Walter Eduardo Quezada-Yaguachi, Américo D. Rodríguez, Francisco Solis-Santoyo, Alma D López-Solis, W. Black Iv, Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez, Diego Morales-Viteri, R. P. Penilla-Navarro
{"title":"Comparison of Insecticide Resistance and Its Enzyme Mechanisms among <i>Aedes aegypti</i> Collected with Three Methods in a Dengue-Endemic City in Southern Mexico","authors":"Walter Eduardo Quezada-Yaguachi, Américo D. Rodríguez, Francisco Solis-Santoyo, Alma D López-Solis, W. Black Iv, Karla Saavedra-Rodriguez, Diego Morales-Viteri, R. P. Penilla-Navarro","doi":"10.4236/ae.2022.103018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2022.103018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70484260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experiments were carried out against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (RPW in a private palm orchard containing varieties of Samani (domestic) and Ikhlas (imported) infested with the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (RPW) in El-Marg area, Cairo Governorate, Egypt, using Petroleum oil, Jojoba oil, and Inorganic salts, singly and mixed with each of insecticides (Acetamiprid, Profenofos, Dimethoate) by injection and spraying of infested palm trunks, as well as pouring these substances into pits around the roots of the affected palm trees. The data showed that Acetamiprid was the most effective against RPW. The effective mixtures against R. ferrugineus were Jujuba oil with Acetamiprid, also used car oil with inorganic salts, which resulted in 100% recovery of treated palm. Continuing treatment of infested palms for 6 consecutive months by injecting used car oil mixed with inorganic saline solution resulted in 100% recovery for both date palm cultivars. Spraying these substances on the affected trunks had no effect on RPW. Pouring the tested solutions around the roots of the affected palm had the least effect against RPW. Injection of the tested pesticides into the ganic salt, compared to the control group. There is a significant difference between the treatments.
{"title":"Field Exploration of the Efficacy of Some Friendly Products in Combination with Some Pesticides against the Red Palm Weevil <i>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</i> (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Its Effect on Total Carbohydrates and Micronutrients in the Resulting Date Fruits","authors":"M. I. Mogahed","doi":"10.4236/ae.2022.104020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2022.104020","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments were carried out against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (RPW in a private palm orchard containing varieties of Samani (domestic) and Ikhlas (imported) infested with the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) (RPW) in El-Marg area, Cairo Governorate, Egypt, using Petroleum oil, Jojoba oil, and Inorganic salts, singly and mixed with each of insecticides (Acetamiprid, Profenofos, Dimethoate) by injection and spraying of infested palm trunks, as well as pouring these substances into pits around the roots of the affected palm trees. The data showed that Acetamiprid was the most effective against RPW. The effective mixtures against R. ferrugineus were Jujuba oil with Acetamiprid, also used car oil with inorganic salts, which resulted in 100% recovery of treated palm. Continuing treatment of infested palms for 6 consecutive months by injecting used car oil mixed with inorganic saline solution resulted in 100% recovery for both date palm cultivars. Spraying these substances on the affected trunks had no effect on RPW. Pouring the tested solutions around the roots of the affected palm had the least effect against RPW. Injection of the tested pesticides into the ganic salt, compared to the control group. There is a significant difference between the treatments.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70484307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Kopya, C. Ndo, L. Djamouko-Djonkam, L. Nkahe, P. Awono-ambene, F. Njiokou, Charles Sinclair Wondji, C. Antonio-Nkondjio
Background: Understanding the biology of Anopheles malaria vector species is essential to planning effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. This study reported the implication of Anopheles leesoni in malaria transmission in Cameroon, Central Africa. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected in three localities from May 2015 to March 2018 using electric aspirators and Centers for Disease Control light traps (CDC-LT). Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) mosquitoes were identified as species using polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR). Furthermore, Plasmodium falciparum infection status was determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) leesoni was found positive for P. falciparum (infection rate: 10.98%) in Cameroon. Conclusion: A very high P. falciparum infection rate was observed in this study in A. funestus s.s., highlighting its high implication in malaria transmission in Cameroon. Furthermore, the detection of P. falciparum infection in A. leesoni calls for more attention towards this neglected vector species.
{"title":"Anopheles leesoni Evans 1931, a Member of the Anopheles funestus Group, Is a Potential Malaria Vector in Cameroon","authors":"E. Kopya, C. Ndo, L. Djamouko-Djonkam, L. Nkahe, P. Awono-ambene, F. Njiokou, Charles Sinclair Wondji, C. Antonio-Nkondjio","doi":"10.4236/ae.2022.101008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2022.101008","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Understanding the biology of Anopheles malaria vector species is essential to planning effective and sustainable malaria control strategies in endemic countries. This study reported the implication of Anopheles leesoni in malaria transmission in Cameroon, Central Africa. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected in three localities from May 2015 to March 2018 using electric aspirators and Centers for Disease Control light traps (CDC-LT). Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) mosquitoes were identified as species using polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR). Furthermore, Plasmodium falciparum infection status was determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) leesoni was found positive for P. falciparum (infection rate: 10.98%) in Cameroon. Conclusion: A very high P. falciparum infection rate was observed in this study in A. funestus s.s., highlighting its high implication in malaria transmission in Cameroon. Furthermore, the detection of P. falciparum infection in A. leesoni calls for more attention towards this neglected vector species.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70484463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kenechukwu C. Ojukwu, J. Chabi, Kwadwo K. Frempong, D. Adabie-Gomez, Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei, A. Asafu-Adjaye, Sellase Pi-Bansa, Michelle Adimazoya, Kojo Y. Sakyi, Kwaku O. Akuoko, Ruth C. Brenyah, Maxwell A. Appawu, Samuel Kweku Dadzie
{"title":"Ecology, Distribution and Risk of Transmission of Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers by Aedes Mosquitoes around the Port Areas of Tema in Southern Ghana","authors":"Kenechukwu C. Ojukwu, J. Chabi, Kwadwo K. Frempong, D. Adabie-Gomez, Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei, A. Asafu-Adjaye, Sellase Pi-Bansa, Michelle Adimazoya, Kojo Y. Sakyi, Kwaku O. Akuoko, Ruth C. Brenyah, Maxwell A. Appawu, Samuel Kweku Dadzie","doi":"10.4236/ae.2022.102010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2022.102010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70484532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Quamruzzaman, F. Islam, L. Akter, M. Hossain, Sharmilla Rani Mallick
In this study, the effects of different types of nethouses viz., NH1, NH2, and NH3, were investigated at the research farm of the Olericulture Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) from Sep 2021 to Mar 2022 and compared to control (open field) in terms of the incidence of white fly, aphid, leaf miners, mites, and eggplant shoot and fruit borer (ESFB). This study included six vegetables 1) Tomato, 2) Eggplant, 3) Sweet pepper, 4) Broccoli, 5) Cucumber; 6) Okra, as well as four nethouse treatments: 1) UV stabilized transparent polyethylene film with 60 mesh insect net along with green shade net (NH1); 2) UV stabilized transparent polyethylene film with 60 mesh insect net (NH2); 3) 60 mesh insect net (NH3); 4) Open field infestation of white fly, aphid, leaf miners, mites, and ESFB was observed under open field conditions followed by NH1 conditions, while the lower infestation was observed in NH2 and NH3 for all vegetables. From the study, we found the use of stabilized transparent polyethylene film with a 60 mesh insect nethouse provided a negative effect on the presence of different types of notorious insects on vegetables. So, this type of protected nethouse will provide a new dimension to producing safe and quality vegetables in Bangladesh.
{"title":"Effect of Different Nethouses on the Incidence of Insect on Vegetable Crops","authors":"A. Quamruzzaman, F. Islam, L. Akter, M. Hossain, Sharmilla Rani Mallick","doi":"10.4236/ae.2022.103016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2022.103016","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effects of different types of nethouses viz., NH1, NH2, and NH3, were investigated at the research farm of the Olericulture Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) from Sep 2021 to Mar 2022 and compared to control (open field) in terms of the incidence of white fly, aphid, leaf miners, mites, and eggplant shoot and fruit borer (ESFB). This study included six vegetables 1) Tomato, 2) Eggplant, 3) Sweet pepper, 4) Broccoli, 5) Cucumber; 6) Okra, as well as four nethouse treatments: 1) UV stabilized transparent polyethylene film with 60 mesh insect net along with green shade net (NH1); 2) UV stabilized transparent polyethylene film with 60 mesh insect net (NH2); 3) 60 mesh insect net (NH3); 4) Open field infestation of white fly, aphid, leaf miners, mites, and ESFB was observed under open field conditions followed by NH1 conditions, while the lower infestation was observed in NH2 and NH3 for all vegetables. From the study, we found the use of stabilized transparent polyethylene film with a 60 mesh insect nethouse provided a negative effect on the presence of different types of notorious insects on vegetables. So, this type of protected nethouse will provide a new dimension to producing safe and quality vegetables in Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70484209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Worldwide biodiversity is being threatened by human activities to a greater level wherein the natural ecosystems are reaching the verge of collapsing. We are faced with four major interrelated challenges namely a changing climate, biodiversity loss, human population growth and food production for this growing population. Agricultural intensification contributes significantly to biodiversity loss. The agricultural model for our current food production systems is mainly based on the Green Revolution, which promoted the cultivation of crops in extensive monoculture fields and intensified external inputs of agrochemicals. This model resulted in biodiversity loss, particularly in insect populations. A model based on ecological intensification as an alternative to agricultural intensification with minimized use of agro-inputs may slow the rate of biodiversity loss resulting in more sustainable agricultural ecosystems.
{"title":"Finding Food Security through Changing the Agricultural Model to Sustain Insect Biodiversity","authors":"A. Jankielsohn","doi":"10.4236/ae.2021.93011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2021.93011","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide biodiversity is being threatened by human \u0000activities to a greater level wherein the natural ecosystems are reaching the \u0000verge of collapsing. We are faced with four major interrelated challenges \u0000namely a changing climate, biodiversity loss, human population growth and food \u0000production for this growing population. Agricultural intensification \u0000contributes significantly to biodiversity loss. The agricultural model for our \u0000current food production systems is mainly based on the Green Revolution, which \u0000promoted the cultivation of crops in extensive monoculture fields and intensified \u0000external inputs of agrochemicals. This model resulted in biodiversity loss, \u0000particularly in insect populations. A model based on ecological intensification \u0000as an alternative to agricultural \u0000intensification with minimized use of agro-inputs may slow the rate of \u0000biodiversity loss resulting in more sustainable agricultural ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44092079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. C. Mattoso, Denise Dolores Oliveira Moreira, T. Teodoro, Claudio Luiz Melo Souza, Rita de Kássia Guarnier da Silva, V. Morais, Carlos P. Silva, M. Erthal, R. Samuels
The biology of a koinobiont parasitoid of leaf-cutting ant larvae, Szelenyiopria talitae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), was studied from naturally infested Acromyrmex subterraneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests. Nests were collected in the field from the Atlantic rainforest biome in the state of Rio de Janeiro. A total of fifty-three nests were collected from 2015 to 2018. Parasitized nests were only found during the months of September and October. Approximately 22% of the nests collected over a four-year period were found to have been parasitized by S. talitae. The mean within-nest parasitism rate was 66.3%. This diapriid displayed both solitary (14%) and gregarious parasitism (86%), with up to a maximum of 12 parasitoids developing within a single host. Gregarious parasitism with two (29%) or three (21%) S. talitae per host was most frequently observed. There was a positive correlation between the number of parasitoids per host and host size (dry weight), indicating that S. talitae females oviposited a higher number of eggs in larger hosts. There was also a negative correlation between S. talitae pharate adult size and the number of parasitoids per host, which could have been caused by sibling competition for limited host resources. The high levels of parasitism seen here had a debilitating effect on the colonies. Acromyrmex subterraneus is a serious pest in Brazil, and these studies lay the foundation for understanding the impact of S. talitae on ant populations.
{"title":"The Biology of Szelenyiopria talitae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae): Larval Parasitoid of the Leaf-Cutting Ant Acromyrmex subterraneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","authors":"T. C. Mattoso, Denise Dolores Oliveira Moreira, T. Teodoro, Claudio Luiz Melo Souza, Rita de Kássia Guarnier da Silva, V. Morais, Carlos P. Silva, M. Erthal, R. Samuels","doi":"10.4236/ae.2021.93012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2021.93012","url":null,"abstract":"The biology of a koinobiont parasitoid of \u0000leaf-cutting ant larvae, Szelenyiopria talitae (Hymenoptera: \u0000Diapriidae), was studied from naturally infested Acromyrmex subterraneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests. Nests were collected in the field from the \u0000Atlantic rainforest biome in the state of Rio de Janeiro. A total of \u0000fifty-three nests were collected from 2015 to 2018. Parasitized nests were only \u0000found during the months of September and October. Approximately 22% of the \u0000nests collected over a four-year period were found to have been parasitized by S. \u0000talitae. The mean within-nest parasitism rate \u0000was 66.3%. This diapriid displayed both solitary (14%) and gregarious \u0000parasitism (86%), with up to a maximum of 12 parasitoids developing within a \u0000single host. Gregarious parasitism with two (29%) or three (21%) S. talitae per host was most frequently observed. There was a positive correlation between \u0000the number of parasitoids per host and host size (dry weight), indicating that S. \u0000talitae females oviposited a higher number of eggs in larger hosts. There \u0000was also a negative correlation between S. talitae pharate adult \u0000size and the number of parasitoids per host, which could have been caused by \u0000sibling competition for limited host resources. The high levels of parasitism \u0000seen here had a debilitating effect on the colonies. Acromyrmex subterraneus is a serious pest in Brazil, and these studies lay the foundation for \u0000understanding the impact of S. talitae on ant populations.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44566650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present economic challenges in Nigeria call for a serious sustainable environment-friendly agricultural enterprise with a great potential that improves export earnings. It is our fervent believe that the contribution of the apiculture sector to its sustainable human development and specifically increases the income of beekeepers and traders of bee products through improved commercialization of quality bee products in Nigeria which will in turn lead to a drastic increase in the GDP of the nation. The overall goal of the Nigeria Apiculture Value Chain (AVC) Development Program is to contribute to an increase income of beekeepers and other actors on the AVC through increase in production capacity, stimulate the efficiency and competitiveness of the AVC products by improving standards, processing capacity so as to access higher value niche markets through Fairtrade International (FLO) certification or organic certifications and to achieve a total sales value of over $5 million by 2035 (Sustainable Development Goal SDG) target on Food Security. Apiculture provides highly desirable products such as honey, comb/wax, pollen, propolis, bee venom, royal jelly, apilarnil and apilanil prop, value added products and pollination services. It is of note to stress the need to urgently embrace the use of modern techniques in keeping honeybees for industrial development of Nigeria and also to enhance exportation of the products to earn growth in the Nigeria’s GDP by diversifying the monolithic economy that is presently based on crude oil exportation.
{"title":"Comprehensive Value Chain Development of Natural Resources for Economic Diversification: The Apiculture Approach","authors":"A. A. Oyerinde, T. Omara-Achong","doi":"10.4236/AE.2021.92006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AE.2021.92006","url":null,"abstract":"The present economic challenges in Nigeria call for a serious sustainable environment-friendly agricultural enterprise with a great potential that improves export earnings. It is our fervent believe that the contribution of the apiculture sector to its sustainable human development and specifically increases the income of beekeepers and traders of bee products through improved commercialization of quality bee products in Nigeria which will in turn lead to a drastic increase in the GDP of the nation. The overall goal of the Nigeria Apiculture Value Chain (AVC) Development Program is to contribute to an increase income of beekeepers and other actors on the AVC through increase in production capacity, stimulate the efficiency and competitiveness of the AVC products by improving standards, processing capacity so as to access higher value niche markets through Fairtrade International (FLO) certification or organic certifications and to achieve a total sales value of over $5 million by 2035 (Sustainable Development Goal SDG) target on Food Security. Apiculture provides highly desirable products such as honey, comb/wax, pollen, propolis, bee venom, royal jelly, apilarnil and apilanil prop, value added products and pollination services. It is of note to stress the need to urgently embrace the use of modern techniques in keeping honeybees for industrial development of Nigeria and also to enhance exportation of the products to earn growth in the Nigeria’s GDP by diversifying the monolithic economy that is presently based on crude oil exportation.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41566723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, is a harmful pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Pioneer variety 25R78 is putatively tolerant, meaning that the plant can survive successful Hessian fly infestation with reduced growth effects. To understand if Hessian fly-tolerance in wheat results in reduced yield effects and to analyze the economic feasibility of tolerant wheat as a Hessian fly control method, this study focused on analyzing the effect of infestation on tolerant wheat yield. This study analyzed tolerant Pioneer variety 25R78, resistant Pioneer brand variety 25R32, and susceptible Pioneer brand variety 25R47 through harvest. Treated plants were infested using a plastic cover and allowing 1 - 2 female flies to lay eggs for two hours. We measured head, fertile head number and tiller number. Seeds were analyzed by measuring total seed number and weight, as well as average seed number and weight. Tolerant and resistant plants showed no significant effects on yield in comparison to susceptible wheat. The infested tolerant plants were comparable in yield to infested resistant plants. Therefore, we propose that tolerance incorporated into wheat varieties will lower selection pressure on Hessian fly populations and increase the durability of these wheat lines.
{"title":"Wheat Yield in a Tolerant Winter Wheat Line Infested by Hessian Fly (Mayetiola destructor)","authors":"K. E. Roe, B. Schemerhorn","doi":"10.4236/AE.2021.92007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AE.2021.92007","url":null,"abstract":"The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, is a harmful pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Pioneer variety 25R78 is putatively tolerant, meaning that the plant can survive successful Hessian fly infestation with reduced growth effects. To understand if Hessian fly-tolerance in wheat results in reduced yield effects and to analyze the economic feasibility of tolerant wheat as a Hessian fly control method, this study focused on analyzing the effect of infestation on tolerant wheat yield. This study analyzed tolerant Pioneer variety 25R78, resistant Pioneer brand variety 25R32, and susceptible Pioneer brand variety 25R47 through harvest. Treated plants were infested using a plastic cover and allowing 1 - 2 female flies to lay eggs for two hours. We measured head, fertile head number and tiller number. Seeds were analyzed by measuring total seed number and weight, as well as average seed number and weight. Tolerant and resistant plants showed no significant effects on yield in comparison to susceptible wheat. The infested tolerant plants were comparable in yield to infested resistant plants. Therefore, we propose that tolerance incorporated into wheat varieties will lower selection pressure on Hessian fly populations and increase the durability of these wheat lines.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42709158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tsikolia, T. Opatz, U. Kauhl, N. Tabanca, B. Demirci, S. TenBroeck, K. Linthicum, U. Bernier
The volatile compounds from horse and pony hairs and skin were analyzed to determine bioactive molecules that are kairomones used for host location by blood-feeding diptera. In this study, horse and pony hair samples were extracted with organic solvents (pentane or hexane) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) with closed electron ionization (CEI). Using the GC-MS analysis, we observed a compound peak, which could not be identified by comparison to mass spectra in the mass spectral library. This unknown compound was often the largest peak in the chromatogram and had a retention index and mass spectral fragmentation similar to nonanal. However, there were several differences in the fragmentation pattern. When compared to a nonanal reference standard, it was evident that this was a different compound. Hydrodistillation of pony hair was another extraction method to obtain the unknown component in higher concentrations. Analysis of this extract with GC-flame ionization detector (FID) with GC-MS confirmed the same unknown peak. Further experiments and analysis with the various mass spectroscopy tools gave the possible molecular ion with mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) 142, corresponding to the unknown component.
{"title":"Trials for Gathering Information on an Unknown Peak in the GC-MS Spectra of Horse and Pony Hair Extracts","authors":"M. Tsikolia, T. Opatz, U. Kauhl, N. Tabanca, B. Demirci, S. TenBroeck, K. Linthicum, U. Bernier","doi":"10.4236/AE.2021.92009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AE.2021.92009","url":null,"abstract":"The volatile compounds from horse and pony hairs and skin were analyzed to determine bioactive molecules that are kairomones used for host location by blood-feeding diptera. In this study, horse and pony hair samples were extracted with organic solvents (pentane or hexane) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) with closed electron ionization (CEI). Using the GC-MS analysis, we observed a compound peak, which could not be identified by comparison to mass spectra in the mass spectral library. This unknown compound was often the largest peak in the chromatogram and had a retention index and mass spectral fragmentation similar to nonanal. However, there were several differences in the fragmentation pattern. When compared to a nonanal reference standard, it was evident that this was a different compound. Hydrodistillation of pony hair was another extraction method to obtain the unknown component in higher concentrations. Analysis of this extract with GC-flame ionization detector (FID) with GC-MS confirmed the same unknown peak. Further experiments and analysis with the various mass spectroscopy tools gave the possible molecular ion with mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) 142, corresponding to the unknown component.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44576526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：