Pub Date : 2021-01-12DOI: 10.4236/JSEA.2021.141001
Michael Dorin, Sergio Montenegro
Though many different readability metrics have been created, there still is no universal agreement defining readability of software source code. The lack of a clear agreement of source code readability has ramifications in many areas of the software development life-cycle, not least of which being software maintainability. We propose a measurement based on Linguistic Economy to bridge the gap between mathematical and behavioral aspects. Linguistic Economy describes efficiencies of speech and is generally applied to natural languages. In our study, we create a large corpus of words that are likely to be found in a programmer’s vocabulary, and a corpus of existing identifiers found in a collection of open-source projects. We perform a usage analysis to create a database from both of these corpora. Linguistic Economy suggests that words requiring less effort to speak are used more often than words requiring more effort. This concept is applied to measure how difficult program identifiers are to understand by extracting them from the program source and comparing their usage to the database. Through this process, we can identify source code that programmers find difficult to review. We validate our work using data from a survey where programmers identified unpleasant to review source files. The results indicate that source files identified as unpleasant to review source code have more linguistically complicated identifiers than pleasant programs.
{"title":"Linguistic Economy Applied to Programming Language Identifiers","authors":"Michael Dorin, Sergio Montenegro","doi":"10.4236/JSEA.2021.141001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSEA.2021.141001","url":null,"abstract":"Though many different readability metrics have been created, there still is no universal agreement defining readability of software source code. The lack of a clear agreement of source code readability has ramifications in many areas of the software development life-cycle, not least of which being software maintainability. We propose a measurement based on Linguistic Economy to bridge the gap between mathematical and behavioral aspects. Linguistic Economy describes efficiencies of speech and is generally applied to natural languages. In our study, we create a large corpus of words that are likely to be found in a programmer’s vocabulary, and a corpus of existing identifiers found in a collection of open-source projects. We perform a usage analysis to create a database from both of these corpora. Linguistic Economy suggests that words requiring less effort to speak are used more often than words requiring more effort. This concept is applied to measure how difficult program identifiers are to understand by extracting them from the program source and comparing their usage to the database. Through this process, we can identify source code that programmers find difficult to review. We validate our work using data from a survey where programmers identified unpleasant to review source files. The results indicate that source files identified as unpleasant to review source code have more linguistically complicated identifiers than pleasant programs.","PeriodicalId":62222,"journal":{"name":"软件工程与应用(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46615804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-12DOI: 10.4236/JSEA.2021.141004
C. W. Butler, T. McCabe
Three design principles are prominent in software development-encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns. These principles are used as subjective quality criteria for both procedural and object-oriented applications. The purpose of research is to quantify encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns is quantified using cyclomatic-based metrics. As a result of this research, the derived design metrics, coefficient of encapsulation, coefficient of data hiding, and coefficient of separation of concerns, are defined and applied to production software indicating whether the software has low or high encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns.
{"title":"Cyclomatic Complexity-Based Encapsulation, Data Hiding, and Separation of Concerns","authors":"C. W. Butler, T. McCabe","doi":"10.4236/JSEA.2021.141004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSEA.2021.141004","url":null,"abstract":"Three design principles are prominent in software development-encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns. These principles are used as subjective quality criteria for both procedural and object-oriented applications. The purpose of research is to quantify encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns is quantified using cyclomatic-based metrics. As a result of this research, the derived design metrics, coefficient of encapsulation, coefficient of data hiding, and coefficient of separation of concerns, are defined and applied to production software indicating whether the software has low or high encapsulation, data hiding, and separation of concerns.","PeriodicalId":62222,"journal":{"name":"软件工程与应用(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48089684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-12DOI: 10.4236/JSEA.2021.141002
Kodai Sugisaki, Y. Tamura, S. Yamada
Various open source software are managed by using several bug tracking systems. In particular, the open source software extends to the cloud service and edge computing. Recently, OSF Edge Computing Group is launched by OpenStack. There are big data behind the internet services such as cloud and edge computing. Then, it is important to consider the impact of big data in order to assess the reliability of open source software. Various optimal software release problems have been proposed by specific researchers. In the typical optimal software release problems, the cost parameters are defined as the known parameter. However, it is difficult to decide the cost parameter because of the uncertainty. The purpose of our research is to estimate the effort parameters included in our models. In this paper, we propose an estimation method of effort parameter by using the genetic algorithm. Then, we show the estimation method in section 3. Moreover, we analyze actual data to show numerical examples for the estimation method of effort parameter. As the research results, we found that the OSS managers would be able to comprehend the human resources required before the OSS project in advance by using our method.
{"title":"OSS Effort Expense Optimization Based on Wiener Process Model and GA","authors":"Kodai Sugisaki, Y. Tamura, S. Yamada","doi":"10.4236/JSEA.2021.141002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSEA.2021.141002","url":null,"abstract":"Various open source software are managed by using several bug tracking systems. In particular, the open source software extends to the cloud service and edge computing. Recently, OSF Edge Computing Group is launched by OpenStack. There are big data behind the internet services such as cloud and edge computing. Then, it is important to consider the impact of big data in order to assess the reliability of open source software. Various optimal software release problems have been proposed by specific researchers. In the typical optimal software release problems, the cost parameters are defined as the known parameter. However, it is difficult to decide the cost parameter because of the uncertainty. The purpose of our research is to estimate the effort parameters included in our models. In this paper, we propose an estimation method of effort parameter by using the genetic algorithm. Then, we show the estimation method in section 3. Moreover, we analyze actual data to show numerical examples for the estimation method of effort parameter. As the research results, we found that the OSS managers would be able to comprehend the human resources required before the OSS project in advance by using our method.","PeriodicalId":62222,"journal":{"name":"软件工程与应用(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43855855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jsea.2021.1411035
T. Yanagisawa, Y. Tamura, Adarsh Anand, S. Yamada
Software reliability model is the tool to measure the software reliability quantitatively. Hazard-Rate model is one of the most popular ones. The purpose of our research is to propose the hazard-rate model considering fault level for Open Source Software (OSS). Moreover, we aim to adapt our proposed model to the hazard-rate considering the imperfect debugging environment. We have analyzed the trend of fault severity level by using fault data in Bug Tracking System (BTS) and proposed our model based on the result of analysis. Also, we have shown the numerical example for evaluating the performance of our proposed model. Furthermore, we have extended our proposed model to the hazard-rate considering the imperfect debugging environment and showed numerical example for evaluating the possibility of application. As the result, we found out that performance of our proposed model is better than typical hazard-rate models. Also, we verified the possibility of application of proposed model to hazard-rate model considering imperfect debugging.
{"title":"Comparison of Hazard-Rates Considering Fault Severity Levels and Imperfect Debugging for OSS","authors":"T. Yanagisawa, Y. Tamura, Adarsh Anand, S. Yamada","doi":"10.4236/jsea.2021.1411035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2021.1411035","url":null,"abstract":"Software reliability model is the tool to measure the software reliability quantitatively. Hazard-Rate model is one of the most popular ones. The purpose of our research is to propose the hazard-rate model considering fault level for Open Source Software (OSS). Moreover, we aim to adapt our proposed model to the hazard-rate considering the imperfect debugging environment. We have analyzed the trend of fault severity level by using fault data in Bug Tracking System (BTS) and proposed our model based on the result of analysis. Also, we have shown the numerical example for evaluating the performance of our proposed model. Furthermore, we have extended our proposed model to the hazard-rate considering the imperfect debugging environment and showed numerical example for evaluating the possibility of application. As the result, we found out that performance of our proposed model is better than typical hazard-rate models. Also, we verified the possibility of application of proposed model to hazard-rate model considering imperfect debugging.","PeriodicalId":62222,"journal":{"name":"软件工程与应用(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70449567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jsea.2021.149027
M. Mekni
Conversational agents are natural language interaction interfaces designed to simulate human conversations using Artificial Intelligence (AI). This paper explores current applications of these systems and raises the lack of their availability in education. To address this problem, we provide the design of a conversational agent system, which is efficient and time-saving in assisting student/college seeking information about curriculum, scheduling, teachers, classroom location at any time 24/7/365. To verify and validate the design and implementation of our proposed model, a pilot project has been set up involving three leading academic institutions. This platform is designed and developed to help universities provide continuous and instant assistance to their student, staff, and faculty communities.
{"title":"An Artificial Intelligence Based Virtual Assistant Using Conversational Agents","authors":"M. Mekni","doi":"10.4236/jsea.2021.149027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2021.149027","url":null,"abstract":"Conversational agents are natural language interaction interfaces designed to simulate human conversations using Artificial Intelligence (AI). This paper explores current applications of these systems and raises the lack of their availability in education. To address this problem, we provide the design of a conversational agent system, which is efficient and time-saving in assisting student/college seeking information about curriculum, scheduling, teachers, classroom location at any time 24/7/365. To verify and validate the design and implementation of our proposed model, a pilot project has been set up involving three leading academic institutions. This platform is designed and developed to help universities provide continuous and instant assistance to their student, staff, and faculty communities.","PeriodicalId":62222,"journal":{"name":"软件工程与应用(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70449247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/JSEA.2021.146013
Catherine Kanellopoulou, Minas Pergantis, Nikolaos Konstantinou, N. Kanellopoulos, Andreas Giannakoulopoulos
{"title":"Foreign Language Web-Based Learning by Means of Audiovisual Interactive Activities","authors":"Catherine Kanellopoulou, Minas Pergantis, Nikolaos Konstantinou, N. Kanellopoulos, Andreas Giannakoulopoulos","doi":"10.4236/JSEA.2021.146013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSEA.2021.146013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62222,"journal":{"name":"软件工程与应用(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70449196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jsea.2021.146014
Paul-Eric Dossou, Luiza Foreste, Eric Misumi
The covid pandemic points out inconsistencies and points to improve in the organization of healthcare logistics. Indeed, the dangerousness and the propagation process of the virus imply to increase health security (patient and personal health). In this context, healthcare logistics flows require a new and safety organization improving the hospital performance. The purpose of this paper consists in optimizing healthcare logistics flows by solving problems associated to the internal logistics such as reduction of the personal health wasting time and the protection of both patients and personal health. Then, the methodology corresponds to the use of the hospital sustainable digital transformation as a response to healthcare flows and safety problems. Indeed, social, societal and environmental aspects have to be considered in addition to new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoTs), Big data and analytics. These parameters could be used in the healthcare for increasing doctor, nurse, caregiver performance during their daily operations, and patient satisfaction. Indeed, this hospital digital transformation requires the use of large data associated to patients and personal health, algorithms, a performance measurement tool (actual and future state) and a general approach for transforming digitally the hospital flows. The paper findings show that the healthcare logistics performance could be improved with a sustainable digital transformation methodology and an intelligent software tool. This paper aims to develop this healthcare logistics 4.0 methodology and to elaborate the intelligent support system. After an introduction presenting the common hospital flows and their main problems, a literature review will be detailed for showing how existing concepts could contribute to the elaboration of a structured methodology. The structure of the intelligent software tool for the healthcare digital transformation and the tool development processes will be presented. An example will be given for illustrating the development of the tool.
{"title":"Intelligent Support System for Healthcare Logistics 4.0 Optimization in the Covid Pandemic Context","authors":"Paul-Eric Dossou, Luiza Foreste, Eric Misumi","doi":"10.4236/jsea.2021.146014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2021.146014","url":null,"abstract":"The covid pandemic points out inconsistencies and points to improve in the organization of healthcare logistics. Indeed, the dangerousness and the propagation process of the virus imply to increase health security (patient and personal health). In this context, healthcare logistics flows require a new and safety organization improving the hospital performance. The purpose of this paper consists in optimizing healthcare logistics flows by solving problems associated to the internal logistics such as reduction of the personal health wasting time and the protection of both patients and personal health. Then, the methodology corresponds to the use of the hospital sustainable digital transformation as a response to healthcare flows and safety problems. Indeed, social, societal and environmental aspects have to be considered in addition to new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoTs), Big data and analytics. These parameters could be used in the healthcare for increasing doctor, nurse, caregiver performance during their daily operations, and patient satisfaction. Indeed, this hospital digital transformation requires the use of large data associated to patients and personal health, algorithms, a performance measurement tool (actual and future state) and a general approach for transforming digitally the hospital flows. The paper findings show that the healthcare logistics performance could be improved with a sustainable digital transformation methodology and an intelligent software tool. This paper aims to develop this healthcare logistics 4.0 methodology and to elaborate the intelligent support system. After an introduction presenting the common hospital flows and their main problems, a literature review will be detailed for showing how existing concepts could contribute to the elaboration of a structured methodology. The structure of the intelligent software tool for the healthcare digital transformation and the tool development processes will be presented. An example will be given for illustrating the development of the tool.","PeriodicalId":62222,"journal":{"name":"软件工程与应用(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70449235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jsea.2021.1410032
E. Patrick, Judith Leo, S. Kaijage
This paper reports the developed mobile application through the use of advanced technologies such as mobile computing, cloud computing and Global Positioning System (GPS) in order to solve the challenges. The purpose of this study is find out how the recent advances and mass adoption of ICT by the public can best be leveraged to enhance the performance of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in East Africa. The data collection techniques used are through questionnaires, observations and conducting interviews with different stakeholders in the civil society arena i.e., the donors, the CSOs and the people in society that are given a voice by civil societies. In the system development phase, agile development methodology was used. Analysis of the data collected showed that there is a gap in the availability of a single or a centralized platform which can be easily accessed, user-friendly and reliable where different actors can readily get reliable and up-to-date information about the available CSOs they are interested in. To address this problem, an interactive online directory of CSOs has been developed. The platform is mobile based and enables CSOs to register and fill up their current details, thus ensuring that there is always correct and updated information. The platform is equipped with, among other features, a geo-mapping facility which enables users of the system to correctly geo-locate their civil societies of interest on a map view. The results of system evaluation showed that 88.125% of users were satisfied with the system basing on the evaluation criteria.
{"title":"Design of an Interactive Geo-Location Mobile Application for Civil Societies in East Africa","authors":"E. Patrick, Judith Leo, S. Kaijage","doi":"10.4236/jsea.2021.1410032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2021.1410032","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the developed mobile application through the use of advanced technologies such as mobile computing, cloud computing and Global Positioning System (GPS) in order to solve the challenges. The purpose of this study is find out how the recent advances and mass adoption of ICT by the public can best be leveraged to enhance the performance of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in East Africa. The data collection techniques used are through questionnaires, observations and conducting interviews with different stakeholders in the civil society arena i.e., the donors, the CSOs and the people in society that are given a voice by civil societies. In the system development phase, agile development methodology was used. Analysis of the data collected showed that there is a gap in the availability of a single or a centralized platform which can be easily accessed, user-friendly and reliable where different actors can readily get reliable and up-to-date information about the available CSOs they are interested in. To address this problem, an interactive online directory of CSOs has been developed. The platform is mobile based and enables CSOs to register and fill up their current details, thus ensuring that there is always correct and updated information. The platform is equipped with, among other features, a geo-mapping facility which enables users of the system to correctly geo-locate their civil societies of interest on a map view. The results of system evaluation showed that 88.125% of users were satisfied with the system basing on the evaluation criteria.","PeriodicalId":62222,"journal":{"name":"软件工程与应用(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70449504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jsea.2021.1412037
A. Ikuta, H. Orimoto, Kouji Hasegawa
Speech recognition systems have been applied to inspection and maintenance operations in industrial factories to recording and reporting routines at construction sites, etc. where hand-writing is difficult. In these actual circumstances, some countermeasure methods for surrounding noise are indispensable. In this study, a new method to remove the noise for actual speech signal was proposed by using Bayesian estimation with the aid of bone-conducted speech and fuzzy theory. More specifically, by introducing Bayes’ theorem based on the observation of air-conducted speech contaminated by surrounding background noise, a new type of algorithm for noise removal was theoretically derived. In the proposed noise suppression method, bone-conducted speech signal with the reduced high-frequency components was regarded as fuzzy observation data, and a stochastic model for the bone-conducted speech was derived by applying the probability measure of fuzzy events. The proposed method was applied to speech signals measured in real environment with low SNR, and better results were obtained than an algorithm based on observation of only air-conducted speech.
{"title":"A Noise Suppression Method for Speech Signal by Jointly Using Bayesian Estimation and Fuzzy Theory","authors":"A. Ikuta, H. Orimoto, Kouji Hasegawa","doi":"10.4236/jsea.2021.1412037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2021.1412037","url":null,"abstract":"Speech recognition systems have been applied to inspection and maintenance operations in industrial factories to recording and reporting routines at construction sites, etc. where hand-writing is difficult. In these actual circumstances, some countermeasure methods for surrounding noise are indispensable. In this study, a new method to remove the noise for actual speech signal was proposed by using Bayesian estimation with the aid of bone-conducted speech and fuzzy theory. More specifically, by introducing Bayes’ theorem based on the observation of air-conducted speech contaminated by surrounding background noise, a new type of algorithm for noise removal was theoretically derived. In the proposed noise suppression method, bone-conducted speech signal with the reduced high-frequency components was regarded as fuzzy observation data, and a stochastic model for the bone-conducted speech was derived by applying the probability measure of fuzzy events. The proposed method was applied to speech signals measured in real environment with low SNR, and better results were obtained than an algorithm based on observation of only air-conducted speech.","PeriodicalId":62222,"journal":{"name":"软件工程与应用(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70449647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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