S. Oo, Khin Myat Hmwe, Nyothiri Aung, Aye Aye Su, K. K. Soe, Tin Lay Mon, Khin Mar Lwin, M. Thu, Thin Thin Soe, Myat Lwin Htwe
Paddy fields are natural and artificial wetland ecosystems that supply rice for the people and provide the wildlife especially insect diversity of different functional aspects. A total of 71 insect species belonging to 40 families under eight orders were observed during the study period. Among the 71 insect species, 18 species of beetles, nine species of bugs, eight species of dragonfly, five species of butterflies, four species of leafhoppers, plant hoppers and moths, three borer and spiders, two crickets, one species of skippers, grass hopper, hispa, ant, weevil, hairy caterpillar, leaf roller, katydid, thrips, maggot and water boatmen were recorded in the study sites. Total of 41 species of pests, 18 species of predators and 12 species of beneficial species (they function as pollinating the flowering plants in the paddy field wetland ecosystem) were recorded in the study sites. In the monsoon season, the 41 species of pest species, 18 species of predator species and 12 species of beneficial species were recorded from monsoon rice field. According to Shannon Evenness value (H'/S = -0.012564), the data showed that the insect species recorded from the one habitat was not the similar to another. In summer paddy fields, 36 species of pest species, 16 species of predator species and 9 species of beneficial species were recorded. Total arthropod insect species were recorded 61 species from the dry rice fields. According to Shannon Evenness value (H'/S = -0.000120), the data showed that the insect species recorded from the one habitat was not the similar to another. Population growth and duration of life cycle of insects is mainly dominated by the temperature, the duration of life cycle is shorter in the high temperature than in the low temperature.
{"title":"Diversity of Insect Pest and Predator Species in Monsoon and Summer Rice Fields of Taungoo Environs, Myanmar","authors":"S. Oo, Khin Myat Hmwe, Nyothiri Aung, Aye Aye Su, K. K. Soe, Tin Lay Mon, Khin Mar Lwin, M. Thu, Thin Thin Soe, Myat Lwin Htwe","doi":"10.4236/ae.2020.83009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2020.83009","url":null,"abstract":"Paddy fields are natural and artificial wetland ecosystems that supply rice for the people and provide the wildlife especially insect diversity of different functional aspects. A total of 71 insect species belonging to 40 families under eight orders were observed during the study period. Among the 71 insect species, 18 species of beetles, nine species of bugs, eight species of dragonfly, five species of butterflies, four species of leafhoppers, plant hoppers and moths, three borer and spiders, two crickets, one species of skippers, grass hopper, hispa, ant, weevil, hairy caterpillar, leaf roller, katydid, thrips, maggot and water boatmen were recorded in the study sites. Total of 41 species of pests, 18 species of predators and 12 species of beneficial species (they function as pollinating the flowering plants in the paddy field wetland ecosystem) were recorded in the study sites. In the monsoon season, the 41 species of pest species, 18 species of predator species and 12 species of beneficial species were recorded from monsoon rice field. According to Shannon Evenness value (H'/S = -0.012564), the data showed that the insect species recorded from the one habitat was not the similar to another. In summer paddy fields, 36 species of pest species, 16 species of predator species and 9 species of beneficial species were recorded. Total arthropod insect species were recorded 61 species from the dry rice fields. According to Shannon Evenness value (H'/S = -0.000120), the data showed that the insect species recorded from the one habitat was not the similar to another. Population growth and duration of life cycle of insects is mainly dominated by the temperature, the duration of life cycle is shorter in the high temperature than in the low temperature.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49491293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Oo, Tin Lay Mon, Nyothiri Aung, T. Ei, Toe Toe Soe, Aye Aye Su, K. K. Soe, Khin Mar Lwin, Thin Thin Soe, Myat Lwin Htwe
Prevalence rate of Aedes aegypti was conducted in 20 houses from semi-urban areas of Yangon Region. Larval surveys were done at indoors and outdoors water containers of five types. Prevalence rate of larval density larvae was investigated monthly by standard indices. The highest infestation rate of the container index (CI) was in June 2018 (56.52%), the second highest was in July 2017 (48.36%) and the lowest rate was in April 2017 (5.07%); those of the Jar index (JI) was highest (36.49%) in June and second highest rate (23.8%) was in October 2017. Reasoning the Metal drum (MI) was highest (13.95%) in June 2018 and second highest (6.25%) was in July 2017. The larval infestation rate of Earthen pot (EI) was highest (42.1%) in July 2017. The larval incident rate in almost all indices showed that the highest rate was at the beginning of monsoon season, in June and July, while in the remaining months, the larval incident rate was found to decrease due to the application of insecticides in the study area by the Township Public Health Department. However, the application of insecticides did not cover all the breeding sites of the mosquitoes, the water puddles under their houses were left to apply the insecticides. The positive larval incident rate was assessed by Household (HI), Container index (CI), Breteau index (BI). The highest and second highest positive larval incident rates were all in June 2018 and July 2017 in all indices, HI (27.3% and 23.4%), CI (56.52% and 48.36%), BI (17.56% and 16.79%) and SI (28.49% and 24.38%) respectively. The lowest rate in all indices was 2.56% (HI), 5.07% (IC), 2.67% (BI) and 1.91% (SI) in April. In this study, the fluctuation of indices of infestation rates and positive larval index value was positively correlated in similar trends in the study months. The reason for difficult control measure depends on the water sources under their houses and remains stagnant throughout the year, even in the dry season. High incident and death rates of the children due to Dengue/Dengue Haemorrhagic fever patients in June and July could not be directly correlated with the prevalence of Aedes aegypti. The control measure is needed to wash out the water source under the houses and to apply the insecticides to the all breeding sites.
{"title":"Seasonal Prevalence of Aedes aegypti in Semi-Urban Area of Yangon Region, Myanmar","authors":"S. Oo, Tin Lay Mon, Nyothiri Aung, T. Ei, Toe Toe Soe, Aye Aye Su, K. K. Soe, Khin Mar Lwin, Thin Thin Soe, Myat Lwin Htwe","doi":"10.4236/ae.2020.83008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2020.83008","url":null,"abstract":"Prevalence rate of Aedes aegypti was conducted in 20 houses from semi-urban areas of Yangon Region. Larval surveys were done at indoors and outdoors water containers of five types. Prevalence rate of larval density larvae was investigated monthly by standard indices. The highest infestation rate of the container index (CI) was in June 2018 (56.52%), the second highest was in July 2017 (48.36%) and the lowest rate was in April 2017 (5.07%); those of the Jar index (JI) was highest (36.49%) in June and second highest rate (23.8%) was in October 2017. Reasoning the Metal drum (MI) was highest (13.95%) in June 2018 and second highest (6.25%) was in July 2017. The larval infestation rate of Earthen pot (EI) was highest (42.1%) in July 2017. The larval incident rate in almost all indices showed that the highest rate was at the beginning of monsoon season, in June and July, while in the remaining months, the larval incident rate was found to decrease due to the application of insecticides in the study area by the Township Public Health Department. However, the application of insecticides did not cover all the breeding sites of the mosquitoes, the water puddles under their houses were left to apply the insecticides. The positive larval incident rate was assessed by Household (HI), Container index (CI), Breteau index (BI). The highest and second highest positive larval incident rates were all in June 2018 and July 2017 in all indices, HI (27.3% and 23.4%), CI (56.52% and 48.36%), BI (17.56% and 16.79%) and SI (28.49% and 24.38%) respectively. The lowest rate in all indices was 2.56% (HI), 5.07% (IC), 2.67% (BI) and 1.91% (SI) in April. In this study, the fluctuation of indices of infestation rates and positive larval index value was positively correlated in similar trends in the study months. The reason for difficult control measure depends on the water sources under their houses and remains stagnant throughout the year, even in the dry season. High incident and death rates of the children due to Dengue/Dengue Haemorrhagic fever patients in June and July could not be directly correlated with the prevalence of Aedes aegypti. The control measure is needed to wash out the water source under the houses and to apply the insecticides to the all breeding sites.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49041024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Mahmoud, L. El-Khashab, W. Moselhy, A. Zayed, M. Salama
Insects are well recognized as a source of potentially useful compounds for modern medicine. Development of anticancer drugs from natural resources has been performed throughout the world. In the present study, anticancer activity of the hemolymph and fat body of Sarcophaga argyrostoma third larval instars is assayed against human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231 cells). The cytotoxicity of the hemolymph and fat body samples were determined. The results showed that growth of MDA-MB-231 cells was inhibited at different concentrations upon 24 h of exposure. There is no inhibitory activity against Vero cells under these experimental conditions. Protein profile of the hemolymph and fat body were extracted and separated using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Protein analysis showed differences in number of electrophoretic protein bands with different molecular weights between treated and control larvae. The present work assumes that hemolymph and fat body tissue have cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells and these results exhibit that larvae from S. argyrostoma could be used as a good source for developing anti-cancer agents and knowledge of these anti-cancer compounds will lead to better control of human disease.
{"title":"In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activity of Larval Hemolymph and Fat Body of Flesh Fly Sarcophaga argyrostoma (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)","authors":"S. Mahmoud, L. El-Khashab, W. Moselhy, A. Zayed, M. Salama","doi":"10.4236/ae.2020.82007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2020.82007","url":null,"abstract":"Insects are well recognized as a source of potentially useful compounds for modern medicine. Development of anticancer drugs from natural resources has been performed throughout the world. In the present study, anticancer activity of the hemolymph and fat body of Sarcophaga argyrostoma third larval instars is assayed against human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231 cells). The cytotoxicity of the hemolymph and fat body samples were determined. The results showed that growth of MDA-MB-231 cells was inhibited at different concentrations upon 24 h of exposure. There is no inhibitory activity against Vero cells under these experimental conditions. Protein profile of the hemolymph and fat body were extracted and separated using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Protein analysis showed differences in number of electrophoretic protein bands with different molecular weights between treated and control larvae. The present work assumes that hemolymph and fat body tissue have cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells and these results exhibit that larvae from S. argyrostoma could be used as a good source for developing anti-cancer agents and knowledge of these anti-cancer compounds will lead to better control of human disease.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47390781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salivary proteins are the initial contact between sedentary insect pests and their host plants. It is expected that one or more salivary proteins mediate the interaction between Hessian fly and wheat, in which a feeding site is established to the benefit of the fly. A survey of 52 loci annotated as insect secreted salivary proteins was conducted in 384 individuals evenly distributed among eight biotypes of Hessian fly (B, C, D, E, GP, L, O, and vH9). Amplicons were sequenced with Illumina, and sequence reads were aligned to the reference sequences from which primers had been designed. Positions of consistent base variation (998 in all) were identified and tabulated by biotype. No varying position was associated with biotype-wide virulence to any one of wheat resistance genes H3, H5, H6, H7/H8, H9, H11, H13, and H26. The multiplate pooling strategy utilized in this study is an effective, affordable way to reveal the genotype of hundreds of individuals at tens of genetic loci.
{"title":"Relationship of Secreted Salivary Protein Variants to Virulence in Hessian Fly (Mayetiola destructor (Say))","authors":"Y. M. Crane, C. Crane, B. Schemerhorn","doi":"10.4236/ae.2020.81002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2020.81002","url":null,"abstract":"Salivary proteins are the initial contact between sedentary insect pests and their host plants. It is expected that one or more salivary proteins mediate the interaction between Hessian fly and wheat, in which a feeding site is established to the benefit of the fly. A survey of 52 loci annotated as insect secreted salivary proteins was conducted in 384 individuals evenly distributed among eight biotypes of Hessian fly (B, C, D, E, GP, L, O, and vH9). Amplicons were sequenced with Illumina, and sequence reads were aligned to the reference sequences from which primers had been designed. Positions of consistent base variation (998 in all) were identified and tabulated by biotype. No varying position was associated with biotype-wide virulence to any one of wheat resistance genes H3, H5, H6, H7/H8, H9, H11, H13, and H26. The multiplate pooling strategy utilized in this study is an effective, affordable way to reveal the genotype of hundreds of individuals at tens of genetic loci.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70483749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. C. Sylvain, Soro Senan, K. Lombart, Yeboue N’guessan Lucie, Yacouba Hanna-Thérèse Bissiri, Yeo Kolo, K. Souleymane, T. Yao
This study was conducted in the Korhogo region in an age gradient of mango orchards. The goal was to assess diversity and determine the influence of the environment on the composition of these organisms. Sampling was done using pitfall traps, threshing and manual collection. A total of 82 ant species were sampled on all plots. The cultivated plots are richer in ant species than the natural environment. Of the three (3) sampling methods, the Manual Collection proved to be more efficient (eff = 79.52%), followed by threshing (eff = 75.15%) and finally the least effective trap pit (eff = 73.39%). The number of individuals of the species varies according to the environment. The highest value was obtained in the young plot (485 individuals), followed by the intermediate plot (478 individuals), then the older plot (426 individuals) and finally the control plot (320 individuals). The species Camponotus acvapimensis was harvested mainly with 159 individuals. On the other hand, the species Lepisiota sp.1; Camponotus rufigenis, Camponotus sericeus and Oecophylla longinoda were specifically harvested in the control, young, intermediate and aged plots, respectively.
{"title":"Ants Assemblage Method According to an Age Gradient of Mango Orchards in Korhogo (Côte d’Ivoire)","authors":"T. C. Sylvain, Soro Senan, K. Lombart, Yeboue N’guessan Lucie, Yacouba Hanna-Thérèse Bissiri, Yeo Kolo, K. Souleymane, T. Yao","doi":"10.4236/ae.2020.81005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2020.81005","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted in the Korhogo region in an age gradient of mango orchards. The goal was to assess diversity and determine the influence of the environment on the composition of these organisms. Sampling was done using pitfall traps, threshing and manual collection. A total of 82 ant species were sampled on all plots. The cultivated plots are richer in ant species than the natural environment. Of the three (3) sampling methods, the Manual Collection proved to be more efficient (eff = 79.52%), followed by threshing (eff = 75.15%) and finally the least effective trap pit (eff = 73.39%). The number of individuals of the species varies according to the environment. The highest value was obtained in the young plot (485 individuals), followed by the intermediate plot (478 individuals), then the older plot (426 individuals) and finally the control plot (320 individuals). The species Camponotus acvapimensis was harvested mainly with 159 individuals. On the other hand, the species Lepisiota sp.1; Camponotus rufigenis, Camponotus sericeus and Oecophylla longinoda were specifically harvested in the control, young, intermediate and aged plots, respectively.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70483795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are one of the insect groups that menace the horticultural sector in sub Saharan Africa. The main fruit fly species that caused mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.) damage in Western Burkina Faso include Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and Ceratitis cosyra Walker. This work was carried out in Western Burkina Faso to study the relationships between these two insect pests on mango fruits in mango orchards. Thirty mango fruits per variety were sampled in six mango orchards every two weeks during two consecutive mango seasons (2017 and 2018). Each mango fruit was incubated individually for the emergence of adult fruit flies. Bactrocera dorsalis accounted for 66.30% of fruit flies reared from mango fruits and C. cosyra was represented by 33.52% of adult flies. Among mango fruits infested by fruit flies, 53.50% were attacked only by B. dorsalis, 22.14% by C. cosyra and 20.35% were infested by both species. In the mango fruits co-infested, 54.03% of adults belonged to B. dorsalis and 45.96% of adults were individuals of the C. cosyra species. The infestation rates of C. cosyra were higher at the beginning of the mango season while those of B. dorsalis were zero, and vice-versa at the end of mango season. This study highlights the relatively stable co-existence between these two major insect pests of mango fruits in mango orchards in Western Burkina Faso.
{"title":"Co-Existence of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Ceratitis cosyra Walker (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Mango Orchards in Western Burkina Faso","authors":"Issaka Zida, S. Nacro, Rémy A. Dabiré, I. Somda","doi":"10.4236/ae.2020.81004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2020.81004","url":null,"abstract":"Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are one of the insect groups that menace the horticultural sector in sub Saharan Africa. The main fruit fly species that caused mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.) damage in Western Burkina Faso include Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and Ceratitis cosyra Walker. This work was carried out in Western Burkina Faso to study the relationships between these two insect pests on mango fruits in mango orchards. Thirty mango fruits per variety were sampled in six mango orchards every two weeks during two consecutive mango seasons (2017 and 2018). Each mango fruit was incubated individually for the emergence of adult fruit flies. Bactrocera dorsalis accounted for 66.30% of fruit flies reared from mango fruits and C. cosyra was represented by 33.52% of adult flies. Among mango fruits infested by fruit flies, 53.50% were attacked only by B. dorsalis, 22.14% by C. cosyra and 20.35% were infested by both species. In the mango fruits co-infested, 54.03% of adults belonged to B. dorsalis and 45.96% of adults were individuals of the C. cosyra species. The infestation rates of C. cosyra were higher at the beginning of the mango season while those of B. dorsalis were zero, and vice-versa at the end of mango season. This study highlights the relatively stable co-existence between these two major insect pests of mango fruits in mango orchards in Western Burkina Faso.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70483785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a legume that is highly coveted by West African populations, particularly those in Senegal. However, it suffers enormous damage caused by a bruchidae beetle, Caryedon serratus. This lust rests on its richness in proteins, calories and the absence of major constraints for its production. Losses recorded can reach 83% for a period of 4 months of storage. To counter this damage, several authors have looked for alternative methods to the use of synthetic insecticides, often harmful to animal populations and the environment. In this logic, we tested the biological impact of a leaf-based formulation of plants indigenous to Senegal (Crateva religiosa) on the external forms of C. serratus. In this study, analysis of the biological parameters of strain C. serratus showed low adult mortality of C. serratus. On the other hand, the extract affects the viability of eggs and larvae and fertility is reduced. The effect of the C. religiosa plant also results in reduced fertility of surviving females and a sex ratio in favor of the males causing a risk of decreasing population growth. On the other hand, there is an extension of the total development time.
{"title":"Biocidal Effect of Leaves of Crataeva religiosa Forst on a Resistant Strain of Groundnut Bean Caryedon serratus (Olivier)","authors":"A. Gningue, T. Diome, K. Fall, M. Sembéne","doi":"10.4236/ae.2019.74007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2019.74007","url":null,"abstract":"Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a legume that is highly coveted by West African populations, particularly those in Senegal. However, it suffers enormous damage caused by a bruchidae beetle, Caryedon serratus. This lust rests on its richness in proteins, calories and the absence of major constraints for its production. Losses recorded can reach 83% for a period of 4 months of storage. To counter this damage, several authors have looked for alternative methods to the use of synthetic insecticides, often harmful to animal populations and the environment. In this logic, we tested the biological impact of a leaf-based formulation of plants indigenous to Senegal (Crateva religiosa) on the external forms of C. serratus. In this study, analysis of the biological parameters of strain C. serratus showed low adult mortality of C. serratus. On the other hand, the extract affects the viability of eggs and larvae and fertility is reduced. The effect of the C. religiosa plant also results in reduced fertility of surviving females and a sex ratio in favor of the males causing a risk of decreasing population growth. On the other hand, there is an extension of the total development time.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43886613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a major cosmopolitan insect pest causing direct and indirect damage to greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. The primary way of managing western flower thrips populations is by routinely applying insecticides, which target the aboveground life stages: larvae and adult. However, insecticides are minimally effective against the pupal stages (prepupae and pupae) that reside in the growing medium or soil. Therefore, soil-dwelling biological control agents including: predatory mites [Stratiolaelaps scimitus and Hypoaspis = (Geolaelaps) aculeifer], and a rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria may be a viable option to induce mortality on the pupal stages. These predators will feed on the pupal stages of the western flower thrips and can provide mortality on a life stage that is tolerant of insecticide applications. However, these biological control agents need to be used in conjunction with other plant protection strategies, such as insecticides and/or biological control agents that target the aboveground life stages (larvae and adult) to effectively manage western flower thrips populations in greenhouse production systems.
{"title":"Effects of Predators on the Belowground Life Stages (Prepupae and Pupae) of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera): A Review","authors":"R. Cloyd","doi":"10.4236/AE.2019.74006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AE.2019.74006","url":null,"abstract":"Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a major cosmopolitan insect pest causing direct and indirect damage to greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. The primary way of managing western flower thrips populations is by routinely applying insecticides, which target the aboveground life stages: larvae and adult. However, insecticides are minimally effective against the pupal stages (prepupae and pupae) that reside in the growing medium or soil. Therefore, soil-dwelling biological control agents including: predatory mites [Stratiolaelaps scimitus and Hypoaspis = (Geolaelaps) aculeifer], and a rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria may be a viable option to induce mortality on the pupal stages. These predators will feed on the pupal stages of the western flower thrips and can provide mortality on a life stage that is tolerant of insecticide applications. However, these biological control agents need to be used in conjunction with other plant protection strategies, such as insecticides and/or biological control agents that target the aboveground life stages (larvae and adult) to effectively manage western flower thrips populations in greenhouse production systems.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47911226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. M. Gouissi, O. Samon, Koudjodé Simon Abahi, D. Adje, Christelle Madina Tchaou, Zoulkanerou Orou Piami, Jeff Gildas Antoine Okoya, Midogbo Pierre Gnohossou
The Affon River is one of the important rivers of the Oueme River whose benthic diversity remained unknown. The present study aims to make the relationship between macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical parameters to access water quality of the Affon River. The measurement of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, transparency, depth and TDS, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrite and phosphate) and the sampling of macroinvertebrates using a Surber net were carried out during floods in eight stations. A principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used. The indices of Shannon, Pielou, Simpson, Hilsenhoff, EPT and EPT/Chironomidae were used to assess the level of water pollution. The study identified 9755 macroinvertebrates divided into 4 classes, 14 orders and 49 families. Pollution-sensitive families (14 families) that are organic pollution indicators, as well as pollution-tolerant families (Chironomidae, Limnaeidae, Bithynidae, Physidae) were captured. Chironomidae were the most predominant and abundant family (FO = 100%). The predominance of Chironomidae coupled with the rarity of the Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera would reflect the poor quality of the Affon River waters. The principal components analysis yielded groups of associations: The first group of stations Taneka 2 and 3 characterized by high values of ammonium and phosphate; and low values of conductivity and TDS; the second group of Taneka 1 and Kolokonde 1 stations with low values of pH, transparency, ammonium and phosphates; and the third group of stations Kolokonde 2, Kpebouko1, Kpebouko 2 and Affon marked by high values of conductivity, TDS, transparency, depth and temperature. The canonical correspondence analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between Nemouridae and ammonium as well as between Perlidae, Taeniopterygidae, Ephemeridae, Heptageniidae, Isonychiidae, Elmidae and phosphate. This study is a crucial step for any management and monitoring of this river.
{"title":"Relationship between Macroinvertebrates and Physico-Chemical Parameters to Access Water Quality of the Affon River in Bénin","authors":"F. M. Gouissi, O. Samon, Koudjodé Simon Abahi, D. Adje, Christelle Madina Tchaou, Zoulkanerou Orou Piami, Jeff Gildas Antoine Okoya, Midogbo Pierre Gnohossou","doi":"10.4236/ae.2019.74008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2019.74008","url":null,"abstract":"The Affon River is one of the important rivers of the Oueme River whose benthic diversity remained unknown. The present study aims to make the relationship between macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical parameters to access water quality of the Affon River. The measurement of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, transparency, depth and TDS, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrite and phosphate) and the sampling of macroinvertebrates using a Surber net were carried out during floods in eight stations. A principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used. The indices of Shannon, Pielou, Simpson, Hilsenhoff, EPT and EPT/Chironomidae were used to assess the level of water pollution. The study identified 9755 macroinvertebrates divided into 4 classes, 14 orders and 49 families. Pollution-sensitive families (14 families) that are organic pollution indicators, as well as pollution-tolerant families (Chironomidae, Limnaeidae, Bithynidae, Physidae) were captured. Chironomidae were the most predominant and abundant family (FO = 100%). The predominance of Chironomidae coupled with the rarity of the Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera would reflect the poor quality of the Affon River waters. The principal components analysis yielded groups of associations: The first group of stations Taneka 2 and 3 characterized by high values of ammonium and phosphate; and low values of conductivity and TDS; the second group of Taneka 1 and Kolokonde 1 stations with low values of pH, transparency, ammonium and phosphates; and the third group of stations Kolokonde 2, Kpebouko1, Kpebouko 2 and Affon marked by high values of conductivity, TDS, transparency, depth and temperature. The canonical correspondence analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between Nemouridae and ammonium as well as between Perlidae, Taeniopterygidae, Ephemeridae, Heptageniidae, Isonychiidae, Elmidae and phosphate. This study is a crucial step for any management and monitoring of this river.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43542190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. A. Hamid, S. Noor, M. Saadatian-Elahi, Nur Rasyidah Isa, R. Rodzay, Balqis Md Ruslan, Topek Omar, Mohd Iqbal Mohd Norsham, Noor Hasmiza Amanzuri, N. A. Khalil, Izzah Farhah Zambari, M. Kassim, M. Zaman, Ainaa Mardia Bachtiar Effendi, Afiq Ahnaf Hafisool, L. Peng, Brian Poong, Mustafakamal Ibrahim, Nuruliza Roslan, L. H. Lim
The incidence of dengue in Malaysia has shown an increasing trend since the year 2000. Vector control is the primary approach for dengue control in Malaysia. There is an urgent need for new or modified approaches such as the residual spraying on the outer walls that can potentially last long enough to control the Aedes population, particularly in the outbreak-prone areas. In this field study, we conducted outdoor residual spraying (ORS) using a newly formulated polymer-enhanced suspension concentrate (SC-PE) of deltamethrin. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of ORS using deltamethrin SC-PE and its effect on wild Aedes populations and to assess its residual bio-efficacy on painted cement walls against the pyrethroid-susceptible strains of laboratory-reared Aedes mosquitoes. Three rounds of spraying in a four-month cycle were conducted between 2014 and 2015 in four residential areas (low-rise and high-rise housing types) in Hulu Langat, Selangor. The bio-efficacy of the insecticide was evaluated by assessing its impact on vector population using ovitrap surveillance. Standard WHO wall deposit bioassay was adapted to determine bio-efficacy of deltamethrin, i.e. post 30 min knockdown and post 24 h mortality after exposure. During the treatment period, we observed significant reductions in the population of Ae. albopictus in the sprayed low-rise housing in both semi-indoor and outdoor environments, while in the high-rise housing, there was also a significant decline in Ae. aegypti population in the semi-indoor environment. The evaluation of the residual bio-efficacy of deltamethrin SC-PE against laboratory-reared Aedes mosquitoes showed that the insecticide lasted longer in the high-rise housing compared to the low-rise housing with >80% mortality achieved continuously for 16 weeks. We provide initial evidence on residual efficacy of deltamethrin SC-PE in reducing Aedes population size in the low-rise and high-rise housing. Our results showed that ORS is a promising tool in the dengue vector control and like IRS in malaria control; it is a powerful and effective method if conducted correctly. However, large scale and well-designed studies with entomological and epidemiological endpoints are still warranted before its routine use in dengue control.
{"title":"Residual Spray for the Control of Aedes Vectors in Dengue Outbreak Residential Areas","authors":"N. A. Hamid, S. Noor, M. Saadatian-Elahi, Nur Rasyidah Isa, R. Rodzay, Balqis Md Ruslan, Topek Omar, Mohd Iqbal Mohd Norsham, Noor Hasmiza Amanzuri, N. A. Khalil, Izzah Farhah Zambari, M. Kassim, M. Zaman, Ainaa Mardia Bachtiar Effendi, Afiq Ahnaf Hafisool, L. Peng, Brian Poong, Mustafakamal Ibrahim, Nuruliza Roslan, L. H. Lim","doi":"10.4236/ae.2019.74009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ae.2019.74009","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of dengue in Malaysia has shown an increasing trend since the year 2000. Vector control is the primary approach for dengue control in Malaysia. There is an urgent need for new or modified approaches such as the residual spraying on the outer walls that can potentially last long enough to control the Aedes population, particularly in the outbreak-prone areas. In this field study, we conducted outdoor residual spraying (ORS) using a newly formulated polymer-enhanced suspension concentrate (SC-PE) of deltamethrin. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of ORS using deltamethrin SC-PE and its effect on wild Aedes populations and to assess its residual bio-efficacy on painted cement walls against the pyrethroid-susceptible strains of laboratory-reared Aedes mosquitoes. Three rounds of spraying in a four-month cycle were conducted between 2014 and 2015 in four residential areas (low-rise and high-rise housing types) in Hulu Langat, Selangor. The bio-efficacy of the insecticide was evaluated by assessing its impact on vector population using ovitrap surveillance. Standard WHO wall deposit bioassay was adapted to determine bio-efficacy of deltamethrin, i.e. post 30 min knockdown and post 24 h mortality after exposure. During the treatment period, we observed significant reductions in the population of Ae. albopictus in the sprayed low-rise housing in both semi-indoor and outdoor environments, while in the high-rise housing, there was also a significant decline in Ae. aegypti population in the semi-indoor environment. The evaluation of the residual bio-efficacy of deltamethrin SC-PE against laboratory-reared Aedes mosquitoes showed that the insecticide lasted longer in the high-rise housing compared to the low-rise housing with >80% mortality achieved continuously for 16 weeks. We provide initial evidence on residual efficacy of deltamethrin SC-PE in reducing Aedes population size in the low-rise and high-rise housing. Our results showed that ORS is a promising tool in the dengue vector control and like IRS in malaria control; it is a powerful and effective method if conducted correctly. However, large scale and well-designed studies with entomological and epidemiological endpoints are still warranted before its routine use in dengue control.","PeriodicalId":58873,"journal":{"name":"昆虫学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42233401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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