S. Menzikov, M. Karpova, L. Kuznetsova, N. Klishina
This work examines the influence of Cl- (2.5 - 125 mM) and HCO3- (2 - 30 mM) on the Cl-/HCO3- - ATPase complex of the neuronal membrane and this enzyme is a Cl--pump that is coupled to GABAA receptors. The greatest (44%) activating effect on the enzyme is found with HCO3- (20 - 30 mM), while the maximum activity occurs in the presence of a ratio of ~25 mM HCO3- /~5mM Cl-. Blockers of the GABAA receptor, namely bicuculline (10 - 50 μM) and picrotoxin (50 - 100 μM), inhibit this anion activation, whereas the HCO3- -ATPase activity is not sensitive to these ligands. Autoradiographic analysis of the spectrum of the partially purified enzyme phosphorylated with [γ-32P]ATP allowed us to distinguish three major 32P-labeled protein whose molecular weight are about 57, 53, and 48 kDa. In the presence of 5 mM Cl-/25mM HCO3- and 100 μM picrotoxin, the intensity of the phosphorylation of bands significantly decreased, thereby confirming the assumption about coupled of binding sites for anions and GABAA-ergic ligands. It was suggested scheme of Cl--transport through the plasma membrane by utilizing neuronal Cl-/ -HCO3- ATPase in the low (5 mM) Cl- and high (25 mM) HCO3- concentrations. The data demonstrated for the first time that the GABAA-coupled Cl-/ HCO3- -ATPase from rat brain neuronal membranes is maximally activated at a Cl-/HCO3- ratio of 1:5 and it remains stable at high concentrations of substrate and buffer.
{"title":"GABAA-Coupled Cl-/ HCO3--ATPase from Plasma Membrane of the Rat Brain: Role of HCO3- in the Enzyme Activation","authors":"S. Menzikov, M. Karpova, L. Kuznetsova, N. Klishina","doi":"10.4236/AER.2015.31002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2015.31002","url":null,"abstract":"This work examines the influence of Cl- (2.5 - 125 mM) and HCO3- (2 - 30 mM) on the Cl-/HCO3- - ATPase complex of the neuronal membrane and this enzyme is a Cl--pump that is coupled to GABAA receptors. The greatest (44%) activating effect on the enzyme is found with HCO3- (20 - 30 mM), while the maximum activity occurs in the presence of a ratio of ~25 mM HCO3- /~5mM Cl-. Blockers of the GABAA receptor, namely bicuculline (10 - 50 μM) and picrotoxin (50 - 100 μM), inhibit this anion activation, whereas the HCO3- -ATPase activity is not sensitive to these ligands. Autoradiographic analysis of the spectrum of the partially purified enzyme phosphorylated with [γ-32P]ATP allowed us to distinguish three major 32P-labeled protein whose molecular weight are about 57, 53, and 48 kDa. In the presence of 5 mM Cl-/25mM HCO3- and 100 μM picrotoxin, the intensity of the phosphorylation of bands significantly decreased, thereby confirming the assumption about coupled of binding sites for anions and GABAA-ergic ligands. It was suggested scheme of Cl--transport through the plasma membrane by utilizing neuronal Cl-/ -HCO3- ATPase in the low (5 mM) Cl- and high (25 mM) HCO3- concentrations. The data demonstrated for the first time that the GABAA-coupled Cl-/ HCO3- -ATPase from rat brain neuronal membranes is maximally activated at a Cl-/HCO3- ratio of 1:5 and it remains stable at high concentrations of substrate and buffer.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chronic, low-level inflammation may be an independent marker of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Systemic Enzyme Therapy (SET), the oral administration of proteolytic enzymes, is safe and effective in the management of inflammation. Therefore, the effects of SET, as Wobenzym®, on the prevention and treatment of inflammation and other metabolic risk factors were assessed in a rabbit model of diet-induced MetS. Animals were fed a lipid-enriched diet for 8 weeks during which they were administered a vehicle control (control group) or Wobenzym either throughout the study period (prevention group) or beginning at the 5th week, after the development of biomarkers of MetS (treatment group). At the 8th week, both prevention and treatment groups demonstrated improved insulin sensitivity relative to the control group and reduced serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c, P < 0.001). At 8 weeks, the prevention group, but not the treatment group, exhibited reduced total cholesterol and oxidative stress, measured as serum malondialdehyde (P < 0.001). Triglycerides and free fatty acids were reduced in both the treatment (P < 0.01) and prevention groups (P < 0.001) relative to the control group at the 8th week. Body weight and blood glucose were not affected. Enzyme therapy may have a positive effect on inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and other metabolic risk factors of MetS.
慢性、低水平炎症可能是代谢综合征(MetS)的一个独立标志。全身酶疗法(SET)，即口服蛋白水解酶，在治疗炎症方面是安全有效的。因此，我们在兔饮食性MetS模型中评估SET作为wob酶®对炎症和其他代谢危险因素的预防和治疗作用。动物喂食富含脂肪的饮食8周，在此期间，它们在整个研究期间(预防组)或在met生物标志物形成后的第5周(治疗组)开始使用载体对照(对照组)或wob酶。在第8周，预防组和治疗组均表现出胰岛素敏感性较对照组改善，血清c反应蛋白(CRP)和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c, P < 0.001)降低。在8周时，预防组而非治疗组表现出总胆固醇和氧化应激(以血清丙二醛测量)的降低(P < 0.001)。第8周时，治疗组和预防组的甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸均较对照组降低(P < 0.01)。体重和血糖没有受到影响。酶治疗可能对炎症、胰岛素敏感性和其他代谢危险因素有积极作用。
{"title":"Proteolytic Enzyme Combination Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in a Model of Metabolic Syndrome","authors":"T. Talaieva, V. Bratus'","doi":"10.4236/AER.2015.31001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2015.31001","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic, low-level inflammation may be an independent marker of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Systemic Enzyme Therapy (SET), the oral administration of proteolytic enzymes, is safe and effective in the management of inflammation. Therefore, the effects of SET, as Wobenzym®, on the prevention and treatment of inflammation and other metabolic risk factors were assessed in a rabbit model of diet-induced MetS. Animals were fed a lipid-enriched diet for 8 weeks during which they were administered a vehicle control (control group) or Wobenzym either throughout the study period (prevention group) or beginning at the 5th week, after the development of biomarkers of MetS (treatment group). At the 8th week, both prevention and treatment groups demonstrated improved insulin sensitivity relative to the control group and reduced serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c, P < 0.001). At 8 weeks, the prevention group, but not the treatment group, exhibited reduced total cholesterol and oxidative stress, measured as serum malondialdehyde (P < 0.001). Triglycerides and free fatty acids were reduced in both the treatment (P < 0.01) and prevention groups (P < 0.001) relative to the control group at the 8th week. Body weight and blood glucose were not affected. Enzyme therapy may have a positive effect on inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and other metabolic risk factors of MetS.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Faisal, E. S. Hareesh, P. Priji, K. N. Unni, S. Sajith, S. Sreedevi, M. S. Josh, S. Benjamin
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) holds tremendous potentials for the production of industrially significant enzymes. The present study describes the production of lipase by a novel rumen bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. strain BUP6 on agro-industrial residues. Pseudomonas sp. strain BUP6 showed higher lipase production when grown in Basal salt medium (BSM) supplemented with oil cakes. Initially, five different oil cakes (obtained after extracting oil from coconut, groundnut, cotton seed, gingelly or soybean) were screened to find out the most suitable substrate-cum-inducer for the production of lipase. Among them, groundnut cake supported the maximum production of lipase (107.44 U/gds). Box-Behnken Design (BBD), followed by response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the culture parameters for maximizing the production of lipase. Using the software Minitab 14, four different parameters like temperature, pH, moisture content and incubation time were selected for the statistical optimization, which resulted in 0.7 fold increase (i.e., 180.75 U/gds) in production of lipase under the optimum culture conditions (temperature 28°C, pH 5.9, moisture 33% and incubation 2 d). Thus, this study signifies the importance of SSF for the production of industrially-significant lipase using agro-industrial residues as solid support.
{"title":"Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Lipase from Pseudomonas sp. BUP6 by Solid State Fermentation","authors":"P. Faisal, E. S. Hareesh, P. Priji, K. N. Unni, S. Sajith, S. Sreedevi, M. S. Josh, S. Benjamin","doi":"10.4236/AER.2014.24013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2014.24013","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state fermentation (SSF) holds tremendous potentials for the production of industrially significant enzymes. The present study describes the production of lipase by a novel rumen bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. strain BUP6 on agro-industrial residues. Pseudomonas sp. strain BUP6 showed higher lipase production when grown in Basal salt medium (BSM) supplemented with oil cakes. Initially, five different oil cakes (obtained after extracting oil from coconut, groundnut, cotton seed, gingelly or soybean) were screened to find out the most suitable substrate-cum-inducer for the production of lipase. Among them, groundnut cake supported the maximum production of lipase (107.44 U/gds). Box-Behnken Design (BBD), followed by response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the culture parameters for maximizing the production of lipase. Using the software Minitab 14, four different parameters like temperature, pH, moisture content and incubation time were selected for the statistical optimization, which resulted in 0.7 fold increase (i.e., 180.75 U/gds) in production of lipase under the optimum culture conditions (temperature 28°C, pH 5.9, moisture 33% and incubation 2 d). Thus, this study signifies the importance of SSF for the production of industrially-significant lipase using agro-industrial residues as solid support.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been purified from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds and subjected to characterization. The enzyme was purified 123.69 fold with a yield of 21.37% by ammonium sulphate fractionation, PEG-4000 precipitation, CM cellulose column chromatography and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The catalytically active enzyme is a dimer of 113 KDa with a subunit molecular weight of 55 KDa. Thermal inactivation of enzyme follows first order kinetics at 30°C and 40°C with half life of 6 and 1.5 min respectively. Km value for glucose-6-phosphate and NADP+ was found to be 2.68 mM and 0.75 mM respectively whereas Vmax value was found to be 0.11 U/mL and 0.13 U/mL respectively. The enzyme shows more affinity towards NADP+ than glucose-6-phosphate. The pKa value was found to be 10.41 indicating that the amino acid residue at active site might be lysine. The enzyme exhibited maximum catalytic activity at pH 8.2. The enzyme was found to be highly thermosensitive with gradual loss of activity above 30°C temperature.
{"title":"Purification and Characterization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Seeds","authors":"Siddharth Singh, P. Srivastava","doi":"10.4236/AER.2014.24014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2014.24014","url":null,"abstract":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been purified from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds and subjected to characterization. The enzyme was purified 123.69 fold with a yield of 21.37% by ammonium sulphate fractionation, PEG-4000 precipitation, CM cellulose column chromatography and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The catalytically active enzyme is a dimer of 113 KDa with a subunit molecular weight of 55 KDa. Thermal inactivation of enzyme follows first order kinetics at 30°C and 40°C with half life of 6 and 1.5 min respectively. Km value for glucose-6-phosphate and NADP+ was found to be 2.68 mM and 0.75 mM respectively whereas Vmax value was found to be 0.11 U/mL and 0.13 U/mL respectively. The enzyme shows more affinity towards NADP+ than glucose-6-phosphate. The pKa value was found to be 10.41 indicating that the amino acid residue at active site might be lysine. The enzyme exhibited maximum catalytic activity at pH 8.2. The enzyme was found to be highly thermosensitive with gradual loss of activity above 30°C temperature.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enzymatic activities are important to be quantified in products as enzymatic cleaners, which are used in medical and surgical devices reprocessing. Enzymatic activities are critical for the proper chemical cleaning that intends to remove solid organic dirt from inaccessible sites. The most important enzyme for this purpose is the protease, which is able to dissolve the main dirt attached to medical and surgical instruments. In this context, this study contributes to the development of a new proteolytic activity quantification method and its validation. The methodology is based on colorimetry and uses a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to measure the substrate hydrolysis by the blue color intensity, employing Protazyme AK tablets as substrate.
{"title":"Adaptation and Validation of a Proteolytic Activity Methodology Using Dye-Crosslinked Substrate Tablets","authors":"F. Martins, E. C. Ramires","doi":"10.4236/AER.2014.23012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2014.23012","url":null,"abstract":"Enzymatic activities are important to be quantified in products as enzymatic cleaners, which are used in medical and surgical devices reprocessing. Enzymatic activities are critical for the proper chemical cleaning that intends to remove solid organic dirt from inaccessible sites. The most important enzyme for this purpose is the protease, which is able to dissolve the main dirt attached to medical and surgical instruments. In this context, this study contributes to the development of a new proteolytic activity quantification method and its validation. The methodology is based on colorimetry and uses a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to measure the substrate hydrolysis by the blue color intensity, employing Protazyme AK tablets as substrate.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hypertension is a serious problem that is recently thought to be associated with damaging effects on target organs partially via oxidative stress. On the other hand, there is accumulating literature describing some sort of therapeutic interaction between antioxidant enzymes in vital organs and hypertension. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the possible effect of a direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, used in treatment of hypertension via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), on selected anti-oxidant enzymes in hepatic homogenates in DOCA salt-induced hypertesnive albino rats. Thirty male wister albino rats were assigned randomly into 3 groups (n = 10/ group). Group 1 received no treatement and serves as control. Group 2 received 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium ip as a solvent of aliskiren, as a direct renin inhibitor (DRI). Group 3 received aliskiren 100 mg/kg/day ip for 4 weeks through gastric tube. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured every week and its mean was recorded at the end of the study. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme in RBCs lysates, activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), as a marker of lipid peroxidation, in hepatic homogenates were measured at the end of the study. DRI produced a marked reduction in mean SBP of hypertensive rats. It also significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activities of measured anti-oxidant enzymes while it significantly (p < 0.05) reduced TBARS in liver homogenates. These results indicated that renin possesses an oxidative effect in the liver in hypertensive rats. Aliskiren, in addition to its powerful anti-hypertensive effect, it could induce a great anti-oxidant effect in liver homogenates of DOCA salt-hypertensive rats.
{"title":"Aliskiren Augments the Activities of Anti-Oxidant Enzymes in Liver Homogenates of DOCA Salt-Induced Hypertensive Rats","authors":"S. Kamal","doi":"10.4236/AER.2014.22010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2014.22010","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension is a serious problem that is recently thought to be associated with damaging effects on target organs partially via oxidative stress. On the other hand, there is accumulating literature describing some sort of therapeutic interaction between antioxidant enzymes in vital organs and hypertension. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the possible effect of a direct renin inhibitor, aliskiren, used in treatment of hypertension via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), on selected anti-oxidant enzymes in hepatic homogenates in DOCA salt-induced hypertesnive albino rats. Thirty male wister albino rats were assigned randomly into 3 groups (n = 10/ group). Group 1 received no treatement and serves as control. Group 2 received 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium ip as a solvent of aliskiren, as a direct renin inhibitor (DRI). Group 3 received aliskiren 100 mg/kg/day ip for 4 weeks through gastric tube. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured every week and its mean was recorded at the end of the study. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme in RBCs lysates, activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), as a marker of lipid peroxidation, in hepatic homogenates were measured at the end of the study. DRI produced a marked reduction in mean SBP of hypertensive rats. It also significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activities of measured anti-oxidant enzymes while it significantly (p < 0.05) reduced TBARS in liver homogenates. These results indicated that renin possesses an oxidative effect in the liver in hypertensive rats. Aliskiren, in addition to its powerful anti-hypertensive effect, it could induce a great anti-oxidant effect in liver homogenates of DOCA salt-hypertensive rats.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by superoxide radicals generated from photo-reactive riboflavin has been in use for more than four decades to detect superoxide dismutase (SOD) on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. SOD research in medicine and biochemistry has warranted the development of multiple assay variants to overcome specific experimental constraints or to combine the SOD assay with other enzyme assays. Fine-tuning reagent concentrations to effectively visualize bands continue to be a major research obstacle in assay development. Herein we describe a straightforward technique to reliably adjust the background color of polyacrylamide gels without compromising assay efficacy. Low micromolar to low millimolar concentrations of yellow riboflavin can be mixed with the blue of reduced nitroblue tetrazolium to controllably produce blue, purple, yellow-brown, or yellow gel backgrounds. The advantage of this technique is that the assay is not modified by the introduction of new reagents. Quantitative reliability of these alternative stains was assessed by plotting determined band intensity values against known enzyme loads. The correlation (R2) values of trial averages were compared against the average correlation of the standard 0.028 mM riboflavin solution using pooled standard deviation and Student’s T-test at 95% confidence. Assay sensitivity was assessed by comparing lowest possible visible enzyme load of the experimental stains with the 0.028 mM riboflavin standard. No difference in the quantitative reliability was found in any riboflavin concentration. The minimum reliable sensitivity of the assay was found to be 10 ng for each concentration of riboflavin. This technique has already been employed to analyze SOD protein expression levels in extracts of Escherichia coli (Bertrand et al., Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:130-133, 2012; Bertrand & Eze, Adv. Enz. Res., 1: 132-141, 2013).
{"title":"Modifying Polyacrylamide Background Color for the Nitroblue Tetrazolium-Based Superoxide Dismutase Staining Assay","authors":"R. Bertrand, M. Eze","doi":"10.4236/AER.2014.22008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2014.22008","url":null,"abstract":"The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by superoxide radicals generated from photo-reactive riboflavin has been in use for more than four decades to detect superoxide dismutase (SOD) on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. SOD research in medicine and biochemistry has warranted the development of multiple assay variants to overcome specific experimental constraints or to combine the SOD assay with other enzyme assays. Fine-tuning reagent concentrations to effectively visualize bands continue to be a major research obstacle in assay development. Herein we describe a straightforward technique to reliably adjust the background color of polyacrylamide gels without compromising assay efficacy. Low micromolar to low millimolar concentrations of yellow riboflavin can be mixed with the blue of reduced nitroblue tetrazolium to controllably produce blue, purple, yellow-brown, or yellow gel backgrounds. The advantage of this technique is that the assay is not modified by the introduction of new reagents. Quantitative reliability of these alternative stains was assessed by plotting determined band intensity values against known enzyme loads. The correlation (R2) values of trial averages were compared against the average correlation of the standard 0.028 mM riboflavin solution using pooled standard deviation and Student’s T-test at 95% confidence. Assay sensitivity was assessed by comparing lowest possible visible enzyme load of the experimental stains with the 0.028 mM riboflavin standard. No difference in the quantitative reliability was found in any riboflavin concentration. The minimum reliable sensitivity of the assay was found to be 10 ng for each concentration of riboflavin. This technique has already been employed to analyze SOD protein expression levels in extracts of Escherichia coli (Bertrand et al., Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:130-133, 2012; Bertrand & Eze, Adv. Enz. Res., 1: 132-141, 2013).","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The work is a study of the influence of Ca2+ (0.01 - 1 mM) on neuronal CI-, HCO3-, -ATPase complex: an enzyme that is a CI--pump which is functionally and structurally coupled to GABAA-receptors. It is found that influence of Ca2+ on the multifunctional complex starts at concentration of 50·M and at concentration of 0.1 mM, it reduces the “basal” one and increases the CI-, HCO3-, -stimulated Mg2+-ATPase activities. GABA (0.1 - 100μM) activates the “basal” Mg2+-ATPase activity in the ab-sence of calcium. The effect of GABA on the enzyme in the presence of 0.01 ·M Ca2+ does not change. At the same time, 1 mM Ca2+eliminates the GABA effect on the “basal” Mg2+-ATPase activity. Competitive blocker of GABAA-receptors bicuculline (5 - 20 μM) in the absence of Ca2+ ions elimi-nates the stimulation of the “basal” Mg2+-ATPase by anions. When 0.25 mM Ca2+ is added to the in-cubation medium the inhibitory bicuculline effect on the enzyme does not appear. We found that 0.1 mM o-vanadate (protein tyrosine phosphatase blocker) reduces the GABA-activated ATPase activity. At the same time, 0.1 mM genistein (a protein tyrosine kinase blocker) has no effect on enzyme activity. In the presence of Ca2+ (0.25 mM), the effect of o-vanadate on the “basal” and CI-, HCO3-, -ATPase activities does not appear. It is shown for the first time that high concentrations of Ca2+prevent the action of GABAA-ergic ligands on the study ATPase. It is assumed that there is the involvement of protein kinases and protein phosphatases in the modulation of the enzyme activity by calcium. The observed effect of calcium on the ATPase may play an important role in the study of the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and seizure activity.
{"title":"Effects of Calcium on the GABAA-Coupled CI-/HCO3- -ATPase from Plasma Membrane of Rat Brain","authors":"S. Menzikov, M. Kalinina","doi":"10.4236/AER.2014.22009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2014.22009","url":null,"abstract":"The work is a study of the influence of Ca2+ (0.01 - 1 mM) on neuronal CI-, HCO3-, -ATPase complex: an enzyme that is a CI--pump which is functionally and structurally coupled to GABAA-receptors. It is found that influence of Ca2+ on the multifunctional complex starts at concentration of 50·M and at concentration of 0.1 mM, it reduces the “basal” one and increases the CI-, HCO3-, -stimulated Mg2+-ATPase activities. GABA (0.1 - 100μM) activates the “basal” Mg2+-ATPase activity in the ab-sence of calcium. The effect of GABA on the enzyme in the presence of 0.01 ·M Ca2+ does not change. At the same time, 1 mM Ca2+eliminates the GABA effect on the “basal” Mg2+-ATPase activity. Competitive blocker of GABAA-receptors bicuculline (5 - 20 μM) in the absence of Ca2+ ions elimi-nates the stimulation of the “basal” Mg2+-ATPase by anions. When 0.25 mM Ca2+ is added to the in-cubation medium the inhibitory bicuculline effect on the enzyme does not appear. We found that 0.1 mM o-vanadate (protein tyrosine phosphatase blocker) reduces the GABA-activated ATPase activity. At the same time, 0.1 mM genistein (a protein tyrosine kinase blocker) has no effect on enzyme activity. In the presence of Ca2+ (0.25 mM), the effect of o-vanadate on the “basal” and CI-, HCO3-, -ATPase activities does not appear. It is shown for the first time that high concentrations of Ca2+prevent the action of GABAA-ergic ligands on the study ATPase. It is assumed that there is the involvement of protein kinases and protein phosphatases in the modulation of the enzyme activity by calcium. The observed effect of calcium on the ATPase may play an important role in the study of the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and seizure activity.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lluvia de Carolina Sánchez-Pérez, J. E. Barranco-Florido, S. Rodríguez-Navarro, José Francisco Cervantes-Mayagoitia, M. Ramos-López
Entomopathogenic fungi (EF) are recognized biological control agents of insects. Basically, the entomopathogenic fungi pathogen activity depends on the ability of its enzymatic equipment, consisting of lipases, proteases and chitinases, which are in charge of breaking down the insect’s integument. Lipases are the first enzymes synthesized by the entomopathogenic fungi. Recently, a cytochrome P450 subfamily, referred as CYP52XI and MrCYP52 has been identified in Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, respectively. These break down long-chain alkenes and fatty acids to become initial nutrients. Subsequently, subtilisin type (Pr1) proteases sintetize; these enzymes are considered as virulence indicators and they are regulated by a signal transduction mechanism activated by the protein kinase A (PKA) mediated by AMPc. Through the employment of genetic engineering, it has been possible to increase virulence producing Pr1 recombinants with Androctonus australis neurotoxins or with chitinases, reducing the insect’s time of death. In the course of time, the Pr1 protease gene has presented evolutionary adaptations by gene duplication or horizontal transfer infecting different orders of insects. In the same way, the entomopathogenic fungi chitinases have presented a functional diversification. Currently, these have been phylogenetically classified into three subgroups, in accordance to the catalytic site domain and the chitin binding domain. The chitinolytic activity has increased through a directed evolution processes and genetic recombination with Bombyx mori chitinase. Recently, enzymes have been employed as control agents for insects and phytopathogenic fungi (disease originator) opening new potentialities in order to improve the entomopathogenic fungi use. Solid state fermentation is a bioprocess that would produce at great scale enzymes and some other metabolites in grade of increasing the entomopathogenic fungi virulence, in the control of insects and potentially in some diseases affecting plants.
{"title":"Enzymes of Entomopathogenic Fungi, Advances and Insights","authors":"Lluvia de Carolina Sánchez-Pérez, J. E. Barranco-Florido, S. Rodríguez-Navarro, José Francisco Cervantes-Mayagoitia, M. Ramos-López","doi":"10.4236/AER.2014.22007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2014.22007","url":null,"abstract":"Entomopathogenic fungi (EF) are recognized biological control agents of insects. Basically, the entomopathogenic fungi pathogen activity depends on the ability of its enzymatic equipment, consisting of lipases, proteases and chitinases, which are in charge of breaking down the insect’s integument. Lipases are the first enzymes synthesized by the entomopathogenic fungi. Recently, a cytochrome P450 subfamily, referred as CYP52XI and MrCYP52 has been identified in Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, respectively. These break down long-chain alkenes and fatty acids to become initial nutrients. Subsequently, subtilisin type (Pr1) proteases sintetize; these enzymes are considered as virulence indicators and they are regulated by a signal transduction mechanism activated by the protein kinase A (PKA) mediated by AMPc. Through the employment of genetic engineering, it has been possible to increase virulence producing Pr1 recombinants with Androctonus australis neurotoxins or with chitinases, reducing the insect’s time of death. In the course of time, the Pr1 protease gene has presented evolutionary adaptations by gene duplication or horizontal transfer infecting different orders of insects. In the same way, the entomopathogenic fungi chitinases have presented a functional diversification. Currently, these have been phylogenetically classified into three subgroups, in accordance to the catalytic site domain and the chitin binding domain. The chitinolytic activity has increased through a directed evolution processes and genetic recombination with Bombyx mori chitinase. Recently, enzymes have been employed as control agents for insects and phytopathogenic fungi (disease originator) opening new potentialities in order to improve the entomopathogenic fungi use. Solid state fermentation is a bioprocess that would produce at great scale enzymes and some other metabolites in grade of increasing the entomopathogenic fungi virulence, in the control of insects and potentially in some diseases affecting plants.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4236/AER.2014.22007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eriko Osumi, Chihiro Kondo, M. Mizuno, Takahiro Suzuki, M. Matsubara, K. Shimozato, T. Kanamori
Destrin, also called actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF), exists in resting parotid tissue as phosphorylated (inactive) and dephosphorylated (active) forms, and β-adrenergic stimulation of this tissue induces dephosphorylation of destrin. It is suggested that destrin dephosphorylation is involved in cortical F-actin disruption observed in parallel with β-agonist-induced amylase secretion. At present, the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism of destrin in parotid tissue is not known. We previously detected, in a crude rat parotid extract, a constitutively active protein kinase catalyzing phosphorylation of destrin; however, its identification has been hampered by difficulty in its enrichment. The purpose of this study was to explore a simple purification method(s) for this enzyme. To this end, we first developed a high-throughput dot-blot assay for the kinase with an anti-phosphodestrin antibody and then studied its purification by column chromatography on several media. We found that the kinase could be partially purified by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose, and hydroxyapatite columns. In each chromatography, however, the kinase could be eluted, at the cost of resolution, only by sharp increases in the elution power of the eluent; gradual increases in the elution power resulted in unacceptably poor recovery. We confirmed that enzymatic properties of the kinase were not basically altered during the purification. Further purification of the kinase was achieved by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), which resolved the kinase activity into two bands and separated the activity from most proteins (the kinase activity after PAGE was detected with destrin-coated polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and the anti-phosphodestrin antibody). The two bands seem to constitute the major destrin-phosphorylating activity in the resting rat parotid gland. We here report its partial purification and characterization together with the detection methods.
{"title":"Partial Purification and Characterization of the Rat Parotid Gland Protein Kinase Catalyzing Phosphorylation of Matured Destrin at Ser-2","authors":"Eriko Osumi, Chihiro Kondo, M. Mizuno, Takahiro Suzuki, M. Matsubara, K. Shimozato, T. Kanamori","doi":"10.4236/AER.2014.22011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2014.22011","url":null,"abstract":"Destrin, also called actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF), exists in resting parotid tissue as phosphorylated (inactive) and dephosphorylated (active) forms, and β-adrenergic stimulation of this tissue induces dephosphorylation of destrin. It is suggested that destrin dephosphorylation is involved in cortical F-actin disruption observed in parallel with β-agonist-induced amylase secretion. At present, the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism of destrin in parotid tissue is not known. We previously detected, in a crude rat parotid extract, a constitutively active protein kinase catalyzing phosphorylation of destrin; however, its identification has been hampered by difficulty in its enrichment. The purpose of this study was to explore a simple purification method(s) for this enzyme. To this end, we first developed a high-throughput dot-blot assay for the kinase with an anti-phosphodestrin antibody and then studied its purification by column chromatography on several media. We found that the kinase could be partially purified by sequential chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose, and hydroxyapatite columns. In each chromatography, however, the kinase could be eluted, at the cost of resolution, only by sharp increases in the elution power of the eluent; gradual increases in the elution power resulted in unacceptably poor recovery. We confirmed that enzymatic properties of the kinase were not basically altered during the purification. Further purification of the kinase was achieved by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), which resolved the kinase activity into two bands and separated the activity from most proteins (the kinase activity after PAGE was detected with destrin-coated polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and the anti-phosphodestrin antibody). The two bands seem to constitute the major destrin-phosphorylating activity in the resting rat parotid gland. We here report its partial purification and characterization together with the detection methods.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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