Mauro Rodrigo Larrat Frota e Silva, Glaucio H. S. Carvalho, D. Monteiro, L. Machado
This paper analyzes the implementation of an algorithm into a FPGA embedded and distributed target location method using the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). The objective is to show a method in which an embedded feedforward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) can estimate target location in a distributed fashion against anchor failure. We discuss the lack of FPGA implementation of equivalent methods and the benefits of using a robust platform. We introduce the description of the implementation and we explain the operation of the proposed method, followed by the calculated errors due to inherent Elliott function approximation and the discretization of decimal values used as free parameters in ANN. Furthermore, we show some target location estimation points in function of different numbers of anchor failures. Our contribution is to show that an FPGA embedded ANN implementation, with a few layers, can rapidly estimate target location in a distributed fashion and in presence of failures of anchor nodes considering accuracy, precision and execution time.
{"title":"Distributed Target Location in Wireless Sensors Network: An Approach Using FPGA and Artificial Neural Network","authors":"Mauro Rodrigo Larrat Frota e Silva, Glaucio H. S. Carvalho, D. Monteiro, L. Machado","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2015.75005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2015.75005","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the implementation of an algorithm into a FPGA embedded and distributed target location method using the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). The objective is to show a method in which an embedded feedforward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) can estimate target location in a distributed fashion against anchor failure. We discuss the lack of FPGA implementation of equivalent methods and the benefits of using a robust platform. We introduce the description of the implementation and we explain the operation of the proposed method, followed by the calculated errors due to inherent Elliott function approximation and the discretization of decimal values used as free parameters in ANN. Furthermore, we show some target location estimation points in function of different numbers of anchor failures. Our contribution is to show that an FPGA embedded ANN implementation, with a few layers, can rapidly estimate target location in a distributed fashion and in presence of failures of anchor nodes considering accuracy, precision and execution time.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the self-localization problem is studied. It is one of the key technologies in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). And five localization algorithms: Centroid algorithm, Amorphous algorithm, DV-hop algorithm, APIT algorithm and Bounding Box algorithm are discussed. Simulation of those five localization algorithms is done by MATLAB. The simulation results show that the positioning error of Amorphous algorithm is the minimum. Considering economy and localization accuracy, the Amorphous algorithm can achieve the best localization performance under certain conditions.
{"title":"Analysis of Five Typical Localization Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Shelei Li, Xu Ding, Ting Yang","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2015.74004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2015.74004","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the self-localization problem is studied. It is one of the key technologies in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). And five localization algorithms: Centroid algorithm, Amorphous algorithm, DV-hop algorithm, APIT algorithm and Bounding Box algorithm are discussed. Simulation of those five localization algorithms is done by MATLAB. The simulation results show that the positioning error of Amorphous algorithm is the minimum. Considering economy and localization accuracy, the Amorphous algorithm can achieve the best localization performance under certain conditions.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70901946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the design and performance of a 94 GHz crossbar mixer using chip diodes in crossbar configuration. The mixer has been designed in suspended stripline configuration on 2 mil fused quartz substrate. Co-simulation between Agilent Advance Design System (ADS) and CST Microwave studio is used to simulate and optimize the mixer circuit. The conversion loss of this crossbar mixer with ~10 dBm of LO power over RF bandwidth (89 to 93.8 GHz) with LO frequency at 94 GHz has been measured. Measurement results show minimum conversion loss of the order of 8 dB and achieved LO to RF isolation was greater than 26 dB.
{"title":"Design of Crossbar Mixer at 94 GHz","authors":"Sanjeev Kumar Shah, G. Gupta","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2015.73003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2015.73003","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design and performance of a 94 GHz crossbar mixer using chip diodes in crossbar configuration. The mixer has been designed in suspended stripline configuration on 2 mil fused quartz substrate. Co-simulation between Agilent Advance Design System (ADS) and CST Microwave studio is used to simulate and optimize the mixer circuit. The conversion loss of this crossbar mixer with ~10 dBm of LO power over RF bandwidth (89 to 93.8 GHz) with LO frequency at 94 GHz has been measured. Measurement results show minimum conversion loss of the order of 8 dB and achieved LO to RF isolation was greater than 26 dB.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70901876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
RFID tags are used for different purposes. One of the major problems to be addressed, particularly for monitoring purposes, is their limited power autonomy. Tags must perform different tasks with limited power consumption and their batteries capacities are often too low, even if low power consumption techniques are implemented. In these operational situations tags should be kept in operation for long periods of time and the common solution is to go directly where they are installed and recharge them manually or change their batteries; alternatively, when possible, small photovoltaic (PV) panels may be adopted. This paper proposes a feasibility analysis of how it is possible to recharge a multipurpose RFID tag using a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), which is programmed to go above the tags and recharge them. This possibility is analyzed from an energetic point of view assuming to recharge a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using a common commercial UAV adequately instrumented using the wireless power transfer technique.
{"title":"Recharging RFID Tags for Environmental Monitoring Using UAVs: A Feasibility Analysis","authors":"M. Allegretti, S. Bertoldo","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2015.72002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2015.72002","url":null,"abstract":"RFID tags are used for different purposes. One of the major problems to be addressed, particularly for monitoring purposes, is their limited power autonomy. Tags must perform different tasks with limited power consumption and their batteries capacities are often too low, even if low power consumption techniques are implemented. In these operational situations tags should be kept in operation for long periods of time and the common solution is to go directly where they are installed and recharge them manually or change their batteries; alternatively, when possible, small photovoltaic (PV) panels may be adopted. This paper proposes a feasibility analysis of how it is possible to recharge a multipurpose RFID tag using a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), which is programmed to go above the tags and recharge them. This possibility is analyzed from an energetic point of view assuming to recharge a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using a common commercial UAV adequately instrumented using the wireless power transfer technique.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70902229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently a ubiquitous sensor network which collects our environmental information gets increasingly popular, a visualization application is necessary for users to manage complicated wireless networks, however, these applications are developed individually for wireless communication standard or a type of wireless device. Therefore, users are forced to adopt and use the application individually according to the target of the wireless network. In this paper, we propose a visualization platform for wireless network environments using augmented reality technology, and evaluate the effectiveness of the platform. From the result of the evaluation, we have confirmed the proposed platform has availability for visualization and management of wireless networks.
{"title":"Visualization and Management Platform with Augmented Reality for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Kenya Sato, Naoya Sakamoto, Hideki Shimada","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2015.71001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2015.71001","url":null,"abstract":"Recently a ubiquitous sensor network which collects our environmental information gets increasingly popular, a visualization application is necessary for users to manage complicated wireless networks, however, these applications are developed individually for wireless communication standard or a type of wireless device. Therefore, users are forced to adopt and use the application individually according to the target of the wireless network. In this paper, we propose a visualization platform for wireless network environments using augmented reality technology, and evaluate the effectiveness of the platform. From the result of the evaluation, we have confirmed the proposed platform has availability for visualization and management of wireless networks.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70901539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the human population growth and industry pressure in most developing countries continue to increase, effective water quality monitoring and evaluation has become critical for water resources management programs. This paper presents the ubiquitous mobile sensing system for water quality data collection and monitoring applications in developing countries. The system was designed based on the analysis of the existing solution. Open source hardware and software was used to develop the prototype of the system. Field testing of the system conducted in Nkokonjero, Uganda and Mwanza, Tanzania verified the functionalities of the system and its practical application in actual environment. Results show that proposed solution is able to collect and present data in a mobile environment.
{"title":"Ubiquitous Mobile Sensing for Water Quality Monitoring and Reporting within Lake Victoria Basin","authors":"A. Faustine, A. Mvuma","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2014.612025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2014.612025","url":null,"abstract":"As the human population growth and industry pressure in most developing countries continue to increase, effective water quality monitoring and evaluation has become critical for water resources management programs. This paper presents the ubiquitous mobile sensing system for water quality data collection and monitoring applications in developing countries. The system was designed based on the analysis of the existing solution. Open source hardware and software was used to develop the prototype of the system. Field testing of the system conducted in Nkokonjero, Uganda and Mwanza, Tanzania verified the functionalities of the system and its practical application in actual environment. Results show that proposed solution is able to collect and present data in a mobile environment.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70900760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Faustine, A. Mvuma, Hector Mongi, M. C. Gabriel, A. Tenge, S. Kucel
The need for effective and efficient monitoring, evaluation and control of water quality in Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) has become more demanding in this era of urbanization, population growth and climate change and variability. Traditional methods that rely on collecting water samples, testing and analyses in water laboratories are not only costly but also lack capability for real-time data capture, analyses and fast dissemination of information to relevant stakeholders for making timely and informed decisions. In this paper, a Water Sensor Network (WSN) system prototype developed for water quality monitoring in LVB is presented. The development was preceded by evaluation of prevailing environment including availability of cellular network coverage at the site of operation. The system consists of an Arduino microcontroller, water quality sensors, and a wireless network connection module. It detects water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and electrical conductivity in real-time and disseminates the information in graphical and tabular formats to relevant stakeholders through a web-based portal and mobile phone platforms. The experimental results show that the system has great prospect and can be used to operate in real world environment for optimum control and protection of water resources by providing key actors with relevant and timely information to facilitate quick action taking.
{"title":"Wireless Sensor Networks for Water Quality Monitoring and Control within Lake Victoria Basin: Prototype Development","authors":"A. Faustine, A. Mvuma, Hector Mongi, M. C. Gabriel, A. Tenge, S. Kucel","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2014.612027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2014.612027","url":null,"abstract":"The need for effective and efficient monitoring, evaluation and control of water quality in Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) has become more demanding in this era of urbanization, population growth and climate change and variability. Traditional methods that rely on collecting water samples, testing and analyses in water laboratories are not only costly but also lack capability for real-time data capture, analyses and fast dissemination of information to relevant stakeholders for making timely and informed decisions. In this paper, a Water Sensor Network (WSN) system prototype developed for water quality monitoring in LVB is presented. The development was preceded by evaluation of prevailing environment including availability of cellular network coverage at the site of operation. The system consists of an Arduino microcontroller, water quality sensors, and a wireless network connection module. It detects water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and electrical conductivity in real-time and disseminates the information in graphical and tabular formats to relevant stakeholders through a web-based portal and mobile phone platforms. The experimental results show that the system has great prospect and can be used to operate in real world environment for optimum control and protection of water resources by providing key actors with relevant and timely information to facilitate quick action taking.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70900378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work proposes an efficient disjoint multipath geographic routing algorithm for dense wireless sensor networks (WSN), called Multipath Grid-based Enabled Geographic Routing (MGEGR). The proposed algorithm relies on the construction of a 2-D logical grid in the geographical region of deployment. The objective of the proposed scheme is to determine optimal or near-optimal (within a defined constant) multiple disjoint paths (multipath) from a source node to the sink, in order to enhance the reliability of the network. The determined multiple disjoint paths would be used by the source node in a round-robin way to balance the traffic across the disjoint paths, and to avoid discovered paths with cell holes. The proposed scheme limits the use of broadcasting to the process of gateway election within each cell, and the process of maintaining the table of neighbors of each gateway. Our simulation results show the effectiveness and scalability of our routing scheme with increased network size compared to on-demand routing protocols.
{"title":"Multipath Grid-Based Enabled Geographic Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"B. Arafeh, K. Day, A. Touzene, N. Alzeidi","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2014.612026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2014.612026","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes an efficient disjoint multipath geographic routing algorithm for dense wireless sensor networks (WSN), called Multipath Grid-based Enabled Geographic Routing (MGEGR). The proposed algorithm relies on the construction of a 2-D logical grid in the geographical region of deployment. The objective of the proposed scheme is to determine optimal or near-optimal (within a defined constant) multiple disjoint paths (multipath) from a source node to the sink, in order to enhance the reliability of the network. The determined multiple disjoint paths would be used by the source node in a round-robin way to balance the traffic across the disjoint paths, and to avoid discovered paths with cell holes. The proposed scheme limits the use of broadcasting to the process of gateway election within each cell, and the process of maintaining the table of neighbors of each gateway. Our simulation results show the effectiveness and scalability of our routing scheme with increased network size compared to on-demand routing protocols.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70900786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The security problems of wireless sensor networks (WSN) have attracted people’s wide attention. In this paper, after we have summarized the existing security problems and solutions in WSN, we find that the insider attack to WSN is hard to solve. Insider attack is different from outsider attack, because it can’t be solved by the traditional encryption and message authentication. Therefore, a reliable secure routing protocol should be proposed in order to defense the insider attack. In this paper, we focus on insider selective forwarding attack. The existing detection mechanisms, such as watchdog, multipath retreat, neighbor-based monitoring and so on, have both advantages and disadvantages. According to their characteristics, we proposed a secure routing protocol based on monitor node and trust mechanism. The reputation value is made up with packet forwarding rate and node’s residual energy. So this detection and routing mechanism is universal because it can take account of both the safety and lifetime of network. Finally, we use OPNET simulation to verify the performance of our algorithm.
{"title":"Detection of Insider Selective Forwarding Attack Based on Monitor Node and Trust Mechanism in WSN","authors":"Yu Hu, Yuanming Wu, Hongshuai Wang","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2014.611023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2014.611023","url":null,"abstract":"The security problems of wireless sensor networks (WSN) have attracted people’s wide attention. In this paper, after we have summarized the existing security problems and solutions in WSN, we find that the insider attack to WSN is hard to solve. Insider attack is different from outsider attack, because it can’t be solved by the traditional encryption and message authentication. Therefore, a reliable secure routing protocol should be proposed in order to defense the insider attack. In this paper, we focus on insider selective forwarding attack. The existing detection mechanisms, such as watchdog, multipath retreat, neighbor-based monitoring and so on, have both advantages and disadvantages. According to their characteristics, we proposed a secure routing protocol based on monitor node and trust mechanism. The reputation value is made up with packet forwarding rate and node’s residual energy. So this detection and routing mechanism is universal because it can take account of both the safety and lifetime of network. Finally, we use OPNET simulation to verify the performance of our algorithm.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70900143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Target based association rules extract the correlation between targets in and around strategically specified regions. These rules can be used to predict and estimate the future results and find the faulty targets, etc. To extract these rules efficiently and effectively data preparation is required. The existing mechanisms of data preparation have the problem of redundancy in the data. As a consequence, extra energy is required for the sensors which used to monitor the targets. In this paper, authors propose a novel data preparation approach for target based association rule mining from the point of coverage wireless sensor networks, which reduces the redundancy in the data and thus enhances the performance of the network.
{"title":"A Novel Data Preparation Approach for Target Based Association Rule Mining","authors":"Prachi Singh, R. Gupta","doi":"10.4236/WSN.2014.611024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/WSN.2014.611024","url":null,"abstract":"Target based association rules extract the correlation between targets in and around strategically specified regions. These rules can be used to predict and estimate the future results and find the faulty targets, etc. To extract these rules efficiently and effectively data preparation is required. The existing mechanisms of data preparation have the problem of redundancy in the data. As a consequence, extra energy is required for the sensors which used to monitor the targets. In this paper, authors propose a novel data preparation approach for target based association rule mining from the point of coverage wireless sensor networks, which reduces the redundancy in the data and thus enhances the performance of the network.","PeriodicalId":58712,"journal":{"name":"无线传感网络(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70900221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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