安全科学与韧性(英文)最新文献

As an emerging technology, blockchain provides a range of advantages, such as decentralized and transparent data storage, secure access control, and enhanced data traceability. However, it is rarely applied in the field of public safety. This paper presents an in-depth survey of blockchain technology, focusing on its potential applications and implications within the field of public safety research. We explore the practical needs of multi-party data collaboration in emergency management and discusses the applicability and value of blockchain technology in this context. Additionally, this paper introduces and compares several popular blockchain platforms. By providing a comprehensive examination of blockchain technology and its potential benefits for public safety, this paper seeks to enhance understanding of the technology's capabilities, encourage further research, and inspire innovation in this domain.

Urbanization and the increasing frequency of extreme climates affect the sustainability of urban public transportation systems, and improving resilience is one of the primary directions for sustainable development. To scientifically assess the resilience of urban public transportation systems, a resilience assessment model based on structure and function is established in this study. This model mathematically quantifies and simulates the structural and functional changes in public transportation systems under disruption scenarios and provides a comprehensive assessment of six abilities: 1) structural resistance, 2) structural recoverability, 3) functional resistance, 4) functional recoverability, 5) passenger adaptability, and 6) management adaptability. Depending on the initial failure stations, this model can simulate the resilience of a public transportation system under various scenarios. This model is applied to assess the resilience of public transportation systems in a provincial capital city under an equipment failure scenario. The results show that the impact of equipment failure on resilience varies according to the metro lines, and improvement strategies for functional recoverability and management adaptability are proposed. The weaknesses in the resilience of urban public transportation systems can be identified using the proposed model, which helps provide strategies for improving the capacity to face perturbations.

Most geotechnical stability research is linked to “active” failures, in which soil instability occurs due to soil self-weight and external surcharge applications. In contrast, research on passive failure is not common, as it is predominately caused by external loads that act against the soil self-weight. An earlier active trapdoor stability investigation using the Terzaghi's three stability factor approach was shown to be a feasible method for evaluating cohesive-frictional soil stability. Therefore, this technical note aims to expand “active” trapdoor research to assess drained circular trapdoor passive stability (blowout condition) in cohesive-frictional soil under axisymmetric conditions. Using numerical finite element limit analysis (FELA) simulations, soil cohesion, surcharge, and soil unit weight effects are considered using three stability factors (F_c, F_s, and F_γ), which are all associated with the cover-depth ratio and soil internal friction angle. Both upper-bound (UB) and lower-bound (LB) results are presented in design charts and tables, and the large dataset is further studied using an artificial neural network (ANN) as a predictive model to produce accurate design equations. The proposed passive trapdoor problem under axisymmetric conditions is significant when considering soil blowout stability owing to faulty underground storage tanks or pipelines with high internal pressures.

Polynomial chaos expansions (PCEs) have been used in many real-world engineering applications to quantify how the uncertainty of an output is propagated from inputs by decomposing the output in terms of polynomials of the inputs. PCEs for models with independent inputs have been extensively explored in the literature. Recently, different approaches have been proposed for models with dependent inputs to expand the use of PCEs to more real-world applications. Typical approaches include building PCEs based on the Gram–Schmidt algorithm or transforming the dependent inputs into independent inputs. However, the two approaches have their limitations regarding computational efficiency and additional assumptions about the input distributions, respectively. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach to build sparse PCEs for models with dependent inputs without any distributional assumptions. The proposed algorithm recursively constructs orthonormal polynomials using a set of monomials based on their correlations with the output. The proposed algorithm on building sparse PCEs not only reduces the number of minimally required observations but also improves the numerical stability and computational efficiency. Four numerical examples are implemented to validate the proposed algorithm. The source code is made publicly available for reproducibility.

In this study, civil gas energy accidents reported by the China Gas Network and related organizations from 2012 to 2021 were collected, and a comprehensive multidimensional correlation analysis was conducted considering factors such as accident timing, geography, causes, and casualties. The results identified July and August, Mondays and Sundays, and the morning, mid-day, and evening cooking times as the high-incidence months, days, and times for gas accidents, respectively. Gas accidents were found to occur more frequently in eastern coastal areas, provincial capitals, and larger cities, while residential and construction sites were identified as high-risk areas for gas accidents. Explosions were the most prevalent type of gas accident, followed by leaks, fires, and poisoning. Third-party construction and valve issues were identified as the primary factors contributing to gas leakage, whereas cooking was identified as the most common ignition source. An analysis of the Pearson correlation coefficient indicated a significant correlation among the gas accident factors. Moreover, a time-series prediction model was developed to forecast gas accidents in China, with the results demonstrating fluctuating gas accidents. This study proposes targeted preventive measures in terms of publicity, education, equipment, and facilities to provide scientific support to government units to improve civil gas energy security measures.

With the rapid development of China's economy, external dependence on petroleum resources continues to increase, and their security has become an important part of national security. To evaluate the security of China's petroleum resource supply in a scientific and objective manner, this study establishes a corresponding petroleum life-cycle evaluation index system, based on the theory and method of the whole life-cycle security evaluation of mineral resources, and conducts further independence and grey correlation analysis on the indexes for the purpose of evaluating the petroleum risk situation in China, based on relevant public data from the past 10 years. The results show that the overall trend of China's oil risk has a “U”-shaped characteristic of first decreasing and then increasing. Furthermore, the analysis finds that China's mineral resources have been greatly influenced by the domestic production situation and international trade. These results suggest that the security of petroleum supply can be improved by safeguarding international trade in petroleum resources, strengthening the strategic reserves of domestic petroleum resources, and developing new alternative clean energy sources to improve the resilience of petroleum supply security. This study's research methodology is more logical and systematic than traditional methods, and the analysis of the factors is comprehensive and of high application value, providing implications for the establishment of a big data analysis and evaluation index system for oil resource security.

Volunteer teams provide valuable support after large-scale disasters. However, excessive volunteer participation poses challenges for formal operations. Therefore, an appropriate decision-making method is required to quickly determine the number of volunteers required after a disaster. This study proposes a data-driven decision-making (D³M) method for typhoon disaster volunteerism that can effectively predict the number of volunteers required. Disaster data from actual cases were gathered, analyzed, and preprocessed to prepare the model. Feature selection, D³M model training and optimization, and model validation were performed to fine-tune the volunteer participant predictions. Using data from an actual typhoon in the Philippines, the rationality and efficacy of the method were verified through a comparative analysis of the experimental results. The proposed method learns from disaster-event data to quickly predict the number of volunteers needed, such that it not only reasonably allocates volunteers to assist professional teams in rescue but also avoids secondary problems caused by an overwhelming response.

Investigative identification is a routine criminal investigative procedure, the results of which can be used as evidence in litigation. However, some suspects often deny their involvement in the case, and some witnesses may withhold information or misrepresent it, all of which may lead to a miscarriage of justice. This study created a stressful environment and conducted a simulated crime experiment to explore whether eye movement data can be an effective feature for distinguishing perpetrators, innocents, and insiders. The eye movement features—such as the total fixation duration, number of fixations, and first fixation duration—within an area of interest were collected from 83 participants sorted into informed, involved, and innocent groups. The results revealed the following: (1) compared with the object and scene stimuli, subjects with different identities were more likely to exhibit significant differences in eye movement data for the involved and irrelevant portraits. The total fixation duration and the number of fixations can provide a reference for judging whether someone is involved in a case, and the first fixation duration effect was not obvious. (2) Using machine learning algorithms to predict subjects’ identities through eye movement features, it was demonstrated that the involved portrait-object-scene model had the best predictive effect. (3) Multiple algorithmic models were used to distinguish subjects’ identities, and the highest accuracy of 92.7% was achieved for the informed × innocent group, 88% for the innocent × suspect group (including the informed and involved groups), and 84.5% for the involved group. The eye movement analysis method can provide a reference for criminal investigators to distinguish between the perpetrator, insider, and innocent, and offer a novel approach to determining the direction of further investigation and uncovering and verifying case clues.

Financial resilience refers to a start-up's capacity to anticipate, plan for, respond to, and adapt to gradual change and abrupt unforeseen shocks to survive and thrive by enacting appropriate economic policies to decrease budget deficits. Economic history tells us that more companies fail to emerge from a downturn than go into or during it. Many studies have been done on financial resilience in many dimensions, but no one has studied start-ups’ organizational readiness for financial resilience. This gap inspires the current research, which uses the Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) approach to identify financial resilience factors and analyze hierarchical interrelationships start-ups’ organizational readiness factors for financial resilience. This article aims to identify, assess, and categorize start-up organizational preparation elements for financial resilience. The result shows that the first importance should be given to digital financial innovation, liquidity planning, going concern consideration, financial strategy of CFOs, and cyberthreats. Managers of start-ups can utilize the findings of this study to prepare for financial resilience professionally. In a fast-paced environment, start-ups may use financial resilience to gain a competitive edge.

China's natural disaster situation presents a complex and severe scenario, resulting in substantial human and material losses as a result of large-scale emergencies. Recognizing the significance of aviation emergency rescue, the state provides strong support for its development. However, China's current aviation emergency rescue system is still under construction and encounters various challenges; one such challenge is to match the dynamically changing multi-point rescue demands with the limited availability of aircraft dispatch. We propose a dynamic task assignment model and a trainable model framework for aviation emergency rescue based on multi-agent reinforcement learning. Combined with a targeted design, the scheduling matching problem is transformed into a stochastic game process from the rescue location perspective. Subsequently, an optimized strategy model with high robustness can be obtained by solving the training framework. Comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed model is able to achieve higher assignment benefits by considering the dynamic nature of rescue demands and the limited availability of rescue helicopter crews. Additionally, the model is able to achieve higher task assignment rates and average time satisfaction by assigning tasks in a more efficient and timely manner. The results suggest that the proposed dynamic task assignment model is a promising approach for improving the efficiency of aviation emergency rescue.