Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2021.114012
S. Razia, M. Chowdhury, F. Aminuzzaman, N. Sultana, M. Islam
One thirty samples (fifty-five potato tubers, twenty-seven potato stems, three chili stems, twenty-eight soil samples, five weed samples, three banana leaves, and nine water samples) were examined and one hundred six (106) Bangladeshi isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum were isolated and identified. Isolation was made on selective media (Tetrazolium chloride media) and R. solanacearum was identified based on morphological, pathological and biochemical properties and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using the species-specific primers. Studies showed that 81.54% (106) samples were positive on tetrazolium chloride solid medium. Among them 90 isolates were virulent and rest of them were avirulent. Fifty isolates were selected for chemical characterization based on hypersensitivity test. R. solanacearum is gram negative, aerobic facultative bacteria on the basis of chemical characterization. Fifty tested isolates expressed as race 3 while in biovar test forty-eight showed as biovar III and the rest two showed as biovar I. In nine tested isolates from the three districts a species-specific band of 280 bp was amplified in PCR that confirmed the identity of R. solanacerum.
{"title":"Morphological, Pathological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum Isolates in Bangladesh","authors":"S. Razia, M. Chowdhury, F. Aminuzzaman, N. Sultana, M. Islam","doi":"10.4236/ajmb.2021.114012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2021.114012","url":null,"abstract":"One thirty samples (fifty-five potato tubers, twenty-seven potato stems, three chili stems, twenty-eight soil samples, five weed samples, three banana leaves, and nine water samples) were examined and one hundred six (106) Bangladeshi isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum were isolated and identified. Isolation was made on selective media (Tetrazolium chloride media) and R. solanacearum was identified based on morphological, pathological and biochemical properties and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using the species-specific primers. Studies showed that 81.54% (106) samples were positive on tetrazolium chloride solid medium. Among them 90 isolates were virulent and rest of them were avirulent. Fifty isolates were selected for chemical characterization based on hypersensitivity test. R. solanacearum is gram negative, aerobic facultative bacteria on the basis of chemical characterization. Fifty tested isolates expressed as race 3 while in biovar test forty-eight showed as biovar III and the rest two showed as biovar I. In nine tested isolates from the three districts a species-specific band of 280 bp was amplified in PCR that confirmed the identity of R. solanacerum.","PeriodicalId":65391,"journal":{"name":"美国分子生物学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43110825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2021.114008
M. Cserhati
Organelle genomics has become its own field of study. Much information can be gleaned from the study of cell organelles. The differences in the genomes of organelles, such as the mitochondrion and the chloroplast are amenable to phylogenetic and cladistic studies. These differences include the genome sequence, GC%, genome length and gene order. The conserved nature of the organelle genomes and the gene inventory of both mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes also make this easier to accomplish. This paper includes a review of existing organelle genome software. These include gene annotation and genome visualization tools as well as organelle gene databases for both mitochondrion and plastid. A new R tool, available on github, called “Organelle DNA Lineages”, or ODL, was written to compare and classify organelle genomes based on their genome sequence and gene order. The software was run on the mitochondrial genomes of a set of 51 cephalopod species, delineating ten separate monophyletic groups, including argonauts, nautiluses, octopuses, cuttlefish, and six squid groups. This new tool can help enrich and expand the field of organelle genomics.
{"title":"Prediction of Monophyletic Groups Based on Gene Order and Sequence Similarity in Organelle DNA","authors":"M. Cserhati","doi":"10.4236/ajmb.2021.114008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2021.114008","url":null,"abstract":"Organelle genomics has become its own field of study. Much information can be gleaned from the study of cell organelles. The differences in the genomes of organelles, such as the mitochondrion and the chloroplast are amenable to phylogenetic and cladistic studies. These differences include the genome sequence, GC%, genome length and gene order. The conserved nature of the organelle genomes and the gene inventory of both mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes also make this easier to accomplish. This paper includes a review of existing organelle genome software. These include gene annotation and genome visualization tools as well as organelle gene databases for both mitochondrion and plastid. A new R tool, available on github, called “Organelle DNA Lineages”, or ODL, was written to compare and classify organelle genomes based on their genome sequence and gene order. The software was run on the mitochondrial genomes of a set of 51 cephalopod species, delineating ten separate monophyletic groups, including argonauts, nautiluses, octopuses, cuttlefish, and six squid groups. This new tool can help enrich and expand the field of organelle genomics.","PeriodicalId":65391,"journal":{"name":"美国分子生物学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42498039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2021.114009
I. O. Ogbonna, I. Amai, C. Aguoru, Dooshima Charity Amai
Characterization and identification of molds based on cultural and morphological characteristics are often not reliable and frail with limitations. The occurrence of Aspergillus species in garri on sale in markets in Benue State, Nigeria, was studied by molecular techniques. Aspergillus species were isolated and purified on Potato Dextrose Agar. DNA from the purified isolates was extracted using the ZR fungal DNA miniprep and amplified by PCR mix made up of 12.5 μL of Taq 2X Master Mix. Primer sequences for the fungi characterization were internal transcribed spacers ITS 4 and ITS 5. The phylogenetic tree was plotted between the isolated organisms and reference sequences and evolutionary analysis was conducted in MEGA X. Result revealed that one thousand, six hundred and forty-six Aspergilli were isolated comprising of 980 and 666 isolates from the white and yellow garri respectively. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. aculeatinus, and A. aculeatus were identified. Twenty percent (20%) of the strains had aflatoxin D structural gene, 50% amplified AFLP and 70% of the strains expressed AFLQ genes needed for the biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1. Majority of the strains that showed the expression of these structural genes were consistent with Aspergillus flavus. Phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship among the isolates and their most identical sequence in the NCBI database.
{"title":"Occurrence, Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Aspergillus Species Isolated from Garri Sold in Benue State, North Central, Nigeria","authors":"I. O. Ogbonna, I. Amai, C. Aguoru, Dooshima Charity Amai","doi":"10.4236/ajmb.2021.114009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2021.114009","url":null,"abstract":"Characterization and identification of molds based on cultural and morphological characteristics are often not reliable and frail with limitations. The occurrence of Aspergillus species in garri on sale in markets in Benue State, Nigeria, was studied by molecular techniques. Aspergillus species were isolated and purified on Potato Dextrose Agar. DNA from the purified isolates was extracted using the ZR fungal DNA miniprep and amplified by PCR mix made up of 12.5 μL of Taq 2X Master Mix. Primer sequences for the fungi characterization were internal transcribed spacers ITS 4 and ITS 5. The phylogenetic tree was plotted between the isolated organisms and reference sequences and evolutionary analysis was conducted in MEGA X. Result revealed that one thousand, six hundred and forty-six Aspergilli were isolated comprising of 980 and 666 isolates from the white and yellow garri respectively. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. aculeatinus, and A. aculeatus were identified. Twenty percent (20%) of the strains had aflatoxin D structural gene, 50% amplified AFLP and 70% of the strains expressed AFLQ genes needed for the biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1. Majority of the strains that showed the expression of these structural genes were consistent with Aspergillus flavus. Phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship among the isolates and their most identical sequence in the NCBI database.","PeriodicalId":65391,"journal":{"name":"美国分子生物学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43806095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-18DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2021.113006
G. Simeon, Arikekpar Ibemologi, Dienize George Cameron
Introduction: This study assessed the role of gut bacteria in the development of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methodology: Using bacteria cultural method, microbial species were isolated from feacal materials, identified and quantitated through application of genomic spectrophotometric systems with a quantitation of some marker biochemical parameters for Diabetes. Result: We observed a concentration of firmicutes, bacteriodetes, protecbacteria and bifidobacterium with Escherichia coli population predominating. Biochemical parameters reveal a 3-fold raised value for some bromakers in type 2 diabetes. At a confidence interval of 95% paired sample test results gave significant differences for all tested pairs. Conclusion: Result suggests that microbiomes have the potential to alter the gut environment and cause changes that promote the development of type 2 diabetes.
{"title":"Assessment of Possible Link of Intestinal Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"G. Simeon, Arikekpar Ibemologi, Dienize George Cameron","doi":"10.4236/ajmb.2021.113006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2021.113006","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study assessed the role of gut bacteria in the development of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methodology: Using bacteria cultural method, microbial species were isolated from feacal materials, identified and quantitated through application of genomic spectrophotometric systems with a quantitation of some marker biochemical parameters for Diabetes. Result: We observed a concentration of firmicutes, bacteriodetes, protecbacteria and bifidobacterium with Escherichia coli population predominating. Biochemical parameters reveal a 3-fold raised value for some bromakers in type 2 diabetes. At a confidence interval of 95% paired sample test results gave significant differences for all tested pairs. Conclusion: Result suggests that microbiomes have the potential to alter the gut environment and cause changes that promote the development of type 2 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":65391,"journal":{"name":"美国分子生物学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43139848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-18DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2021.113007
T. Zhumabaeva, Z. Kuropteva, Zh. T. Moldaliev, Nazgul Zhumabaeva, A. Kadyrbaeva, Nurbek Bopoev, Z. Abdullaeva
This work is investigating Mexidol (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxy pyridine succinate) effect on the formation of nitric oxide (NO) in animal liver tissues, which is a regulator of many physiological processes and plays an important role in the vascular relaxation, neurotransmission and immune system functioning. Analyses performed by EPR spectroscopy revealed Hem-NO complex signals from paramagnetic centers in arbitrary units; produced nitrogen oxide amount in liver tissues was determined by method of double integration signals from nitrosyl complexes.
{"title":"Joint Effects of Mexidol and Nitroglycerine on Nitric Oxide Formation in Animal Liver Tissues","authors":"T. Zhumabaeva, Z. Kuropteva, Zh. T. Moldaliev, Nazgul Zhumabaeva, A. Kadyrbaeva, Nurbek Bopoev, Z. Abdullaeva","doi":"10.4236/ajmb.2021.113007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2021.113007","url":null,"abstract":"This work is investigating Mexidol (2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxy pyridine succinate) effect on the formation of nitric oxide (NO) in animal liver tissues, which is a regulator of many physiological processes and plays an important role in the vascular relaxation, neurotransmission and immune system functioning. Analyses performed by EPR spectroscopy revealed Hem-NO complex signals from paramagnetic centers in arbitrary units; produced nitrogen oxide amount in liver tissues was determined by method of double integration signals from nitrosyl complexes.","PeriodicalId":65391,"journal":{"name":"美国分子生物学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45680601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.4236/AJMB.2021.112004
A. Zhang, Zhiming Zhou
Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase (PMCA) plays a critical role in transporting Ca2+ out of the cytosol across the plasma membrane. Here, a full-length cDNA sequence of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase gene was isolated from the gill of Hyriopsis cumingii (HcPMCA) by using SMART RACE technique. The entire cDNA was 5230 bp, including a 417-bp 5'-UTR, a 3588-bp ORF and a 1225-bp 3'-UTR, encoding a 1195-amino acid protein, and no putative signal peptide was predicted. Compared with PMCA homologs from seawater mollusks, HcPMCA had high similarity with them in both sequence and structure. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that HcPMCA mRNA was detected in all the sampled tissues, but was prominently expressed in the gill and mantle. When exposed to a serie of increasing Ca2+ that lasted for 7 days, the mRNA expression of HcPMCA in the mantle was slightly downregulated, but peaked at 60 mg/L. Moreover, the temporal expression of HcPMCA transcripts in the mantle after 60 mg/L Ca2+ exposure was shown to be bell-shaped, which was slightly downregulated at 24 h, but upregulated from 24 h to 48 h post-treatment, peaking at 48 h. The result of present study provides useful information for further studies on function and regulation mechanism of HcPMCA gene.
{"title":"Characteristics of a Critical Calcium Transportation Regulator: Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase Involved in Calcium Homeostasis from Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea)","authors":"A. Zhang, Zhiming Zhou","doi":"10.4236/AJMB.2021.112004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AJMB.2021.112004","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase (PMCA) plays a critical role in transporting Ca2+ out of the cytosol across the plasma membrane. Here, a full-length cDNA sequence of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase gene was isolated from the gill of Hyriopsis cumingii (HcPMCA) by using SMART RACE technique. The entire cDNA was 5230 bp, including a 417-bp 5'-UTR, a 3588-bp ORF and a 1225-bp 3'-UTR, encoding a 1195-amino acid protein, and no putative signal peptide was predicted. Compared with PMCA homologs from seawater mollusks, HcPMCA had high similarity with them in both sequence and structure. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that HcPMCA mRNA was detected in all the sampled tissues, but was prominently expressed in the gill and mantle. When exposed to a serie of increasing Ca2+ that lasted for 7 days, the mRNA expression of HcPMCA in the mantle was slightly downregulated, but peaked at 60 mg/L. Moreover, the temporal expression of HcPMCA transcripts in the mantle after 60 mg/L Ca2+ exposure was shown to be bell-shaped, which was slightly downregulated at 24 h, but upregulated from 24 h to 48 h post-treatment, peaking at 48 h. The result of present study provides useful information for further studies on function and regulation mechanism of HcPMCA gene.","PeriodicalId":65391,"journal":{"name":"美国分子生物学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"38-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46197151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.4236/AJMB.2021.112003
Yoshihito Hosaka, S. Matsutani, Shinya Kawate, K. Itoh, A. Miura, Yukaze Mizoura, Sayumi Yamada, S. Uemura, H. Konno, Ewa Grave, H. Wakui, H. Itoh
It is known to be that lactic acid bacteria induce the IL-12. IL-12 activates NK cells and promotes the production of IFN-γ. IFN-γ activates macrophages, resulting in enhanced phagocytosis and bactericidal activity. We have been investigating fermented foods that activate the immune function. For that purpose, a specific antibody is required. We tried to express IL-12p35 by the usual method, but IL-12p35 was not expressed at all. In the present study, we constructed, purified human IL-12p35 and obtained a specific antibody against IL-12p35. We also purified human IFN-γ and obtained specific antibody against IFN-γ. We have established a method for expressing poorly expressed proteins. The method we have established can be applied to the purification of poorly expressed proteins and antibody production.
{"title":"Expression of Difficult-to-Express Proteins, Human IL-12 and IFN-γ","authors":"Yoshihito Hosaka, S. Matsutani, Shinya Kawate, K. Itoh, A. Miura, Yukaze Mizoura, Sayumi Yamada, S. Uemura, H. Konno, Ewa Grave, H. Wakui, H. Itoh","doi":"10.4236/AJMB.2021.112003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AJMB.2021.112003","url":null,"abstract":"It is known to be that lactic acid bacteria induce the IL-12. IL-12 activates NK cells and promotes the production of IFN-γ. IFN-γ activates macrophages, resulting in enhanced phagocytosis and bactericidal activity. We have been investigating fermented foods that activate the immune function. For that purpose, a specific antibody is required. We tried to express IL-12p35 by the usual method, but IL-12p35 was not expressed at all. In the present study, we constructed, purified human IL-12p35 and obtained a specific antibody against IL-12p35. We also purified human IFN-γ and obtained specific antibody against IFN-γ. We have established a method for expressing poorly expressed proteins. The method we have established can be applied to the purification of poorly expressed proteins and antibody production.","PeriodicalId":65391,"journal":{"name":"美国分子生物学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45015565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.4236/AJMB.2021.112005
S. Nawar, M. Rashid, A. Ahmed, Mahboob Hossain
Bangladesh composes the most polluted air with Dhaka securing the top position. The purpose of the study is the enumeration of the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in Dhaka city’s air and their antibiotic susceptibility to the common antibiotics. For the sample collection, different selective media was exposed in air where the highest and lowest CFU was 137 and 1 respectively. Pathogens were screened through Hemolysis, DNase and Coagulase test and identified by 16s rRNA sequencing followed by antibiotic susceptibility test. 16s rRNA sequencing revealed that the organisms were Bacillus altitudinis strain 41KF2bT.28, Bacillus licheniformis strain QMA46-2, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus pumilis strain BJ-DEBCR-34, Staphylococcus aureus strain TPS3156, Bacillus sp CO16, Pseudomonas sp strain 96LC22 and Shigella dysenteriae strain ATCC 13313. Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus were 81.81% and 54.54% resistant to the antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing would help to observe mutations in the traits as changes in hemolytic activity were found during pathogenecity tests.
{"title":"A Study of Prevalence and Pathogenic Activity of Bacteria in the Air of Dhaka City and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern","authors":"S. Nawar, M. Rashid, A. Ahmed, Mahboob Hossain","doi":"10.4236/AJMB.2021.112005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AJMB.2021.112005","url":null,"abstract":"Bangladesh composes the most polluted air with Dhaka securing the top position. The purpose of the study is the enumeration of the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in Dhaka city’s air and their antibiotic susceptibility to the common antibiotics. For the sample collection, different selective media was exposed in air where the highest and lowest CFU was 137 and 1 respectively. Pathogens were screened through Hemolysis, DNase and Coagulase test and identified by 16s rRNA sequencing followed by antibiotic susceptibility test. 16s rRNA sequencing revealed that the organisms were Bacillus altitudinis strain 41KF2bT.28, Bacillus licheniformis strain QMA46-2, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus pumilis strain BJ-DEBCR-34, Staphylococcus aureus strain TPS3156, Bacillus sp CO16, Pseudomonas sp strain 96LC22 and Shigella dysenteriae strain ATCC 13313. Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus were 81.81% and 54.54% resistant to the antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing would help to observe mutations in the traits as changes in hemolytic activity were found during pathogenecity tests.","PeriodicalId":65391,"journal":{"name":"美国分子生物学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"51-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46708669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2021.114013
Ioannis Krasias
SCD is one of the most prevailing homogeneous inherited haemoglobinopathies causing a plethora of various clinical complications to the patients. The high mortality and morbidity severely concern the Western community, where numerous clinical trials and research for a cure are in process. In order to al-leviate patients from the severe symptoms of the disease, avoiding the side effects, Botanical Medicine exhibits concrete evidence, as a gold candidate, to be the salvation to the problem. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) protocol has been used to achieve extensive research on the topic, focusing on the identification and evaluation of the phytochemical properties of common medicinal plants. Meta-analysis has also been imple-mented on the results of published literature. Forest plots have been plotted, comparing and evaluating the results’ validity and significance. The meta-analysis results have undoubtedly demonstrated the importance and significance of the medicinal plants and their properties against various clinical complications, focusing on the pathogenicity of SCD. Surprisingly, their effectiveness to suppress haemoglobin polymerisation and increase the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ratio in patients, en-hanced the normal morphological erythrocytes’ appearance by suppressing the sickle shape of drepanocytes. Research made on the epidemiology of SCD asso-ciates the disease with the geographical frequency of malaria infection. Based on the natural selection theory of Charles Darwin, nature aids in the popula-tion’s survival by the endemicity of various medicinal plants in areas with increased SCD patients. Limitations to the medicinal plants’ consumptions and further therapeutic options have been discussed.
{"title":"The Anti-Sickling Properties of Medicinal Plants, Insights in Botanical Medicine*","authors":"Ioannis Krasias","doi":"10.4236/ajmb.2021.114013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2021.114013","url":null,"abstract":"SCD is one of the most prevailing homogeneous inherited haemoglobinopathies causing a plethora of various clinical complications to the patients. The high mortality and morbidity severely concern the Western community, where numerous clinical trials and research for a cure are in process. In order to al-leviate patients from the severe symptoms of the disease, avoiding the side effects, Botanical Medicine exhibits concrete evidence, as a gold candidate, to be the salvation to the problem. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) protocol has been used to achieve extensive research on the topic, focusing on the identification and evaluation of the phytochemical properties of common medicinal plants. Meta-analysis has also been imple-mented on the results of published literature. Forest plots have been plotted, comparing and evaluating the results’ validity and significance. The meta-analysis results have undoubtedly demonstrated the importance and significance of the medicinal plants and their properties against various clinical complications, focusing on the pathogenicity of SCD. Surprisingly, their effectiveness to suppress haemoglobin polymerisation and increase the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ratio in patients, en-hanced the normal morphological erythrocytes’ appearance by suppressing the sickle shape of drepanocytes. Research made on the epidemiology of SCD asso-ciates the disease with the geographical frequency of malaria infection. Based on the natural selection theory of Charles Darwin, nature aids in the popula-tion’s survival by the endemicity of various medicinal plants in areas with increased SCD patients. Limitations to the medicinal plants’ consumptions and further therapeutic options have been discussed.","PeriodicalId":65391,"journal":{"name":"美国分子生物学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2021.111002
Jane Sadhna Jagernath, Shuai Meng, Jiehua Qiu, Shi Huanbin, Yanjun Kou
Selective mitochondrial autophagy or mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that selectively degrades superfluous, damaged, and dysfunctional mitochondria. This process is believed to be a mitochondrial quality control system crucial for intracellular homeostasis. Recently, researchers developed a range of methods to induce mitophagy and a variety of assays to monitor this process. With these new methods, the research on mitophagy has been developed rapidly. In particular, some key receptors and regulatory factors in fungi have been identified, which provides a basis for further understanding of the mechanism of this process. Although it has been studied extensively in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mitophagy in pathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. However recent studies have shown that mitophagy is involved in the regulation of pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi, which greatly increases the importance of mitophagy. Therefore, it is necessary to review the current research on mitophagy in order to provide an accurate understanding of mitophagy and promote mitophagy research in the pathogenic fungi.
{"title":"Selective Degradation of Mitochondria by Mitophagy in Pathogenic Fungi","authors":"Jane Sadhna Jagernath, Shuai Meng, Jiehua Qiu, Shi Huanbin, Yanjun Kou","doi":"10.4236/ajmb.2021.111002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2021.111002","url":null,"abstract":"Selective mitochondrial autophagy or mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that selectively degrades superfluous, damaged, and dysfunctional mitochondria. This process is believed to be a mitochondrial quality control system crucial for intracellular homeostasis. Recently, researchers developed a range of methods to induce mitophagy and a variety of assays to monitor this process. With these new methods, the research on mitophagy has been developed rapidly. In particular, some key receptors and regulatory factors in fungi have been identified, which provides a basis for further understanding of the mechanism of this process. Although it has been studied extensively in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mitophagy in pathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. However recent studies have shown that mitophagy is involved in the regulation of pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi, which greatly increases the importance of mitophagy. Therefore, it is necessary to review the current research on mitophagy in order to provide an accurate understanding of mitophagy and promote mitophagy research in the pathogenic fungi.","PeriodicalId":65391,"journal":{"name":"美国分子生物学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"15-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70513540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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