Pub Date : 1997-08-03DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.608926
W. Alpers, Heng Wang-Chen, L. Hock
The Andaman Sea of the Indian Ocean is known to be a site in the world's ocean where extraordinarily large internal solitons are encountered. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the ERS-1/2 satellites acquired by the receiving station in Singapore reveal that the large internal solitons previously detected by in-situ oceanographic measurements in the western approaches of the Strait of Malacca between Phuket (Thailand) and the northern coast of Sumatra (Indonesia) are generated at shallow banks in the western part of the Andaman Sea. When propagating onto the shelf of the Malayan Peninsula, their spatial separation decreases and their shape becomes irregular, but they remain solitons of depression.
{"title":"Observation of internal waves in the Andaman Sea by ERS SAR","authors":"W. Alpers, Heng Wang-Chen, L. Hock","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1997.608926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1997.608926","url":null,"abstract":"The Andaman Sea of the Indian Ocean is known to be a site in the world's ocean where extraordinarily large internal solitons are encountered. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the ERS-1/2 satellites acquired by the receiving station in Singapore reveal that the large internal solitons previously detected by in-situ oceanographic measurements in the western approaches of the Strait of Malacca between Phuket (Thailand) and the northern coast of Sumatra (Indonesia) are generated at shallow banks in the western part of the Andaman Sea. When propagating onto the shelf of the Malayan Peninsula, their spatial separation decreases and their shape becomes irregular, but they remain solitons of depression.","PeriodicalId":64877,"journal":{"name":"遥感信息","volume":"8 1","pages":"1518-1520 vol.4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90037829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-03DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.606467
H. Ewe, H. Chuah
In an electrically dense medium, when the spacing between the scatterers is comparable to the wavelength, it is important to incorporate the near field effect, both amplitude and phase, into the backscattering theory. In this paper, a simple backscatter theory based on radiative transfer (RT) theory is presented. The random medium, bounded on top and bottom by a rough surface, contains a layer of randomly distributed spherical scatterers. The phase matrix for these closely packed discrete scatterers is obtained using the dense medium phase and amplitude correction theory (DM-PACT) and the rough surface is characterized by the IEM model. The integro-differential equations of radiative transfer theory are solved iteratively up to second order solutions. Scattering terms for direct surface, direct volume, surface-volume and volume-volume interactions are identified. These results are compared with full model solutions using the matrix doubling method.
{"title":"A study of dense medium effect using a simple backscattering model","authors":"H. Ewe, H. Chuah","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1997.606467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1997.606467","url":null,"abstract":"In an electrically dense medium, when the spacing between the scatterers is comparable to the wavelength, it is important to incorporate the near field effect, both amplitude and phase, into the backscattering theory. In this paper, a simple backscatter theory based on radiative transfer (RT) theory is presented. The random medium, bounded on top and bottom by a rough surface, contains a layer of randomly distributed spherical scatterers. The phase matrix for these closely packed discrete scatterers is obtained using the dense medium phase and amplitude correction theory (DM-PACT) and the rough surface is characterized by the IEM model. The integro-differential equations of radiative transfer theory are solved iteratively up to second order solutions. Scattering terms for direct surface, direct volume, surface-volume and volume-volume interactions are identified. These results are compared with full model solutions using the matrix doubling method.","PeriodicalId":64877,"journal":{"name":"遥感信息","volume":"5 1","pages":"1427-1429 vol.3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83133023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-03DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615312
M. Iwamoto, T. Fujisaka, C. Satoh, K. Kawabata, Y. Hara
Interferometric SAR is a stereoscopic method to obtain contours of ground elevation. A lot of studies have been done to derive the elevation map from SAR data, however, only few studies have been reported to examine the difference between the elevation map and DEM (Digital Elevation Model). In this paper, the authors compare the surface elevation map derived from interferometric SAR data with DEM, and evaluate the error distribution of the elevation map. The root mean squared error is found to be 33 m, and it agrees with the absolute vertical accuracy of DEM. The error distribution is also evaluated, and is verified to be approximately Gaussian. The large errors tend to appear locally at shadowed or steep sloped area, where phase noise or phase unwrapping error is large.
{"title":"Evaluation of elevation derived from interferometric SAR data with DEM","authors":"M. Iwamoto, T. Fujisaka, C. Satoh, K. Kawabata, Y. Hara","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615312","url":null,"abstract":"Interferometric SAR is a stereoscopic method to obtain contours of ground elevation. A lot of studies have been done to derive the elevation map from SAR data, however, only few studies have been reported to examine the difference between the elevation map and DEM (Digital Elevation Model). In this paper, the authors compare the surface elevation map derived from interferometric SAR data with DEM, and evaluate the error distribution of the elevation map. The root mean squared error is found to be 33 m, and it agrees with the absolute vertical accuracy of DEM. The error distribution is also evaluated, and is verified to be approximately Gaussian. The large errors tend to appear locally at shadowed or steep sloped area, where phase noise or phase unwrapping error is large.","PeriodicalId":64877,"journal":{"name":"遥感信息","volume":"50 1","pages":"966-968 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80717277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-03DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.609133
T. Kusaka, N. Taniguchi, Y. Kawata
The polarization over the coastal zone observed by the airborne POLDER simulator, which was developed by CNES, France, is analyzed. It is shown that at the wavelength /spl lambda/=850 nm, the polarization degrees over the coastal zone become smaller than those over the sea surface at a long distance from the land, while at /spl lambda/=450 nm the polarization pattern over the coastal zone is almost the same as that over the sea surface distant from the land. In this study, the adjacency effect influence on polarization measurements is evaluated by using a single scattering radiative transfer model. As a result, it is found that at /spl lambda/=850 nm, as adjacent effects arising from the radiation reflected by the land surface are more significant, the degree of polarization over the sea surface becomes smaller.
{"title":"Estimation of adjacent effects in polarization measurements over the coastal zone","authors":"T. Kusaka, N. Taniguchi, Y. Kawata","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1997.609133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1997.609133","url":null,"abstract":"The polarization over the coastal zone observed by the airborne POLDER simulator, which was developed by CNES, France, is analyzed. It is shown that at the wavelength /spl lambda/=850 nm, the polarization degrees over the coastal zone become smaller than those over the sea surface at a long distance from the land, while at /spl lambda/=450 nm the polarization pattern over the coastal zone is almost the same as that over the sea surface distant from the land. In this study, the adjacency effect influence on polarization measurements is evaluated by using a single scattering radiative transfer model. As a result, it is found that at /spl lambda/=850 nm, as adjacent effects arising from the radiation reflected by the land surface are more significant, the degree of polarization over the sea surface becomes smaller.","PeriodicalId":64877,"journal":{"name":"遥感信息","volume":"75 1","pages":"1902-1904 vol.4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79617049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-03DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615828
Jing Chen, S. Leblanc, J. Cihlar, P. Bicheron, M. Leroy, D. Deering, T. Eck
An investigation of directional reflectance of boreal forests is conducted using airborne POLDER (1994) and ground-based PARABOLA measurements (1995) and the 4-Scale model (1997). The model simulates well the pronounced hotspots observed by POLDER and the slight bowl shape in the forward scattering direction observed by PARABOLA. The model is also used to demonstrate the importance of branch architecture in the directionality of NDVI calculated from the red and near infrared reflectance.
{"title":"Studies of BRDF in conifer and deciduous boreal forests using the 4-scale model and airborne POLDER and ground-based PARABOLA measurements","authors":"Jing Chen, S. Leblanc, J. Cihlar, P. Bicheron, M. Leroy, D. Deering, T. Eck","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615828","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation of directional reflectance of boreal forests is conducted using airborne POLDER (1994) and ground-based PARABOLA measurements (1995) and the 4-Scale model (1997). The model simulates well the pronounced hotspots observed by POLDER and the slight bowl shape in the forward scattering direction observed by PARABOLA. The model is also used to demonstrate the importance of branch architecture in the directionality of NDVI calculated from the red and near infrared reflectance.","PeriodicalId":64877,"journal":{"name":"遥感信息","volume":"22 88 1","pages":"165-167 vol.1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83239889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-03DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615263
L. Mitnik, V. Lobanov, M. Hsu, R. Tseng, Kun Shan Chen
Satellite real aperture radar (RAR) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images having different spatial resolution together with relevant remote and in situ data are used to study the specific features of the coastal environment off Taiwan, the southern Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. Radar signatures of the atmospheric (lee waves, orographic vortices, wind shadows, etc.) and oceanic (island wakes, eddies, etc.) phenomena express themselves in radar images via spatial variations in the surface wind, current and film fields. They change the surface roughness and hence radar image intensity.
{"title":"Air/sea/land interaction in the coastal zone seen by satellite RAR and SAR","authors":"L. Mitnik, V. Lobanov, M. Hsu, R. Tseng, Kun Shan Chen","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615263","url":null,"abstract":"Satellite real aperture radar (RAR) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images having different spatial resolution together with relevant remote and in situ data are used to study the specific features of the coastal environment off Taiwan, the southern Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. Radar signatures of the atmospheric (lee waves, orographic vortices, wind shadows, etc.) and oceanic (island wakes, eddies, etc.) phenomena express themselves in radar images via spatial variations in the surface wind, current and film fields. They change the surface roughness and hence radar image intensity.","PeriodicalId":64877,"journal":{"name":"遥感信息","volume":"59 1","pages":"806-808 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83378705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-03DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.609027
G. Nedlin, S. Chubb, A. Cooper
A theory for electromagnetic scattering from a slightly rough surface is developed that is based on application of an effective boundary condition. The theory generalizes previous approaches that apply only to the infinite dielectric constant (/spl epsi//spl rarr//spl infin/) limit to cases of finite but large /spl epsi/. Also, the theory yields the known results by J. Wright. In a particularly important case of scattering from the ocean, the backscatter cross-section is dramatically different from that calculated for /spl epsi//spl rarr//spl infin/ over a wide range of incident angles, for both vertical and horizontal polarization.
{"title":"Microwave scattering from a slightly rough surface of a medium possessing a finite large dielectric constant, and applications to an air-water scattering","authors":"G. Nedlin, S. Chubb, A. Cooper","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1997.609027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1997.609027","url":null,"abstract":"A theory for electromagnetic scattering from a slightly rough surface is developed that is based on application of an effective boundary condition. The theory generalizes previous approaches that apply only to the infinite dielectric constant (/spl epsi//spl rarr//spl infin/) limit to cases of finite but large /spl epsi/. Also, the theory yields the known results by J. Wright. In a particularly important case of scattering from the ocean, the backscatter cross-section is dramatically different from that calculated for /spl epsi//spl rarr//spl infin/ over a wide range of incident angles, for both vertical and horizontal polarization.","PeriodicalId":64877,"journal":{"name":"遥感信息","volume":"55 2 1","pages":"1692-1694 vol.4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90012455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-03DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615336
S. Quegan, J. Schou
Filtering can be used either to reconstruct the information bearing parameters in polarimetric images or to produce intensity images with reduced 'speckle'. These two approaches are analysed through the product model, using both model-free and model-specific texture, and performance criteria described.
{"title":"The principles of polarimetric filtering","authors":"S. Quegan, J. Schou","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1997.615336","url":null,"abstract":"Filtering can be used either to reconstruct the information bearing parameters in polarimetric images or to produce intensity images with reduced 'speckle'. These two approaches are analysed through the product model, using both model-free and model-specific texture, and performance criteria described.","PeriodicalId":64877,"journal":{"name":"遥感信息","volume":"11 1","pages":"1041-1043 vol.2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91046135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-03DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.609136
A. Bartoloni, M. Mochi, C. Serafini, M. Cervino, R. Guzzi, P. Torricella
A prototype processor for the aerosol optical thickness retrieval and aerosol classification starting from GOME data has been developed. The aerosol classification is made choosing the minimum among the least squares residuals computed for different aerosol classes. For each pixel the output of processor gives the aerosol optical thickness, the aerosol classification, a relative retrieval residual and a flag that indicates if the pixel is cloudy. The results of some different GOME real data sets are shown.
{"title":"The aerosol optical thickness retrieval from GOME spectra","authors":"A. Bartoloni, M. Mochi, C. Serafini, M. Cervino, R. Guzzi, P. Torricella","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1997.609136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1997.609136","url":null,"abstract":"A prototype processor for the aerosol optical thickness retrieval and aerosol classification starting from GOME data has been developed. The aerosol classification is made choosing the minimum among the least squares residuals computed for different aerosol classes. For each pixel the output of processor gives the aerosol optical thickness, the aerosol classification, a relative retrieval residual and a flag that indicates if the pixel is cloudy. The results of some different GOME real data sets are shown.","PeriodicalId":64877,"journal":{"name":"遥感信息","volume":"42 1","pages":"1908-1910 vol.4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90265494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-08-03DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS.1997.606463
G. D. Grandi, Jong-Sen Lee, D. Schuler, E. Nezry
A study on the texture and speckle statistics in polarimetric SAR synthesized images was carried out by the authors and presented in preliminary form at the IGARSS'95 Symposium. Some results, which have been recently consolidated, are summarized. The authors introduce at first a formalism to measure from experimental SAR data and represent graphically and in concise form the dependency of the statistical properties of the image on the polarization state. In particular they focus their attention on the one point statistics and on the second order normalized moment dependency on the polarization state. This is an extension of the classical polarimetric signature, and in the case of the second order moment is called the polarimetric texture signature. Application of this formalism to a data set acquired by the NASA JPL AIRSAR polarimetric radar over the Les Landes forest reveals some distinct and interesting trends in the texture signatures. Theoretical explanation of the phenomenon starts from the consideration of the influence of the synthesis operation, seen as a linear transformation of random variables, on the probability distribution function of the radar signal. A first mechanism that underpins the second moment variation with polarization is defined; this effect arises when multi-look polarimetric data are derived in the space domain from correlated single look data, and is entirely due to the fading statistics. A second mechanism is postulated to account for the observed texture signatures, which is due to the polarimetric diversity of the underlying radar reflectivity. This asymmetry in the response of the scatterer to the polarized wave can be best modelled using a so called polarimetric mixture approach, whereby polarimetrically different scattering mechanisms are combined for each resolution cell. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to reconstruct the observed signatures, starting from the assumption of simple physical situations, which can be realizable in scattering processes from natural targets. An example is presented, related to a mixture of deterministic point targets and a vegetation clutter. An interesting consequence from the application point of view is that the polarimetric texture signature is found to be a discriminator of weak targets against a clutter, when only polarimetric diversity and not radiometric diversity plays a role.
{"title":"Texture and speckle statistics in polarimetric SAR synthesized images","authors":"G. D. Grandi, Jong-Sen Lee, D. Schuler, E. Nezry","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1997.606463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1997.606463","url":null,"abstract":"A study on the texture and speckle statistics in polarimetric SAR synthesized images was carried out by the authors and presented in preliminary form at the IGARSS'95 Symposium. Some results, which have been recently consolidated, are summarized. The authors introduce at first a formalism to measure from experimental SAR data and represent graphically and in concise form the dependency of the statistical properties of the image on the polarization state. In particular they focus their attention on the one point statistics and on the second order normalized moment dependency on the polarization state. This is an extension of the classical polarimetric signature, and in the case of the second order moment is called the polarimetric texture signature. Application of this formalism to a data set acquired by the NASA JPL AIRSAR polarimetric radar over the Les Landes forest reveals some distinct and interesting trends in the texture signatures. Theoretical explanation of the phenomenon starts from the consideration of the influence of the synthesis operation, seen as a linear transformation of random variables, on the probability distribution function of the radar signal. A first mechanism that underpins the second moment variation with polarization is defined; this effect arises when multi-look polarimetric data are derived in the space domain from correlated single look data, and is entirely due to the fading statistics. A second mechanism is postulated to account for the observed texture signatures, which is due to the polarimetric diversity of the underlying radar reflectivity. This asymmetry in the response of the scatterer to the polarized wave can be best modelled using a so called polarimetric mixture approach, whereby polarimetrically different scattering mechanisms are combined for each resolution cell. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to reconstruct the observed signatures, starting from the assumption of simple physical situations, which can be realizable in scattering processes from natural targets. An example is presented, related to a mixture of deterministic point targets and a vegetation clutter. An interesting consequence from the application point of view is that the polarimetric texture signature is found to be a discriminator of weak targets against a clutter, when only polarimetric diversity and not radiometric diversity plays a role.","PeriodicalId":64877,"journal":{"name":"遥感信息","volume":"30 1","pages":"1414-1417 vol.3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90268813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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