Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023291
Ruiheng Li
Abstract: As a significant idea in the ideology of modern Islamism, the terminology of “Islamic State” has strict political meanings beyond its cultural meanings. The formation and development of the “Islamic State” thought are closely linked to the reality of the environment and situation changes in the Muslim world, which gives it the characteristics of stability and change. As an important political role in the Middle East, modern Islamist forces. ambition and efforts to establish an “Islamic State” has a major effect on regional and even global situations over a long period of time. Thus, understanding the “Islamic State” thought and its theoretical and realistic dilemmas will be an indispensable step to understand conditions in the Middle East.
{"title":"A Preliminary Study on the “Islamic State” Thought in Modern Islamism","authors":"Ruiheng Li","doi":"10.1080/19370679.2016.12023291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023291","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: As a significant idea in the ideology of modern Islamism, the terminology of “Islamic State” has strict political meanings beyond its cultural meanings. The formation and development of the “Islamic State” thought are closely linked to the reality of the environment and situation changes in the Muslim world, which gives it the characteristics of stability and change. As an important political role in the Middle East, modern Islamist forces. ambition and efforts to establish an “Islamic State” has a major effect on regional and even global situations over a long period of time. Thus, understanding the “Islamic State” thought and its theoretical and realistic dilemmas will be an indispensable step to understand conditions in the Middle East.","PeriodicalId":63464,"journal":{"name":"中东与伊斯兰研究(英文版)","volume":"10 1","pages":"20 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59951512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023290
H. Hassan
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the origin and evolution of the “Islamic State” (IS) with special focus on the root causes that helped construct its Islamic narrative, such as the idea of the Islamic caliphate. It argues that IS has not concealed all other jihadist groups, and it is just a new face of the same idea associated with political Islam: Salafi-Jihadism. This paper also tries to analyze the changing face of global jihadism through a comparative approach of Al-Qaeda and IS. It has been shown that while both groups have common ideological beliefs, they are in many ways different. By studying and analyzing the Islamic discourse of many Jihadist groups in the Middle East, the paper has showed a case of acute obscurantism which is reflected on the statements and behavior of these groups. However, they are open to communicate between their organizations. For the counter extremism initiatives, the threat of IS and its affiliated groups is not decreasing, but it is changing. What is needed in the region in order to fight this monster is a moment of reflection and reckoning by all Muslims. It requires a revolution in the dominant religious discourse.
{"title":"“Islamic State” and the Transformation of Islamic Discourse in the Middle East","authors":"H. Hassan","doi":"10.1080/19370679.2016.12023290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023290","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the origin and evolution of the “Islamic State” (IS) with special focus on the root causes that helped construct its Islamic narrative, such as the idea of the Islamic caliphate. It argues that IS has not concealed all other jihadist groups, and it is just a new face of the same idea associated with political Islam: Salafi-Jihadism. This paper also tries to analyze the changing face of global jihadism through a comparative approach of Al-Qaeda and IS. It has been shown that while both groups have common ideological beliefs, they are in many ways different. By studying and analyzing the Islamic discourse of many Jihadist groups in the Middle East, the paper has showed a case of acute obscurantism which is reflected on the statements and behavior of these groups. However, they are open to communicate between their organizations. For the counter extremism initiatives, the threat of IS and its affiliated groups is not decreasing, but it is changing. What is needed in the region in order to fight this monster is a moment of reflection and reckoning by all Muslims. It requires a revolution in the dominant religious discourse.","PeriodicalId":63464,"journal":{"name":"中东与伊斯兰研究(英文版)","volume":"10 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59951428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023293
Chuchu Zhang
Abstract: This article seeks to explain the differing counter-terrorist effects in Algeria and Yemen over the past two decades. While terrorism peaked in both countries in the late 1990s and incumbents in both countries responded with “carrot and stick” strategies, the results have been entirely different, with Yemen mired in deeper violence, whereas domestic terrorist forces were almost wiped out in Algeria in the late 2000s. To account for this variance and to measure the effects of the “carrot and stick” approach, the article adopts the state capacity model by analyzing how Bouteflika centralized Algeria’s bureaucracy and administration since 1999 which facilitated the communication between the intelligence, military and judiciary, thus strengthening military operations and law enforcement, and how Saleh’s Yemen filled with separatism and sectarianism aggravated the regime’s deficiencies of information collection and revenue concentration, leading to the continuation of terrorism. Evidence from my framework and cases suggest that coping with terrorist violence requires much more thoroughgoing measures than military blows; legislative efforts and national dialogues. The study is not limited to the cases of Algeria and Yemen, but aims at shedding light on more countries confronted with terrorist threat.
{"title":"Assessing the Effectiveness of the Carrot and Stick Counter-terrorist Measure: A Comparison of Algeria and Yemen","authors":"Chuchu Zhang","doi":"10.1080/19370679.2016.12023293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023293","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article seeks to explain the differing counter-terrorist effects in Algeria and Yemen over the past two decades. While terrorism peaked in both countries in the late 1990s and incumbents in both countries responded with “carrot and stick” strategies, the results have been entirely different, with Yemen mired in deeper violence, whereas domestic terrorist forces were almost wiped out in Algeria in the late 2000s. To account for this variance and to measure the effects of the “carrot and stick” approach, the article adopts the state capacity model by analyzing how Bouteflika centralized Algeria’s bureaucracy and administration since 1999 which facilitated the communication between the intelligence, military and judiciary, thus strengthening military operations and law enforcement, and how Saleh’s Yemen filled with separatism and sectarianism aggravated the regime’s deficiencies of information collection and revenue concentration, leading to the continuation of terrorism. Evidence from my framework and cases suggest that coping with terrorist violence requires much more thoroughgoing measures than military blows; legislative efforts and national dialogues. The study is not limited to the cases of Algeria and Yemen, but aims at shedding light on more countries confronted with terrorist threat.","PeriodicalId":63464,"journal":{"name":"中东与伊斯兰研究(英文版)","volume":"10 1","pages":"66 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59951391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023292
Song Niu, Gamil Metwally
Abstract: Hajj (Islamic pilgrimage) is not only the world’s largest transnational religious movement, but also the only one in the world explicitly listed as one of the religious pillars of the Islamic faith. Viewing hajj within the context of Islam’s continued global territorial expansion of the faith from the perspective of international relations is of great benefit to a better understanding of Islam and its participation in international relations. The total institution of hajj is composed of basic institutions and different countries’ management institutions. The two holy cities are the cornerstones in Saudi Arabia’s construction of an Islamic international system. Hajj also has impacts on many specific areas of international relations. In the long run, realizing the interaction of hajj and international relations is very important for China’s national security.
{"title":"Hajj and Its Impact on International Relations","authors":"Song Niu, Gamil Metwally","doi":"10.1080/19370679.2016.12023292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023292","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Hajj (Islamic pilgrimage) is not only the world’s largest transnational religious movement, but also the only one in the world explicitly listed as one of the religious pillars of the Islamic faith. Viewing hajj within the context of Islam’s continued global territorial expansion of the faith from the perspective of international relations is of great benefit to a better understanding of Islam and its participation in international relations. The total institution of hajj is composed of basic institutions and different countries’ management institutions. The two holy cities are the cornerstones in Saudi Arabia’s construction of an Islamic international system. Hajj also has impacts on many specific areas of international relations. In the long run, realizing the interaction of hajj and international relations is very important for China’s national security.","PeriodicalId":63464,"journal":{"name":"中东与伊斯兰研究(英文版)","volume":"10 1","pages":"39 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59951607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023295
Shou-jun Cui, Joshua Glinert
Abstract: The ideology of Jihadi-Salafism seeks to suspend the dialectic through the positing of an ahistorical state which exists under an unmediated divine sovereignty, through the full exclusion of the “other”. Thus the period of the salaf is understood as a golden age, which can be revived without regard to historical context. The “Islamic State” is considered as existing directly under the rule (hakimiyya) of God by way of the shari’ a code. There is an attempt to sever oneself from apostates by exercising al-walawa’ l-bara and the practice of takfir. The reaching of the perfect end state, however, necessarily entails an activist pursuit of violent change whereby all opposition elements are forcibly removed. Despite its ahistorical pretension, the Islamist ideology developed through distinct stages in Islamic history. The present essay depicts the historical formation of the Jihadi-Salafi ideological principles by tracing back the trajectory. Through attention to the deductive logic implied in the principles, the paper reveals an absolute standpoint precluding the possibility for any form of mediation that has come to be formed. With the delineation of the reasoning underlying Jihadi-Salafi concepts, the basis for the rejection of dialectical development is demonstrated, as well as the implications of the absolutist standpoint for the intensification of extremism culminating in the “Islamic State”.
{"title":"Jihadi-Salafi Ideology: The Suspension of Dialectic and Radicalization of Thought","authors":"Shou-jun Cui, Joshua Glinert","doi":"10.1080/19370679.2016.12023295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023295","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The ideology of Jihadi-Salafism seeks to suspend the dialectic through the positing of an ahistorical state which exists under an unmediated divine sovereignty, through the full exclusion of the “other”. Thus the period of the salaf is understood as a golden age, which can be revived without regard to historical context. The “Islamic State” is considered as existing directly under the rule (hakimiyya) of God by way of the shari’ a code. There is an attempt to sever oneself from apostates by exercising al-walawa’ l-bara and the practice of takfir. The reaching of the perfect end state, however, necessarily entails an activist pursuit of violent change whereby all opposition elements are forcibly removed. Despite its ahistorical pretension, the Islamist ideology developed through distinct stages in Islamic history. The present essay depicts the historical formation of the Jihadi-Salafi ideological principles by tracing back the trajectory. Through attention to the deductive logic implied in the principles, the paper reveals an absolute standpoint precluding the possibility for any form of mediation that has come to be formed. With the delineation of the reasoning underlying Jihadi-Salafi concepts, the basis for the rejection of dialectical development is demonstrated, as well as the implications of the absolutist standpoint for the intensification of extremism culminating in the “Islamic State”.","PeriodicalId":63464,"journal":{"name":"中东与伊斯兰研究(英文版)","volume":"68 1","pages":"101 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023295","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59952031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023294
Lirong Ma, Siyu He
Abstract: Islam is a religion that advocates peace and abides by “the doctrine of balance”. However, religious extremism is a “tumor” for the development of Islam, and leads to an alienation of Islam. After the 9/11 attacks, Islamic extremism reappeared, mainly reflected in: 1) the teachings of Islam being distorted, and the civil movement of the Islamic revival leading to the mire of extremism; 2) Jihad ideology of Islam being misread, and the Islamic revival tending to be politicized and increasingly extreme; 3) Al-Qaeda, the “Islamic State” (IS) and other terrorist organizations were rapidly expanding, which drove Islamic extremism globally. The causes of the above circumstances are complex and have far-reaching impacts. The religious extremism has stolen the discourse right of the interpretation of scriptures, resulting in the formation of religious extremism discourse. This became the deep-rooted reason of trends of religious extremism, and also led to the necessity of launching de-radicalization policies. In global anti-terrorism activities, China showed its uniqueness in seeking to play a constructive role in coordinating efforts of three major international anti-terrorist groups. This paper holds that cooperation between China and the Middle East countries on de-radicalization activities could focus on measures such as creating shared consensus in anti-terrorism, advancing the interpretation of scriptures, improving religious dialogue mechanisms, and highlighting the unique role of patriotic religious leaders and other initiatives, in order to effectively prevent religious extremism from expanding.
{"title":"Root of Religious Extremist Thought and Sino-Arab Cooperation on Deradicalization","authors":"Lirong Ma, Siyu He","doi":"10.1080/19370679.2016.12023294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023294","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Islam is a religion that advocates peace and abides by “the doctrine of balance”. However, religious extremism is a “tumor” for the development of Islam, and leads to an alienation of Islam. After the 9/11 attacks, Islamic extremism reappeared, mainly reflected in: 1) the teachings of Islam being distorted, and the civil movement of the Islamic revival leading to the mire of extremism; 2) Jihad ideology of Islam being misread, and the Islamic revival tending to be politicized and increasingly extreme; 3) Al-Qaeda, the “Islamic State” (IS) and other terrorist organizations were rapidly expanding, which drove Islamic extremism globally. The causes of the above circumstances are complex and have far-reaching impacts. The religious extremism has stolen the discourse right of the interpretation of scriptures, resulting in the formation of religious extremism discourse. This became the deep-rooted reason of trends of religious extremism, and also led to the necessity of launching de-radicalization policies. In global anti-terrorism activities, China showed its uniqueness in seeking to play a constructive role in coordinating efforts of three major international anti-terrorist groups. This paper holds that cooperation between China and the Middle East countries on de-radicalization activities could focus on measures such as creating shared consensus in anti-terrorism, advancing the interpretation of scriptures, improving religious dialogue mechanisms, and highlighting the unique role of patriotic religious leaders and other initiatives, in order to effectively prevent religious extremism from expanding.","PeriodicalId":63464,"journal":{"name":"中东与伊斯兰研究(英文版)","volume":"10 1","pages":"100 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59951964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023286
Degang Sun, Yuyou Zhang
Abstract: Navigation satellite systems are the symbols of states’ hard power, and so are the assets of science and technology diplomacy. In the new era, the structure of great powers’ navigation satellite systems is characterized by “one superpower” (the US GPS), “multi-pillars” (EU’s Galileo, Russian GLONASS and Chinese Beidou), and “multi-centers” (Indian regional navigation satellite system and Japanese quasi zenith navigation satellite system). Beidou is of great significance to promoting “One Belt and One Road” Initiative in the Arab world, and the essential measures to deepen the strategic partnership between China and the Arab League in inter-connectivity; it will also be an essential step for Beidou’s “going global” strategy in the long run. The implementation of Beidou’s projects in the Arab world is confronted with four dimensions of challenges of political, security, judicial and socio-cultural risks. Its implementation follows an incremental principle, choose pivotal states, create a radiation effect, which will lay a foundation for Beidou to open the West Asian and African market in the years to come.
{"title":"Building an “Outer Space Silk Road”: China’s Beidou Navigation Satellite System in the Arab World","authors":"Degang Sun, Yuyou Zhang","doi":"10.1080/19370679.2016.12023286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023286","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Navigation satellite systems are the symbols of states’ hard power, and so are the assets of science and technology diplomacy. In the new era, the structure of great powers’ navigation satellite systems is characterized by “one superpower” (the US GPS), “multi-pillars” (EU’s Galileo, Russian GLONASS and Chinese Beidou), and “multi-centers” (Indian regional navigation satellite system and Japanese quasi zenith navigation satellite system). Beidou is of great significance to promoting “One Belt and One Road” Initiative in the Arab world, and the essential measures to deepen the strategic partnership between China and the Arab League in inter-connectivity; it will also be an essential step for Beidou’s “going global” strategy in the long run. The implementation of Beidou’s projects in the Arab world is confronted with four dimensions of challenges of political, security, judicial and socio-cultural risks. Its implementation follows an incremental principle, choose pivotal states, create a radiation effect, which will lay a foundation for Beidou to open the West Asian and African market in the years to come.","PeriodicalId":63464,"journal":{"name":"中东与伊斯兰研究(英文版)","volume":"10 1","pages":"24 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59951210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023287
Tao Zan
Abstract: Since the Justice and Development Party (AKP)’s coming to power in 2002, Turkey has experienced a decade of high-speed development under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s political group. After outstanding economic and social achievements of the past years, the ruling party of Turkey put forth ambitious visions, plans and objectives, including the centennial political vision of 2023, sexcentenary outlook of 2053 and millenarian objective of 2071, all of which could be summarized as “Turkey dream”. The proposing of “Turkey dream” is both an elaboration of Turkey’s politicians for increasing their popularity among people and a reflection of Turks’ self-confidence after a decade of development. In terms of cooperation under the framework of the “One Belt and One Road” initiative, it is important for China to understand Turkey’s social and economic development strategy. When studying Turkey’s advantages and problems, China needs to pay special attention to Turkey’s soft power in Eurasia. The proceeding of the “One Belt and One Road “initiative in Turkey and even in the Middle East will benefit from exploring the possibility of cooperation on improving both sides’ international influence and on the fight against terrorism.
{"title":"“Turkey Dream” and the China-Turkish Cooperation under“One Belt and One Road” Initiative","authors":"Tao Zan","doi":"10.1080/19370679.2016.12023287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023287","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Since the Justice and Development Party (AKP)’s coming to power in 2002, Turkey has experienced a decade of high-speed development under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s political group. After outstanding economic and social achievements of the past years, the ruling party of Turkey put forth ambitious visions, plans and objectives, including the centennial political vision of 2023, sexcentenary outlook of 2053 and millenarian objective of 2071, all of which could be summarized as “Turkey dream”. The proposing of “Turkey dream” is both an elaboration of Turkey’s politicians for increasing their popularity among people and a reflection of Turks’ self-confidence after a decade of development. In terms of cooperation under the framework of the “One Belt and One Road” initiative, it is important for China to understand Turkey’s social and economic development strategy. When studying Turkey’s advantages and problems, China needs to pay special attention to Turkey’s soft power in Eurasia. The proceeding of the “One Belt and One Road “initiative in Turkey and even in the Middle East will benefit from exploring the possibility of cooperation on improving both sides’ international influence and on the fight against terrorism.","PeriodicalId":63464,"journal":{"name":"中东与伊斯兰研究(英文版)","volume":"10 1","pages":"50 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023287","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59951298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023289
E. Akalin
Abstract: West Asia has been the bridge between Asia and Europe. The historical “Silk Road” beginning in China and ending in different ports and cities of West Asia formed the socioeconomic infrastructure of Eurasian commercial and cultural relations. West Asia lost its strategic location after the discovery of sea-routes in the 16th century but regained importance with the progress realised in transportation in the 20th century (highways, railways-airways, etc.) The discovery of rich petroleum reserves reinforced its importance. West Asian region, covering Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Azerbaijan and others can augment and fasten its economic-cultural progress by developing solidarity and forming regional unions. The regıonal, besides upgrading the well-being of neighbouring nations, can also contribute to the stability and security of the area which is actually the most problematic and chaotic area in the world.
{"title":"Is It Realistic/Realizable? The West Asian Union Project","authors":"E. Akalin","doi":"10.1080/19370679.2016.12023289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023289","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: West Asia has been the bridge between Asia and Europe. The historical “Silk Road” beginning in China and ending in different ports and cities of West Asia formed the socioeconomic infrastructure of Eurasian commercial and cultural relations. West Asia lost its strategic location after the discovery of sea-routes in the 16th century but regained importance with the progress realised in transportation in the 20th century (highways, railways-airways, etc.) The discovery of rich petroleum reserves reinforced its importance. West Asian region, covering Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Azerbaijan and others can augment and fasten its economic-cultural progress by developing solidarity and forming regional unions. The regıonal, besides upgrading the well-being of neighbouring nations, can also contribute to the stability and security of the area which is actually the most problematic and chaotic area in the world.","PeriodicalId":63464,"journal":{"name":"中东与伊斯兰研究(英文版)","volume":"10 1","pages":"120 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59951159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-01DOI: 10.1080/19370679.2016.12023288
Zhiqiang Zou, Gafar Karar Ahmed
Abstract: The Middle East Region has been suffering serious economic difficulties and the governance deficit for a long time, which demands a global response. In this new era, China has become an important actor in the progression of the Middle East economic governance; the contents of China’s participation in the Middle East economic governance include energy, trade, investment, finance and developmental governance. Participation of China to the Middle East economic governance has improved economic climate and the terms of trade for the Middle Eastern countries, and enhanced their sustainable development ability, and also responded to the criticism from the Western countries accusing China of being a free rider with real actions. Compared to the Western countries, China’s participation to the Middle East economic governance exhibits its own characteristics in governance goals, ability, path, regime, contents and governance styles. “The Belt and Road” Initiative marks China’s participation in the Middle East economic governance enters new level. The depth and result of China’s participation in the Middle East economic governance are affected by various factors.
{"title":"China and the Middle East Economic Governance in New Era","authors":"Zhiqiang Zou, Gafar Karar Ahmed","doi":"10.1080/19370679.2016.12023288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023288","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The Middle East Region has been suffering serious economic difficulties and the governance deficit for a long time, which demands a global response. In this new era, China has become an important actor in the progression of the Middle East economic governance; the contents of China’s participation in the Middle East economic governance include energy, trade, investment, finance and developmental governance. Participation of China to the Middle East economic governance has improved economic climate and the terms of trade for the Middle Eastern countries, and enhanced their sustainable development ability, and also responded to the criticism from the Western countries accusing China of being a free rider with real actions. Compared to the Western countries, China’s participation to the Middle East economic governance exhibits its own characteristics in governance goals, ability, path, regime, contents and governance styles. “The Belt and Road” Initiative marks China’s participation in the Middle East economic governance enters new level. The depth and result of China’s participation in the Middle East economic governance are affected by various factors.","PeriodicalId":63464,"journal":{"name":"中东与伊斯兰研究(英文版)","volume":"10 1","pages":"73 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19370679.2016.12023288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59951548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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