users’ devices equipped with different communications technologies in various places to form one network for better result. Radio frequency identification (RFID) with directional antenna has proved its potential for locating objects in indoor environment. Hence, the proposed device idea will be used to exploit various unknown locations in an indoor environment such as college campus; this interpretation will rely on Wireless LAN, Received Signal Strength values from Access Points (AP) in specific mentioned arenas; these APs will be monitored constantly by RFID with directional antenna (DA) and handheld devices. For obtaining the better results from existing devices, algorithms of Range Estimation are proposed, which can be used on various handheld devices for locating indoor objects.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"69-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), is a network of sensors, which are limited in terms of memory, computing, bandwidth, and battery lifetime. Multimedia transmission over WSN requires certain QoS guarantees such as huge amount of bandwidth, strict delay and lower loss ratio that makes transmitting multimedia is a complicated task. However, adopting cross-layer approach in WMSNs improves quality of service of WSN under different environmental conditions. In this work, an energy efficient and QoS aware framework for transmitting multimedia content over WSN (EQWSN) is presented, where packet, queue and path scheduling were introduced. It adapts the application layer parameter of video encoder to current wireless channel state, and drops less important packets in case of network congestion according to packet type. Finally, the path scheduling differentiates packets types/priority and route them through different paths with different QoS considering network lifetime. Simulation results show that the new scheme EQWSN transmits video quality with QoS guarantees in addition to prolonging network lifetime.
{"title":"Energy Efficient and QoS Aware Framework for Video Transmission over Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Mohammed Ezz El Dien, A. Youssif, A. Ghalwash","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2016.83003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2016.83003","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), is a network of sensors, which are limited in terms of memory, computing, bandwidth, and battery lifetime. Multimedia transmission over WSN requires certain QoS guarantees such as huge amount of bandwidth, strict delay and lower loss ratio that makes transmitting multimedia is a complicated task. However, adopting cross-layer approach in WMSNs improves quality of service of WSN under different environmental conditions. In this work, an energy efficient and QoS aware framework for transmitting multimedia content over WSN (EQWSN) is presented, where packet, queue and path scheduling were introduced. It adapts the application layer parameter of video encoder to current wireless channel state, and drops less important packets in case of network congestion according to packet type. Finally, the path scheduling differentiates packets types/priority and route them through different paths with different QoS considering network lifetime. Simulation results show that the new scheme EQWSN transmits video quality with QoS guarantees in addition to prolonging network lifetime.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"25-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Routing is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to the limitation in energy and hardware capabilities in WSN nodes. This challenge prompted researchers to develop routing protocols that satisfy WSNs needs. The main design objectives are reliable delivery, low energy consumption, and prolonging network lifetime. In WSNs, routing is based on local information among neighboring nodes. Routing decisions are made locally; each node will select the next hop without any clue about the other nodes on the path. Although a full knowledge about the network yields better routing, that is not feasible in WSNs due to memory limitation and to the high traffic needed to collect the needed data about all the nodes in the network. As an effort to try to overcome this disadvantage, we are proposing in this paper aware diffusion routing protocol. Aware diffusion follows a semi-holistic approach by collecting data about the available paths and uses these data to enforce healthier paths using machine learning. The data gathering is done by adding a new stage called data collection stage. In this stage, the protocol designer can determine which parameters to collect then use these parameters in enforcing the best path according to certain criteria. In our implementation of this paradigm, we are collecting total energy on the path, lowest energy level on the path, and hop count. Again, the data collected is designer and application specific. The collected data will be used to compare available paths using non-incremental learning, and the outcome will be preferring paths that meet the designer criteria. In our case, healthier and shorter paths are preferred, which will result in less power consumption, higher delivery rate, and longer network life since healthier and fewer nodes will be doing the work.
{"title":"Aware Diffusion: A Semi-Holistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Kamil Samara, H. Hosseini","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2016.83004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2016.83004","url":null,"abstract":"Routing is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to the limitation in energy and hardware capabilities in WSN nodes. This challenge prompted researchers to develop routing protocols that satisfy WSNs needs. The main design objectives are reliable delivery, low energy consumption, and prolonging network lifetime. In WSNs, routing is based on local information among neighboring nodes. Routing decisions are made locally; each node will select the next hop without any clue about the other nodes on the path. Although a full knowledge about the network yields better routing, that is not feasible in WSNs due to memory limitation and to the high traffic needed to collect the needed data about all the nodes in the network. As an effort to try to overcome this disadvantage, we are proposing in this paper aware diffusion routing protocol. Aware diffusion follows a semi-holistic approach by collecting data about the available paths and uses these data to enforce healthier paths using machine learning. The data gathering is done by adding a new stage called data collection stage. In this stage, the protocol designer can determine which parameters to collect then use these parameters in enforcing the best path according to certain criteria. In our implementation of this paradigm, we are collecting total energy on the path, lowest energy level on the path, and hop count. Again, the data collected is designer and application specific. The collected data will be used to compare available paths using non-incremental learning, and the outcome will be preferring paths that meet the designer criteria. In our case, healthier and shorter paths are preferred, which will result in less power consumption, higher delivery rate, and longer network life since healthier and fewer nodes will be doing the work.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"37-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The flexible use of sensors has made them an attractive device to be deployed in almost every field of life such as health, military and home. Recent advancement in electronics and wireless communications has witnessed the development of low cost-sensor devices. While wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are flexible to use and less costly, they need to be more energy-efficient as they are operated by the battery. Mostly they are deployed in harsh environments where it is very difficult to change the batteries frequently. Several medium access control (MAC) algorithms have been developed for the energy-efficient acquisition of the wireless channel, however, none of them are satisfactory. In this paper, we proposed a medium access control algorithm called MAC-PE. MAC-PE is based on the concept of prioritized frames where prioritized frames are transmitted urgently. In addition, it uses scheduled-based MAC instead of accessing channel randomly. We found MAC-PE (Power-Efficient MAC) was efficient in terms of power consumption without sacrificing on the performance using NS-2.
传感器的灵活使用使其成为一种有吸引力的设备，几乎可以部署在生活的各个领域，如医疗、军事和家庭。最近电子和无线通信的进步见证了低成本传感器设备的发展。虽然无线传感器网络(wsn)使用灵活且成本较低，但由于它们是由电池驱动的，因此需要更高的能效。它们大多被部署在恶劣的环境中，在那里很难经常更换电池。为了有效地获取无线信道，已经开发了几种介质访问控制(MAC)算法，但没有一种是令人满意的。本文提出了一种介质访问控制算法MAC-PE。MAC-PE基于优先帧的概念，优先帧被紧急传输。此外，它使用基于调度的MAC，而不是随机访问信道。我们发现MAC- pe (power - efficient MAC)在不牺牲使用NS-2的性能的情况下，在功耗方面是有效的。
{"title":"Power Efficient Scheduled-Based Medium Access Control Protocol over Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"M. Khan, Abrar Alajlan, M. Almasri","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2016.82002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2016.82002","url":null,"abstract":"The flexible use of sensors has made them an attractive device to be deployed in almost every field of life such as health, military and home. Recent advancement in electronics and wireless communications has witnessed the development of low cost-sensor devices. While wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are flexible to use and less costly, they need to be more energy-efficient as they are operated by the battery. Mostly they are deployed in harsh environments where it is very difficult to change the batteries frequently. Several medium access control (MAC) algorithms have been developed for the energy-efficient acquisition of the wireless channel, however, none of them are satisfactory. In this paper, we proposed a medium access control algorithm called MAC-PE. MAC-PE is based on the concept of prioritized frames where prioritized frames are transmitted urgently. In addition, it uses scheduled-based MAC instead of accessing channel randomly. We found MAC-PE (Power-Efficient MAC) was efficient in terms of power consumption without sacrificing on the performance using NS-2.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":"08 1","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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