{"title":"Validation of Soil Enzyme Activity Assay for a Biogeochemical Cycling Index in Biochar Amended Soils","authors":"J. P. Frene, Mattie Frazier, T. Gardner, Z. Senwo","doi":"10.4236/aer.2022.103004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aer.2022.103004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70486019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cloning of an <i>α</i>-L-Arabinofuranosidase and Characterization of Its Action on Mono- and Di-Substituted Xylopyranosyl Units","authors":"D. Wong, S. Batt","doi":"10.4236/aer.2022.104005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aer.2022.104005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70486061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fida Noor Baloch, Hafeez Noor Baloch, A. Khan, Naseebullah Marri Baloch, Ismail Anwer Baloch, Nadir khan Baloch, Ayaz Qadir Qambrani, Abdul khalique Samejo
Enzymes which are biological catalyst composed of amino acids with minerals and vitamins. The use of enzymes has many benefits in poultry diets include not only enhanced feed conversion and bird performance but also reduced output of excreta problems of environment. The present research work was conducted to evaluate the effect of phytase enzyme on growth performance and blood profile of broiler. Birds were arbitrarily separated into four groups, i.e. Group A (control) was offered 0 g/kg, 0.05 g/kg (group B), 0.075 g/kg (group C) and 0.025 g/kg (group D) phytase enzyme provided in broiler feed. Parameters which were selected in present research work as, feed intake, live body weight, feed conversion ratio, growth performance and blood profile. Results showed that the maximum chicken body weight was noted in group C and feed intake was minimum in group C, as compared to other groups. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in group C, followed by other groups the non-significantly variance founded respectively, the highest weight of liver, gizzard, heart, intestine were noted in treated group C comparatively, highest spleen weight was in group B and in group A (control) the minimum weight of spleen was noted and the average blood profile of broiler chicks in different groups, the white blood cells was significantly higher in group D followed by group A, group B and C. Red blood cells was significantly (P < 0.05) better in group C. Haemoglobin was significant differences in different groups of trial. A significant (P < 0.05) difference in Packed cells volume in group A followed by group B, C and D. Total protein in group A was minimum followed by group B, C and D, respectively. From the present study, it was concluded that supplementation of 0.075 g/kg phytase enzyme has a better effect on growth performance and blood profile of broiler.
{"title":"Effect of Phytase Enzyme on Organs Growth Performance and Blood Profile of Broiler","authors":"Fida Noor Baloch, Hafeez Noor Baloch, A. Khan, Naseebullah Marri Baloch, Ismail Anwer Baloch, Nadir khan Baloch, Ayaz Qadir Qambrani, Abdul khalique Samejo","doi":"10.4236/aer.2021.93004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aer.2021.93004","url":null,"abstract":"Enzymes which are biological catalyst composed of amino acids with minerals and vitamins. The use of enzymes has many benefits in poultry diets include not only enhanced feed conversion and bird performance but also reduced output of excreta problems of environment. The present research work was conducted to evaluate the effect of phytase enzyme on growth performance and blood profile of broiler. Birds were arbitrarily separated into four groups, i.e. Group A (control) was offered 0 g/kg, 0.05 g/kg (group B), 0.075 g/kg (group C) and 0.025 g/kg (group D) phytase enzyme provided in broiler feed. Parameters which were selected in present research work as, feed intake, live body weight, feed conversion ratio, growth performance and blood profile. Results showed that the maximum chicken body weight was noted in group C and feed intake was minimum in group C, as compared to other groups. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in group C, followed by other groups the non-significantly variance founded respectively, the highest weight of liver, gizzard, heart, intestine were noted in treated group C comparatively, highest spleen weight was in group B and in group A (control) the minimum weight of spleen was noted and the average blood profile of broiler chicks in different groups, the white blood cells was significantly higher in group D followed by group A, group B and C. Red blood cells was significantly (P < 0.05) better in group C. Haemoglobin was significant differences in different groups of trial. A significant (P < 0.05) difference in Packed cells volume in group A followed by group B, C and D. Total protein in group A was minimum followed by group B, C and D, respectively. From the present study, it was concluded that supplementation of 0.075 g/kg phytase enzyme has a better effect on growth performance and blood profile of broiler.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49507606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The organogermanium (Ge-132), namely Asaigermanium (Ge-132) was synthesized by Dr. Kazuhiko Asai about over 50 years ago (1967). This Ge-132 has important functions to cure the patients with many serious diseases like cancers and also has functions to activate the physiological actions of microorganisms and organisms like bacteria, animals/humans and plants. Namely, the Ge-132 plays a very important role in many kinds of organisms. At present, we are in COVID-19 crisis. In order to ease the crisis, the governments in the world vaccinate people against COVID-19. However, this vaccination seems to be not every. The Ge-132 as a different treatment for COVID-19 will probably have a good effect on COVID-19. Its probability can be judged from our experiments/experience and evidential data by researchers who have gone before ourselves. The probable contents are described in this book.
{"title":"Book Review of “The Secret of Organogermanium―Amazing Power to Renew Life”","authors":"T. Tezuka","doi":"10.4236/aer.2021.93005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aer.2021.93005","url":null,"abstract":"The organogermanium (Ge-132), namely Asaigermanium (Ge-132) was \u0000synthesized by Dr. Kazuhiko Asai about over 50 years ago (1967). This Ge-132 \u0000has important functions to cure the patients with many serious diseases like \u0000cancers and also has functions to activate the physiological actions of \u0000microorganisms and organisms like bacteria, animals/humans and plants. Namely, \u0000the Ge-132 plays a very important role in many kinds of organisms. At present, we are in COVID-19 crisis. In order to ease the crisis, the \u0000governments in the world vaccinate people against COVID-19. However, this \u0000vaccination seems to be not every. The Ge-132 as a different treatment for \u0000COVID-19 will probably have a good effect on COVID-19. Its probability can be \u0000judged from our experiments/experience and evidential data by researchers who \u0000have gone before ourselves. The probable contents are described in this book.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47257303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The word “natto” originated from Japan, which was known as stinky bean, salt bean or silk bean in Chinese folk. Natto contains multiple functional components, including nattokinase, soybean isoflavone, γ-polyglutamic acid, vitamin K2, biogenic amines, SOD, small-molecule polypeptide, which has good preventive and curative effects for many diseases, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, menopausal symptoms and hypoimmunity. Along with the aging population in the world and China, it is urgent to improve the quality of life. It is necessary to enhance the understanding of natto-related knowledge, expand propaganda power, accept natto consciously and eat natto frequently, which is good for our health and helps our country to build a healthy and harmonious society. This review will descript the development, components, functions and prospects of natto, which help us to offer theoretical basis for promoting natto industry.
{"title":"Analysis of Main Components and Prospects of Natto","authors":"Yanchun Liu, Yanxia Han, Ling-xian Cao, Xiuling Wang, Shijuan Dou","doi":"10.4236/AER.2021.91001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2021.91001","url":null,"abstract":"The word “natto” originated from Japan, which was known as stinky bean, salt bean or silk bean in Chinese folk. Natto contains multiple functional components, including nattokinase, soybean isoflavone, γ-polyglutamic acid, vitamin K2, biogenic amines, SOD, small-molecule polypeptide, which has good preventive and curative effects for many diseases, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, menopausal symptoms and hypoimmunity. Along with the aging population in the world and China, it is urgent to improve the quality of life. It is necessary to enhance the understanding of natto-related knowledge, expand propaganda power, accept natto consciously and eat natto frequently, which is good for our health and helps our country to build a healthy and harmonious society. This review will descript the development, components, functions and prospects of natto, which help us to offer theoretical basis for promoting natto industry.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46901434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xu Xiangyang, Song Zaiwei, Yun Yin, Zhong Faguo, Junying Song, Jiachao Huang, Wan-wan Ye, Peng Wang
Solid-state fermentation was carried out using mycelium powder of Aspergillus niger as substrate for the production of chitosanase of Streptomyces. Results of the experiments indicated that the optimal medium consisted of wheat bran and mycelium powder of Aspergillus niger with initial moisture content of 60% - 70%. The enzyme activity reached 41.33 U per gram dry medium after cultured for 5 days at 28°C - 30°C and an initial pH 6.5. Chitosanase was detected on the second day of incubation and had maximal activity at 5 days and decreased gradually within a 1 month period. Solid-state fermentation is maybe an economic alternative in the production.
{"title":"Solid-State Fermentation Production of Chitosanase by Streptomyces with Waste Mycelia of Aspergillus niger","authors":"Xu Xiangyang, Song Zaiwei, Yun Yin, Zhong Faguo, Junying Song, Jiachao Huang, Wan-wan Ye, Peng Wang","doi":"10.4236/AER.2021.91002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2021.91002","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state fermentation was carried out using mycelium powder of Aspergillus niger as substrate for the production of chitosanase of Streptomyces. Results of the experiments indicated that the optimal medium consisted of wheat bran and mycelium powder of Aspergillus niger with initial moisture content of 60% - 70%. The enzyme activity reached 41.33 U per gram dry medium after cultured for 5 days at 28°C - 30°C and an initial pH 6.5. Chitosanase was detected on the second day of incubation and had maximal activity at 5 days and decreased gradually within a 1 month period. Solid-state fermentation is maybe an economic alternative in the production.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42310902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Kinetic Studies of a Coenzyme B12 Dependent Reaction Catalyzed by Glutamate Mutase from Clostridium cochlearium","authors":"F. Lyatuu, W. Buckel","doi":"10.4236/aer.2021.94007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aer.2021.94007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrophoretic Purification and Characterization of Human NADH-Glutamate Dehydrogenase Redox Cycle Isoenzymes Synthesizing Nongenetic Code-Based RNA Enzyme","authors":"G. Osuji, W. Madu, Paul M Johnson","doi":"10.4236/AER.2021.92003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AER.2021.92003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Carrasco-Carballo, Emiliano Marín-Merino, Penélope Merino-Montiel, Blanca Colín-Lozano, Sandra Luz Cabrera Hilerio, J. C. Hilario-Martínez, J. Sandoval-Ramírez
Steroidal plant growth promoters (SPGP) have been continuously studied due to their high activity increasing biomass and resistance to diverse stress fac-tors. In our hands, a new SPGP family of 22-oxocholestanic compounds stands out at a comparative level to brassinosteroids (BSs). The potential activity of new SPGP against phytopathogens was studied through in silico molecular docking, these assays were performed with relevant ensymes of phytopato-gens Chitinase B and 1,3-β-Glucanase. Nine Chitinase B inhibitors and two 1,3-β-Glucanase inhibitors were proposed. The launched study analyzed the interactional and spatial level, determining the presence of interactions with key amino acids in receptors in comparison to reference inhibitors. Even more, the AVR4 and ECP6 effectors were also examined. No compound that blocks ECP6 was found; due to, probably, the influence of its highly hydrophilic environment. In the case of AVR4, two SPGP showed a better docking score (DS) than a chitin fragment (endogenous ligand); this fact demonstrates the latent potential of the 22-oxocholestanic derivatives against phytopathogens, with a specific regulation via proliferation inhibition. Moreover, this SPGP does not affect the symbiotic fungi that are beneficial for the natural plant system.
{"title":"Steroidal Plant Growth Promoters vs. Phytopathogens, via Enzymatic Regulation; An in Silico Approach","authors":"A. Carrasco-Carballo, Emiliano Marín-Merino, Penélope Merino-Montiel, Blanca Colín-Lozano, Sandra Luz Cabrera Hilerio, J. C. Hilario-Martínez, J. Sandoval-Ramírez","doi":"10.4236/aer.2021.94006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aer.2021.94006","url":null,"abstract":"Steroidal plant growth promoters (SPGP) have been continuously studied due to their high activity increasing biomass and resistance to diverse stress fac-tors. In our hands, a new SPGP family of 22-oxocholestanic compounds stands out at a comparative level to brassinosteroids (BSs). The potential activity of new SPGP against phytopathogens was studied through in silico molecular docking, these assays were performed with relevant ensymes of phytopato-gens Chitinase B and 1,3-β-Glucanase. Nine Chitinase B inhibitors and two 1,3-β-Glucanase inhibitors were proposed. The launched study analyzed the interactional and spatial level, determining the presence of interactions with key amino acids in receptors in comparison to reference inhibitors. Even more, the AVR4 and ECP6 effectors were also examined. No compound that blocks ECP6 was found; due to, probably, the influence of its highly hydrophilic environment. In the case of AVR4, two SPGP showed a better docking score (DS) than a chitin fragment (endogenous ligand); this fact demonstrates the latent potential of the 22-oxocholestanic derivatives against phytopathogens, with a specific regulation via proliferation inhibition. Moreover, this SPGP does not affect the symbiotic fungi that are beneficial for the natural plant system.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A feruloyl esterase (FAE-C6) gene of 957 bp was isolated from rumen microbial metagenome, subcloned into pET32b vector, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme purified in active form, consisted of 319 amino acid residues, with a molecular weight of 43.7 based on SDS-PAGE. Homology modeling showed that the FAE contained the catalytic triad composed of Ser 154- Asp 263 His 295 and a classical Gly-X-Ser 154 -X-Gly nucleophile motif commonly found in esterases. The FAE-C6 was characterized using corn fiber as substrate. Its combining action with glycoside hydrolases (C, X, A) individually and in various combinations was studied with focus on the difference in the effects on FA and sugar release. Glycoside hydrolases with endo-xylanase included in the enzyme mixture showed significant impact on increasing the FA yield. For the release of sugar, FAE enhanced the yield in all hydrolase combinations moderately and endo-xylanase was not the key factor in the enzyme formulation.
从瘤胃微生物元基因组中分离到一个长度为957 bp的阿铁酰酯酶(FAE-C6)基因，并将其亚克隆到pET32b载体中，在大肠杆菌中表达。该酶经活性纯化，由319个氨基酸残基组成，SDS-PAGE分子量为43.7。同源性模型表明，FAE含有由Ser - 154- Asp 263 His - 295和典型的Gly-X-Ser 154- x - gly亲核基序组成的催化三元组。以玉米纤维为底物对FAE-C6进行了表征。研究了其与糖苷水解酶(C, X, A)单独和不同组合的联合作用，重点研究了其对FA和糖释放的影响差异。酶混合物中含有内切木聚糖酶的糖苷水解酶对提高FA产量有显著影响。对于糖的释放，FAE在所有水解酶组合中均适度提高了产量，内切木聚糖酶不是酶制剂的关键因素。
{"title":"Breakdown of Corn Fiber by a Metagenomic Ferulolyl Esterase in Combination with Glycosyl Hydrolases","authors":"Dominic W. S. Wong, V. Chan, H. Liao","doi":"10.4236/aer.2021.94008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aer.2021.94008","url":null,"abstract":"A feruloyl esterase (FAE-C6) gene of 957 bp was isolated from rumen microbial metagenome, subcloned into pET32b vector, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme purified in active form, consisted of 319 amino acid residues, with a molecular weight of 43.7 based on SDS-PAGE. Homology modeling showed that the FAE contained the catalytic triad composed of Ser 154- Asp 263 His 295 and a classical Gly-X-Ser 154 -X-Gly nucleophile motif commonly found in esterases. The FAE-C6 was characterized using corn fiber as substrate. Its combining action with glycoside hydrolases (C, X, A) individually and in various combinations was studied with focus on the difference in the effects on FA and sugar release. Glycoside hydrolases with endo-xylanase included in the enzyme mixture showed significant impact on increasing the FA yield. For the release of sugar, FAE enhanced the yield in all hydrolase combinations moderately and endo-xylanase was not the key factor in the enzyme formulation.","PeriodicalId":65616,"journal":{"name":"酶研究进展(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70485956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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