This viewpoint on recent advances in quantum electrochemistry demonstrates how quantum-rate (QR) theory unifies the Levich, Dogonadze, and Kuznetsov (LDK) and Marcus electron-transfer (ET) theories from the 1960s within a common framework. In particular, QR theory simplifies to these classical models when quantum coherence is a necessary condition for applying electrodynamics. Notably, quantum coherence emerges at the point where Marcus's ET theory predicts the maximum rate, when the driving force of the reaction equals the reorganization energy. Building on these connections, QR theory further links quantum conductance and the electron transfer rate constant through quantum capacitance. To clarify these relationships, we analyze ET reactions in molecular switches under transient and dynamic regimes using QR theory and compare them to key mesoscopic 'dry' (solid-state) experiments. Significantly, while quantum coherence is observed at lower temperatures in solid-state experiments, it is present at room temperature during ET reactions in 'wet' electrolyte environments. This underscores the crucial role of the 'wet' environment in maintaining quantum coherence during ET reactions.
{"title":"A unified quantum rate theory of electron transfer: conceptual advances in quantum electrochemistry.","authors":"Paulo Roberto Bueno","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01301a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01301a","url":null,"abstract":"This viewpoint on recent advances in quantum electrochemistry demonstrates how quantum-rate (QR) theory unifies the Levich, Dogonadze, and Kuznetsov (LDK) and Marcus electron-transfer (ET) theories from the 1960s within a common framework. In particular, QR theory simplifies to these classical models when quantum coherence is a necessary condition for applying electrodynamics. Notably, quantum coherence emerges at the point where Marcus's ET theory predicts the maximum rate, when the driving force of the reaction equals the reorganization energy. Building on these connections, QR theory further links quantum conductance and the electron transfer rate constant through quantum capacitance. To clarify these relationships, we analyze ET reactions in molecular switches under transient and dynamic regimes using QR theory and compare them to key mesoscopic 'dry' (solid-state) experiments. Significantly, while quantum coherence is observed at lower temperatures in solid-state experiments, it is present at room temperature during ET reactions in 'wet' electrolyte environments. This underscores the crucial role of the 'wet' environment in maintaining quantum coherence during ET reactions.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"258 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcelo H. R. Carvalho, Gabriel M. F. Batista, Pedro P. de Castro, Brenno A. D. Neto, Giovanni W. Amarante
Substituted maleimides, particularly those bearing substitution at the 3- or 3,4-positions, are valuable building blocks in organic synthesis and chemical biology. While classical methods for their preparation rely on halogenated precursors obtained via mono- or dihalogenation of maleic anhydride, these approaches offer limited structural diversity and often require multiple steps. In this work, we highlight recent developments in non-conventional synthetic strategies for accessing 3- and 3,4-substituted maleimides. Special emphasis is placed on methodologies based on transition metal catalysis and organocatalysis, which enable the direct introduction of substituents onto the maleimide core. These advances expand the diversity of accessible structures, facilitating new applications and reactivity profiles. In selected cases, we also discuss how these synthetic routes have led to the development of maleimide derivatives with notable photophysical properties, particularly fluorescence, which may serve in future applications. Overall, this tutorial review provides a comprehensive synthetic perspective on recent advances in the field, aiming to support further innovation in maleimide chemistry.
{"title":"Multifaceted maleimide scaffolds in focus: from synthesis to photophysical applications","authors":"Marcelo H. R. Carvalho, Gabriel M. F. Batista, Pedro P. de Castro, Brenno A. D. Neto, Giovanni W. Amarante","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00880h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00880h","url":null,"abstract":"Substituted maleimides, particularly those bearing substitution at the 3- or 3,4-positions, are valuable building blocks in organic synthesis and chemical biology. While classical methods for their preparation rely on halogenated precursors obtained <em>via</em> mono- or dihalogenation of maleic anhydride, these approaches offer limited structural diversity and often require multiple steps. In this work, we highlight recent developments in non-conventional synthetic strategies for accessing 3- and 3,4-substituted maleimides. Special emphasis is placed on methodologies based on transition metal catalysis and organocatalysis, which enable the direct introduction of substituents onto the maleimide core. These advances expand the diversity of accessible structures, facilitating new applications and reactivity profiles. In selected cases, we also discuss how these synthetic routes have led to the development of maleimide derivatives with notable photophysical properties, particularly fluorescence, which may serve in future applications. Overall, this tutorial review provides a comprehensive synthetic perspective on recent advances in the field, aiming to support further innovation in maleimide chemistry.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145955806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organoborons have emerged as a class of privileged building blocks in modern organic synthesis, enabling unparalleled molecular diversity and serving as versatile carboxylic acid bioisosteres with profound implications in drug discovery. Concurrently, cyclopropanes have garnered sustained attention as unique synthetic platforms, with their rigid and highly strained three-membered ring structures conferring distinctive steric and electronic properties that facilitate selective C–H and C–C activation processes. The strategic transformation of cyclopropanes into organoborons represents a particularly appealing synthetic approach, offering access to valuable molecular architectures. This review systematically examines the seminal advancements of cyclopropane-to-organoboron conversion over recent years, employing a structured classification based on two fundamental activation modes: C–H borylation and C–C borylation. The review provides in-depth mechanistic elucidation, with particular emphasis on catalytic cycles, key reactive intermediates, and stereodiscrimination processes, thereby offering fundamental insights into the governing principles of these transformations. Looking forward, continued innovation in catalyst design and the exploration of novel reaction pathways are anticipated to significantly expand the synthetic utility and scope of conversions, potentially opening new frontiers in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
{"title":"Cyclopropane-to-organoboron conversion via C–H and C–C bond activation","authors":"Shuyu Kang, Xueli Lv, Zhuangzhi Shi","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00759c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00759c","url":null,"abstract":"Organoborons have emerged as a class of privileged building blocks in modern organic synthesis, enabling unparalleled molecular diversity and serving as versatile carboxylic acid bioisosteres with profound implications in drug discovery. Concurrently, cyclopropanes have garnered sustained attention as unique synthetic platforms, with their rigid and highly strained three-membered ring structures conferring distinctive steric and electronic properties that facilitate selective C–H and C–C activation processes. The strategic transformation of cyclopropanes into organoborons represents a particularly appealing synthetic approach, offering access to valuable molecular architectures. This review systematically examines the seminal advancements of cyclopropane-to-organoboron conversion over recent years, employing a structured classification based on two fundamental activation modes: C–H borylation and C–C borylation. The review provides in-depth mechanistic elucidation, with particular emphasis on catalytic cycles, key reactive intermediates, and stereodiscrimination processes, thereby offering fundamental insights into the governing principles of these transformations. Looking forward, continued innovation in catalyst design and the exploration of novel reaction pathways are anticipated to significantly expand the synthetic utility and scope of conversions, potentially opening new frontiers in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145955928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mushraf Hussain,Samana Batool,Zafar Mahmood,Nooreen Rehmat,Ahmed M El-Zohry,Jianzhang Zhao,Mariangela Di Donato,Matthew C T Hartman,Katharine Moore Tibbetts
Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) is a well-known technique used to study events that take place upon photoexcitation at short time scales (usually from femtoseconds to nanoseconds and up to milli-seconds) and involve processes such as electron transfer, energy transfer, intersystem crossing, isomerization, proton transfer, exciplex or excimer formation, etc. These events are fundamental steps for the mechanisms of many chemical processes including organic synthetic reactions, photo-polymerization, photodynamic therapy, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence. In this review we thoroughly discuss and critically analyze how to exploit TAS to derive mechanistic insights in these processes. Moreover, some basic principles that can help in easily elucidating and predicting a transient absorption (TA) spectrum are included with previously reported examples. This paper is aimed at facilitating the application of TAS as a tool for mechanistic studies and to provide an overview of the techniques related to scientists and students with diverse scientific backgrounds.
{"title":"Transient absorption spectroscopy: a mechanistic tool for triplet sensitizers and their applications.","authors":"Mushraf Hussain,Samana Batool,Zafar Mahmood,Nooreen Rehmat,Ahmed M El-Zohry,Jianzhang Zhao,Mariangela Di Donato,Matthew C T Hartman,Katharine Moore Tibbetts","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00614g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00614g","url":null,"abstract":"Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) is a well-known technique used to study events that take place upon photoexcitation at short time scales (usually from femtoseconds to nanoseconds and up to milli-seconds) and involve processes such as electron transfer, energy transfer, intersystem crossing, isomerization, proton transfer, exciplex or excimer formation, etc. These events are fundamental steps for the mechanisms of many chemical processes including organic synthetic reactions, photo-polymerization, photodynamic therapy, and thermally activated delayed fluorescence. In this review we thoroughly discuss and critically analyze how to exploit TAS to derive mechanistic insights in these processes. Moreover, some basic principles that can help in easily elucidating and predicting a transient absorption (TA) spectrum are included with previously reported examples. This paper is aimed at facilitating the application of TAS as a tool for mechanistic studies and to provide an overview of the techniques related to scientists and students with diverse scientific backgrounds.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145949662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiayi Lu, Wei Zhai, Min Li, Xiaolei Zuo, Junhua Zheng, Shaopeng Wang
Nucleic acid nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative tool in tumor research due to several unique properties including exceptional programmability and biocompatibility. The simplicity of their synthesis and chemical modification, their versatility as probes for both nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets, and their compatibility with signal amplification strategies make nucleic acid nanostructures ideal for biosensing applications. To date, nucleic acid nanotechnology has been successfully used in the precise detection and monitoring of tumor biomarkers at multiple biological scales. Furthermore, the engineering of sensory and modulable nucleic acid nanostructures has facilitated breakthroughs at the single-cell level in illuminating and reprogramming the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby advancing tumor diagnostics and therapeutic decision-making. Framework nucleic acids (FNAs) have also shown promise in immunomodulation, offering novel strategies for fine-tuning immune responses in cancer immunotherapy. This review highlights the role of nucleic acid nanotechnology in non-invasive imaging and biomarker profiling of the TME, with a focus on innovative approaches that enhance detection sensitivity and real-time monitoring. Furthermore, the advantages and potential applications of nucleic acid nanotechnology in cancer immunotherapy are discussed. Through a detailed exploration of these advances, this review aims to provide insights into the pivotal role of nucleic acid nanotechnology in deciphering and modulating the TME for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in oncology.
{"title":"Nucleic acid nanotechnology in tumor microenvironment research: from illumination to intervention for enhanced immunotherapy","authors":"Jiayi Lu, Wei Zhai, Min Li, Xiaolei Zuo, Junhua Zheng, Shaopeng Wang","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00602c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00602c","url":null,"abstract":"Nucleic acid nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative tool in tumor research due to several unique properties including exceptional programmability and biocompatibility. The simplicity of their synthesis and chemical modification, their versatility as probes for both nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets, and their compatibility with signal amplification strategies make nucleic acid nanostructures ideal for biosensing applications. To date, nucleic acid nanotechnology has been successfully used in the precise detection and monitoring of tumor biomarkers at multiple biological scales. Furthermore, the engineering of sensory and modulable nucleic acid nanostructures has facilitated breakthroughs at the single-cell level in illuminating and reprogramming the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby advancing tumor diagnostics and therapeutic decision-making. Framework nucleic acids (FNAs) have also shown promise in immunomodulation, offering novel strategies for fine-tuning immune responses in cancer immunotherapy. This review highlights the role of nucleic acid nanotechnology in non-invasive imaging and biomarker profiling of the TME, with a focus on innovative approaches that enhance detection sensitivity and real-time monitoring. Furthermore, the advantages and potential applications of nucleic acid nanotechnology in cancer immunotherapy are discussed. Through a detailed exploration of these advances, this review aims to provide insights into the pivotal role of nucleic acid nanotechnology in deciphering and modulating the TME for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in oncology.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluorescence lifetime imaging has emerged as a promising modality to extract molecular information from biological systems, providing detailed and semi-quantitative characterisation of subcellular microenvironments. Fluorescence lifetime measurements offer robust insights into biological processes as they are less dependent on concentration and excitation power than intensity-based measurements. However, fluorescence lifetime imaging suffers from a paucity of fluorophores with wide dynamic ranges of lifetimes and responsiveness to biostimuli. This shortcoming has prompted the design of new chemical strategies to tailor the optical properties of organic fluorophores and their application in multiplexed live-cell imaging for the visualisation of molecular and cellular interactions. This Review article covers advances - primarily from the last 5 years - in the chemical design of fluorescence lifetime probes that combine optical reporters and targeting groups (e.g., ligands, peptides, proteins), their applications in bioimaging and related computational-based innovations for data acquisition and analysis. The perspectives and challenges in the design and applications of fluorescence lifetime probes are discussed, bridging chemistry and bioimaging as well as providing strategic insights for advancing fluorescence lifetime imaging.
{"title":"Chemical fluorophores for fluorescence lifetime imaging.","authors":"Clarissa Lim,Deborah Seah,Marc Vendrell","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00280j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00280j","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging has emerged as a promising modality to extract molecular information from biological systems, providing detailed and semi-quantitative characterisation of subcellular microenvironments. Fluorescence lifetime measurements offer robust insights into biological processes as they are less dependent on concentration and excitation power than intensity-based measurements. However, fluorescence lifetime imaging suffers from a paucity of fluorophores with wide dynamic ranges of lifetimes and responsiveness to biostimuli. This shortcoming has prompted the design of new chemical strategies to tailor the optical properties of organic fluorophores and their application in multiplexed live-cell imaging for the visualisation of molecular and cellular interactions. This Review article covers advances - primarily from the last 5 years - in the chemical design of fluorescence lifetime probes that combine optical reporters and targeting groups (e.g., ligands, peptides, proteins), their applications in bioimaging and related computational-based innovations for data acquisition and analysis. The perspectives and challenges in the design and applications of fluorescence lifetime probes are discussed, bridging chemistry and bioimaging as well as providing strategic insights for advancing fluorescence lifetime imaging.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gas-sensing technologies facilitate the early detection and prediction of unforeseen future events by tracking surrounding invisible and instantaneous molecular information, which is critical for applications in agriculture, medicine, chemical process control, and environmental monitoring. Recent advancements in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are characterized by large surface areas, rich porosity, tunable pore sizes and geometries, and distinctive surface chemical properties, have paved the way for the development of next-generation gas sensors. The types and functions of MOFs in gas sensors have undergone significant advancements, particularly in terms of low operating temperatures, high sensitivity, and selectivity. However, a systematic analysis correlating the transduction mechanism and morphological structures of various MOF-based gas sensors is still lacking, in addition to a comprehensive summary of the most recent MOF-based gas sensors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in MOF-based gas sensors, with a focus on their fabrication strategies, sensing mechanisms, and applications. Examples of MOF-based sensors include chemiresistive, field-effect transistor, Kelvin probe, capacitive, and optical gas sensors. Moreover, MOF-based gas sensors have been extensively investigated for applications in chiral recognition and flexible devices. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of various MOF-based gas sensors developed to date and the corresponding solutions. Finally, we present our perspectives on the challenges and opportunities encountered in the advancement and practical applications of MOF-based gas sensors.
{"title":"Metal-organic framework-based gas sensors: fabrication, mechanisms, and applications.","authors":"Jianzhong Zheng,Yuxuan Xie,Wen-Hua Li,Qiaomei Sun,Siqi Li,Yaling Liu,Zhaoxiang Zhong,Zhiyong Tang,Dan Zhao","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00472a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00472a","url":null,"abstract":"Gas-sensing technologies facilitate the early detection and prediction of unforeseen future events by tracking surrounding invisible and instantaneous molecular information, which is critical for applications in agriculture, medicine, chemical process control, and environmental monitoring. Recent advancements in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are characterized by large surface areas, rich porosity, tunable pore sizes and geometries, and distinctive surface chemical properties, have paved the way for the development of next-generation gas sensors. The types and functions of MOFs in gas sensors have undergone significant advancements, particularly in terms of low operating temperatures, high sensitivity, and selectivity. However, a systematic analysis correlating the transduction mechanism and morphological structures of various MOF-based gas sensors is still lacking, in addition to a comprehensive summary of the most recent MOF-based gas sensors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in MOF-based gas sensors, with a focus on their fabrication strategies, sensing mechanisms, and applications. Examples of MOF-based sensors include chemiresistive, field-effect transistor, Kelvin probe, capacitive, and optical gas sensors. Moreover, MOF-based gas sensors have been extensively investigated for applications in chiral recognition and flexible devices. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of various MOF-based gas sensors developed to date and the corresponding solutions. Finally, we present our perspectives on the challenges and opportunities encountered in the advancement and practical applications of MOF-based gas sensors.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The field of two-dimensional (2D) materials has seen remarkable progress, driven by their exceptional electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. In addition to their intrinsic qualities, 2D materials are atomically thin and readily integrated with a wide range of devices, offering immense potential for next-generation on-chip technologies across various domains, beyond just electronics and optics. Central to the fabrication of 2D devices is the development of effective transfer methods, which are crucial for maintaining clean material interfaces and intact material properties. However, as some of the most fundamental techniques, transfer methods are incredibly diverse, making it challenging to navigate the various approaches. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art transfer methods, including a preliminary discussion on high-quality 2D material preparation, along with evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of various transfer techniques. Furthermore, despite being a foundational field, there are still many significant tasks to be undertaken, with several bottlenecks awaiting breakthroughs. We also highlight emerging trends, such as reconfigurable transfer, all-transfer for chip manufacturing, and the application of transfer techniques to low-dimensional materials across broader research fields, such as chemistry, polariton, tribology, haptics, thermal transport, thermodynamic control, quantum science, neuromorphic computing, electrocatalysts, and energy, offering insights into future directions for 2D material integration.
{"title":"Transfer and beyond: emerging strategies and trends in two-dimensional material device fabrication.","authors":"Gang Huang, Ruosi Chen, Mingxi Chen, Xianfeng Chen, Mengting Jiang, Yu Xing, Jiang Wang, Boqun Liang, Qiushi Liu, Xiangdong Li, Chit Siong Lau, Xiaonan Dong, Piyush Agarwal, Lin Ke, Syed M Assad, Jian-Rui Soh, James Lourembam, Young-Wook Cho, Qingcheng Liang, Jian Li, Xiao Zhang, Yuan Ma, Yuerui Lu, Ping Koy Lam, Xuezhi Ma","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00531k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00531k","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The field of two-dimensional (2D) materials has seen remarkable progress, driven by their exceptional electronic, optical, and mechanical properties. In addition to their intrinsic qualities, 2D materials are atomically thin and readily integrated with a wide range of devices, offering immense potential for next-generation on-chip technologies across various domains, beyond just electronics and optics. Central to the fabrication of 2D devices is the development of effective transfer methods, which are crucial for maintaining clean material interfaces and intact material properties. However, as some of the most fundamental techniques, transfer methods are incredibly diverse, making it challenging to navigate the various approaches. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art transfer methods, including a preliminary discussion on high-quality 2D material preparation, along with evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of various transfer techniques. Furthermore, despite being a foundational field, there are still many significant tasks to be undertaken, with several bottlenecks awaiting breakthroughs. We also highlight emerging trends, such as reconfigurable transfer, all-transfer for chip manufacturing, and the application of transfer techniques to low-dimensional materials across broader research fields, such as chemistry, polariton, tribology, haptics, thermal transport, thermodynamic control, quantum science, neuromorphic computing, electrocatalysts, and energy, offering insights into future directions for 2D material integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145909524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of materials exhibiting circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is a key area of research for next-generation optical technologies, including 3D displays and secure communications. The central goal in this field is to create chiral emitters with a high luminescence dissymmetry (<em>g</em><small><sub>CPL</sub></small>) factor, a measure of the emission's chirality. While theoretically reaching ±2, practical values in small organic molecules have historically been much lower, on the order of 0.001 or less. This summary outlines the core strategies in molecular design focusing on helical emitters that have recently enabled significant breakthroughs, pushing <em>g</em> values beyond the 0.01 threshold. The magnitude of <em>g</em> factor is determined by the cosine of the angle between the electric (<strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>e</sub></small>) and magnetic (<strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small>) dipole transition moments, as well as their respective magnitudes. Consequently, the most successful research has moved beyond simple screening and has focused on rationally engineering molecules to optimize this relationship. One of the most direct strategies has been to design rigid, helical molecules where high symmetry forces the <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>e</sub></small> and <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small> to be parallel. By enforcing <em>D</em><small><sub>2</sub></small> and other symmetry in certain helicenes, helical nanographenes and related structures, researchers have minimized the angle between the moments, thus maximizing the cosine term and leading to a significant enhancement in the <em>g</em> factor value. A second, distinct approach targets the magnitude of the <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small>. In most organic chromophores, <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small> is inherently small, limiting the potential <em>g</em> factor intensity. To overcome this, researchers have designed for example belt-shaped macrocyclic molecules that function as molecular-scale solenoids. The cyclic arrangement of chromophores induces a large, circulating electric current in the excited state, which in turn generates a powerful <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small> along the cylinder's axis. A third innovative strategy circumvents the limitation of a small intrinsic <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small> by leveraging exciton coupling between two and more chromophores. In these systems, two π-conjugated units such as pyrene are held in a fixed, chiral arrangement. Upon photoexcitation, they form an intramolecular excimer, a transient excited-state complex with a well-defined helical geometry. The resulting CPL signal originates from the chiral interaction of the two strong electric transition moments, generating a large rotational strength and a high <em>g</em> factor without relying on the weak magnetic moment of the i
{"title":"Small molecule helical emitters","authors":"Tadashi Mori","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01270h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01270h","url":null,"abstract":"The development of materials exhibiting circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is a key area of research for next-generation optical technologies, including 3D displays and secure communications. The central goal in this field is to create chiral emitters with a high luminescence dissymmetry (<em>g</em><small><sub>CPL</sub></small>) factor, a measure of the emission's chirality. While theoretically reaching ±2, practical values in small organic molecules have historically been much lower, on the order of 0.001 or less. This summary outlines the core strategies in molecular design focusing on helical emitters that have recently enabled significant breakthroughs, pushing <em>g</em> values beyond the 0.01 threshold. The magnitude of <em>g</em> factor is determined by the cosine of the angle between the electric (<strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>e</sub></small>) and magnetic (<strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small>) dipole transition moments, as well as their respective magnitudes. Consequently, the most successful research has moved beyond simple screening and has focused on rationally engineering molecules to optimize this relationship. One of the most direct strategies has been to design rigid, helical molecules where high symmetry forces the <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>e</sub></small> and <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small> to be parallel. By enforcing <em>D</em><small><sub>2</sub></small> and other symmetry in certain helicenes, helical nanographenes and related structures, researchers have minimized the angle between the moments, thus maximizing the cosine term and leading to a significant enhancement in the <em>g</em> factor value. A second, distinct approach targets the magnitude of the <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small>. In most organic chromophores, <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small> is inherently small, limiting the potential <em>g</em> factor intensity. To overcome this, researchers have designed for example belt-shaped macrocyclic molecules that function as molecular-scale solenoids. The cyclic arrangement of chromophores induces a large, circulating electric current in the excited state, which in turn generates a powerful <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small> along the cylinder's axis. A third innovative strategy circumvents the limitation of a small intrinsic <strong><em>μ</em></strong><small><sub>m</sub></small> by leveraging exciton coupling between two and more chromophores. In these systems, two π-conjugated units such as pyrene are held in a fixed, chiral arrangement. Upon photoexcitation, they form an intramolecular excimer, a transient excited-state complex with a well-defined helical geometry. The resulting CPL signal originates from the chiral interaction of the two strong electric transition moments, generating a large rotational strength and a high <em>g</em> factor without relying on the weak magnetic moment of the i","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145908281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianyu Zhang, Zuping Xiong, Xiong Liu, Qingyang Xu, Jacky W. Y. Lam, Jing Zhi Sun, Haoke Zhang, Ben Zhong Tang
In molecular science, theories based on covalent through-bond conjugation (TBC) serve as the foundational framework for designing efficient organic functional materials (OFMs). However, while TBC has been extensively established, through-space interaction (TSI) has recently emerged as an equally crucial electronic interaction governing the properties of OFMs, particularly in systems with partially or fully non-conjugated architectures. Nevertheless, the absence of quantitative structure–property relationships and a systematic summary continues to hinder the development of general design strategies for non-conjugated OFMs with tailored optoelectronic characteristics. Herein, this review presents a comprehensive overview of TSI in optoelectronic materials, beginning with its history, development, and current perspective. From the perspectives of luminescence and electronic properties, the working mechanisms, properties, manipulation strategies, and advanced applications of TSI are comprehensively summarized with typical examples, mainly including clusteroluminescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence, room-temperature phosphorescence, and charge transport. Based on the current achievements and challenges, perspectives for the future development of TSI and related optoelectronic materials are also discussed. This review will facilitate the rational design of TSI-based optoelectronic materials and advance new photophysical theories as a supplement to the well-established TBC-based theories for next-generation functional materials.
{"title":"Through-space interactions of optoelectronic materials","authors":"Jianyu Zhang, Zuping Xiong, Xiong Liu, Qingyang Xu, Jacky W. Y. Lam, Jing Zhi Sun, Haoke Zhang, Ben Zhong Tang","doi":"10.1039/d3cs00996c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cs00996c","url":null,"abstract":"In molecular science, theories based on covalent through-bond conjugation (TBC) serve as the foundational framework for designing efficient organic functional materials (OFMs). However, while TBC has been extensively established, through-space interaction (TSI) has recently emerged as an equally crucial electronic interaction governing the properties of OFMs, particularly in systems with partially or fully non-conjugated architectures. Nevertheless, the absence of quantitative structure–property relationships and a systematic summary continues to hinder the development of general design strategies for non-conjugated OFMs with tailored optoelectronic characteristics. Herein, this review presents a comprehensive overview of TSI in optoelectronic materials, beginning with its history, development, and current perspective. From the perspectives of luminescence and electronic properties, the working mechanisms, properties, manipulation strategies, and advanced applications of TSI are comprehensively summarized with typical examples, mainly including clusteroluminescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence, room-temperature phosphorescence, and charge transport. Based on the current achievements and challenges, perspectives for the future development of TSI and related optoelectronic materials are also discussed. This review will facilitate the rational design of TSI-based optoelectronic materials and advance new photophysical theories as a supplement to the well-established TBC-based theories for next-generation functional materials.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"185 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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