Thermoelectric (TE) materials offer significant potential for sustainable energy conversion. Their practical implementation, however, is strongly governed by temperature-dependent performance, which dictates their suitability for specific application domains. The applications are typically categorized into near-room-temperature, mid-temperature, and high-temperature regimes, each demanding distinct material characteristics. In recent years, research has increasingly focused on two key directions: near-room-temperature systems for solid-state cooling and small temperature-gradient power generation, and high-temperature materials for power generation in extreme environments such as deep-space applications. Despite remarkable improvements in the figure of merit (zT) achieved through targeted optimization strategies, critical challenges related to practical applications remain across the entire temperature range, including resource sustainability, thermal stability, and scalable manufacturing. Meanwhile, advances in theoretical calculations are accelerating the integration of theory and practical synthesis, offering new pathways for rational material design. This review provides a timely and comprehensive overview of global progress in TE research over the past five years, with a particular focus on recent advances in near-room-temperature and high-temperature materials. By analyzing the new compositions, new mechanisms, and promising applications for representative systems, it outlines future directions for developing next-generation TE materials toward sustainable energy applications.
{"title":"Recent advances and challenges in thermoelectrics toward near-room-temperature and high-temperature applications.","authors":"Qianhui Lou,Jiayan Gong,Zizheng Zang,Sheng Qian,Yu Liu,Yu Zhang,Yuechu Wang,Shen Han,Chenguang Fu,Tiejun Zhu","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01211b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01211b","url":null,"abstract":"Thermoelectric (TE) materials offer significant potential for sustainable energy conversion. Their practical implementation, however, is strongly governed by temperature-dependent performance, which dictates their suitability for specific application domains. The applications are typically categorized into near-room-temperature, mid-temperature, and high-temperature regimes, each demanding distinct material characteristics. In recent years, research has increasingly focused on two key directions: near-room-temperature systems for solid-state cooling and small temperature-gradient power generation, and high-temperature materials for power generation in extreme environments such as deep-space applications. Despite remarkable improvements in the figure of merit (zT) achieved through targeted optimization strategies, critical challenges related to practical applications remain across the entire temperature range, including resource sustainability, thermal stability, and scalable manufacturing. Meanwhile, advances in theoretical calculations are accelerating the integration of theory and practical synthesis, offering new pathways for rational material design. This review provides a timely and comprehensive overview of global progress in TE research over the past five years, with a particular focus on recent advances in near-room-temperature and high-temperature materials. By analyzing the new compositions, new mechanisms, and promising applications for representative systems, it outlines future directions for developing next-generation TE materials toward sustainable energy applications.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of catalytic and enantioselective methods for constructing chiral carbon-carbon bonds remains a significant challenge and crucial objective in organic synthesis, as these chiral bonds are ubiquitous in bioactive molecules and natural products. The straightforward construction of chiral C-C bonds through asymmetric reductive coupling of two electrophiles represents one of the most powerful synthetic strategies in modern organic chemistry. Recently, photoredox catalysis has gained considerable attention from the scientific community due to its unique activation mode and significance for sustainable synthesis. The synergistic combination of photoredox catalysis and asymmetric catalysis has emerged as a promising catalytic strategy, offering a potential solution to overcome limitations in traditional asymmetric catalysis. This tutorial review offers a comprehensive overview of enantioselective reductive transformations under cooperative photoredox catalysis, focusing primarily on the synergistic interactions between photocatalysts and transition metals, enzymes, and hydrogen-bonding catalysts, highlighting their significance in understanding and advancing catalytic processes.
{"title":"Enantioselective reductive couplings and related transformations under cooperative photoredox catalysis.","authors":"Yongjia Shi,Daoshan Yang","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01154j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01154j","url":null,"abstract":"The development of catalytic and enantioselective methods for constructing chiral carbon-carbon bonds remains a significant challenge and crucial objective in organic synthesis, as these chiral bonds are ubiquitous in bioactive molecules and natural products. The straightforward construction of chiral C-C bonds through asymmetric reductive coupling of two electrophiles represents one of the most powerful synthetic strategies in modern organic chemistry. Recently, photoredox catalysis has gained considerable attention from the scientific community due to its unique activation mode and significance for sustainable synthesis. The synergistic combination of photoredox catalysis and asymmetric catalysis has emerged as a promising catalytic strategy, offering a potential solution to overcome limitations in traditional asymmetric catalysis. This tutorial review offers a comprehensive overview of enantioselective reductive transformations under cooperative photoredox catalysis, focusing primarily on the synergistic interactions between photocatalysts and transition metals, enzymes, and hydrogen-bonding catalysts, highlighting their significance in understanding and advancing catalytic processes.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"284 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) have been widely regarded as promising alternatives to Li-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their intrinsic safety and cost-effectiveness. Nonetheless, spontaneous side reactions at the Zn anode dominate the platelet packing mode of Zn plating/stripping, thus undermining the anode's reversibility. To enable the future development of AZIBs, undesirable side reactions at the Zn anode need to be fully unveiled to understand intrinsic Zn plating/stripping processes. This review offers innovative and comprehensive insights to mitigate the side reactions at the Zn anode that have not been reported to date. It commences with a profound understanding of Zn redox chemistry with side reactions involved. Subsequently, the main initiators of side reactions are discussed; the mainstream strategies used to decouple main/side reactions are considered and analyzed from the thermodynamics and kinetics viewpoints based on different mechanisms; and cutting-edge research breakthroughs are summarized. Additionally, advanced characterization technologies are expounded, equipping readers with measures to intuitively detect side reactions. Finally, current challenges related to side reactions are presented, accompanied by proposed feasible solutions to inspire readers for the future development of AZIBs.
{"title":"Side reactions at the Zn anode: what we know and how we deal with them.","authors":"Gao Weng,Shuang Chen,Yang Xiang,Yufan Xia,Zhen Luo,Xuan Zhang,Muhammad Wakil Shahzad,Linhua Zhu,Ben Bin Xu,Mi Yan,Hongge Pan,Yinzhu Jiang","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01269d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01269d","url":null,"abstract":"Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) have been widely regarded as promising alternatives to Li-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their intrinsic safety and cost-effectiveness. Nonetheless, spontaneous side reactions at the Zn anode dominate the platelet packing mode of Zn plating/stripping, thus undermining the anode's reversibility. To enable the future development of AZIBs, undesirable side reactions at the Zn anode need to be fully unveiled to understand intrinsic Zn plating/stripping processes. This review offers innovative and comprehensive insights to mitigate the side reactions at the Zn anode that have not been reported to date. It commences with a profound understanding of Zn redox chemistry with side reactions involved. Subsequently, the main initiators of side reactions are discussed; the mainstream strategies used to decouple main/side reactions are considered and analyzed from the thermodynamics and kinetics viewpoints based on different mechanisms; and cutting-edge research breakthroughs are summarized. Additionally, advanced characterization technologies are expounded, equipping readers with measures to intuitively detect side reactions. Finally, current challenges related to side reactions are presented, accompanied by proposed feasible solutions to inspire readers for the future development of AZIBs.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) offers a promising approach for converting CO2 into valuable products, thereby storing renewable energy in chemical bonds and mitigating CO2 emissions. The process is fundamentally governed by the complex dynamics at the gas (CO2), liquid (H2O), and solid (catalyst) triple-phase interfaces (TPIs), where mass transport, charge transfer, and intermediate stabilization interact and compete. However, the practical performance of the CO2RR remains significantly below the threshold required for industrial applications, hindered by challenges such as liquid wetting, hydrophobic layer degradation, and electrowetting effects. In this context, we present a tutorial review that re-examines TPI paradigms by integrating early static models with recent dynamic experimental insights. Bridging macroscopic reactor design with atomic-scale interfacial dynamics necessitates the use of in situ/operando characterization techniques. We systematically review optimization strategies for TPIs (e.g., porous architectures, hydrophobic modifications, and heterostructure engineering) and analyze associated failure modes. Furthermore, we extend these concepts to other electrochemical reactions, including oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution/oxidation, to extract universal principles that guide catalyst design. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for advancing the field of sustainable electrocatalysis and its future role in clean energy technologies.
{"title":"Triple-phase interfaces for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide.","authors":"Yihan Xu,Tianxiang Yan,Xiangrui Zhang,Wei Liu,Yichen Meng,Jianlong Lin,Zhaoli Gao,Thomas J Meyer,Sheng Zhang,Xinbin Ma","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01193k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01193k","url":null,"abstract":"The CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) offers a promising approach for converting CO2 into valuable products, thereby storing renewable energy in chemical bonds and mitigating CO2 emissions. The process is fundamentally governed by the complex dynamics at the gas (CO2), liquid (H2O), and solid (catalyst) triple-phase interfaces (TPIs), where mass transport, charge transfer, and intermediate stabilization interact and compete. However, the practical performance of the CO2RR remains significantly below the threshold required for industrial applications, hindered by challenges such as liquid wetting, hydrophobic layer degradation, and electrowetting effects. In this context, we present a tutorial review that re-examines TPI paradigms by integrating early static models with recent dynamic experimental insights. Bridging macroscopic reactor design with atomic-scale interfacial dynamics necessitates the use of in situ/operando characterization techniques. We systematically review optimization strategies for TPIs (e.g., porous architectures, hydrophobic modifications, and heterostructure engineering) and analyze associated failure modes. Furthermore, we extend these concepts to other electrochemical reactions, including oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution/oxidation, to extract universal principles that guide catalyst design. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for advancing the field of sustainable electrocatalysis and its future role in clean energy technologies.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146015277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Super-resolution fluorescence imaging (SRI) has redefined the capabilities of optical microscopy, enabling the visualization of biological structures at the nanoscale. This paradigm shift is driven by a unifying principle: achieving spatial resolution by precisely controlling the temporal emission of fluorophores, often referred to as "trading time for space". This strategy relies fundamentally on the precise modulation of fluorescence emission dynamics, which elevates fluorescent dyes from passive markers to active determinants of imaging performance. This shift represents a historic opportunity for fluorescent dyes, one of the oldest classes of synthetic organic molecules, with SRI reinvigorating and propelling their development into a new era. At the same time, it introduces unprecedented challenges, requiring fluorescent dyes with tailored photophysical properties-such as enhanced brightness, engineered photoswitching kinetics, and superior photostability-that exceed the demands of conventional microscopy. This tutorial review examines how these challenges are driving the evolution of fluorescent dyes. We explore the molecular engineering strategies used to meet the rigorous demands of SRI and discuss how these advancements are pushing the boundaries of SRI technology.
{"title":"Fluorescent dyes in the era of super-resolution imaging: new opportunities, challenges, and evolution.","authors":"Shaowei Wu,Dongjie Hou,Qinglong Qiao,Zhaochao Xu","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01304f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01304f","url":null,"abstract":"Super-resolution fluorescence imaging (SRI) has redefined the capabilities of optical microscopy, enabling the visualization of biological structures at the nanoscale. This paradigm shift is driven by a unifying principle: achieving spatial resolution by precisely controlling the temporal emission of fluorophores, often referred to as \"trading time for space\". This strategy relies fundamentally on the precise modulation of fluorescence emission dynamics, which elevates fluorescent dyes from passive markers to active determinants of imaging performance. This shift represents a historic opportunity for fluorescent dyes, one of the oldest classes of synthetic organic molecules, with SRI reinvigorating and propelling their development into a new era. At the same time, it introduces unprecedented challenges, requiring fluorescent dyes with tailored photophysical properties-such as enhanced brightness, engineered photoswitching kinetics, and superior photostability-that exceed the demands of conventional microscopy. This tutorial review examines how these challenges are driving the evolution of fluorescent dyes. We explore the molecular engineering strategies used to meet the rigorous demands of SRI and discuss how these advancements are pushing the boundaries of SRI technology.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The alpha oxygen (also α-O, Fe(IV)O, and Fe(III)-O-˙) stabilized in zeolite matrices exhibits a unique reactivity. It is, for example, able to oxidize methane to methanol at room temperature. Such a high oxidation activity makes the alpha oxygen an extremely attractive species from the point of view of oxidation catalysis. The alpha oxygen can be prepared by splitting either N2O or O2 also at low temperatures over different transition metal cations stabilized in extra-framework cationic sites of zeolites in the form of either isolated cations or two cooperating cations forming distant binuclear cationic sites. The alpha oxygen was primarily defined by its reactivity, and up to now, experimental data concerning its structure are rather scarce. Quantum chemical calculations are used to interpret experimental data and thus yield significantly deeper insights into the preparation, structure, and reactivity of this otherwise omitted active species with enormous potential for applications. This review represents the first collection and systematic interpretation of experimental data and quantum chemical calculations to provide a complex description of the alpha oxygen and its structure, reactivity, and properties.
{"title":"Alpha oxygen - a unique oxidation active site from a quantum chemical viewpoint.","authors":"Stepan Sklenak,Jiri Dedecek","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00496a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00496a","url":null,"abstract":"The alpha oxygen (also α-O, Fe(IV)O, and Fe(III)-O-˙) stabilized in zeolite matrices exhibits a unique reactivity. It is, for example, able to oxidize methane to methanol at room temperature. Such a high oxidation activity makes the alpha oxygen an extremely attractive species from the point of view of oxidation catalysis. The alpha oxygen can be prepared by splitting either N2O or O2 also at low temperatures over different transition metal cations stabilized in extra-framework cationic sites of zeolites in the form of either isolated cations or two cooperating cations forming distant binuclear cationic sites. The alpha oxygen was primarily defined by its reactivity, and up to now, experimental data concerning its structure are rather scarce. Quantum chemical calculations are used to interpret experimental data and thus yield significantly deeper insights into the preparation, structure, and reactivity of this otherwise omitted active species with enormous potential for applications. This review represents the first collection and systematic interpretation of experimental data and quantum chemical calculations to provide a complex description of the alpha oxygen and its structure, reactivity, and properties.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145994995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chiral hybrid metal halides (CHMHs) comprise tunable chiral and noncentrosymmetric structures with remarkable optoelectronic characteristics, offering new avenues for synergistically manipulating the optical, electrical, and magnetic physical degrees of freedom. In these systems, chiral structures act not only as functional scaffolds but also as bridges that link microscopic electronic states with macroscopic optoelectronic behaviors. This review follows a progressive framework to systematically present recent advances in the field of CHMHs, spanning synthetic strategies, physical mechanisms, and device implementations. The chemical routes and transfer mechanisms underlying chiral structure formation are elucidated, with an emphasis on the roles of molecular chirality and external potential field. A central focus is placed on the inherent coupling among linear/nonlinear chiroptical effects, ferroelectric/piezoelectric behaviors, and chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effects, with the “chiral structure-Rashba effect-CISS” chain identified as the key to enabling cross-coupling among spin, charge, and photons. The potential of CHMHs in the detection and emission of circularly polarized light and spin light-emitting diodes is also evaluated, underscoring their irreplaceability in multifunctional integration and magnetic-field-free spin manipulation. This review aims to provide a systematic basis for understanding the structure–function relationships in CHMHs while outlining the strategic direction of opto-electro-magnetic coupling through chirality engineering, thereby laying a foundation for future applications in quantum information platforms and low-power spintronic devices.
{"title":"Internally and externally induced chiral hybrid metal halide materials for advanced chiroptoelectronic applications","authors":"Puxin Cheng, Yue Wang, Peihan Wang, Mingyang Xin, Dahui Hu, Mengyu Liu, Yongshen Zheng, Jialiang Xu","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01258a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01258a","url":null,"abstract":"Chiral hybrid metal halides (CHMHs) comprise tunable chiral and noncentrosymmetric structures with remarkable optoelectronic characteristics, offering new avenues for synergistically manipulating the optical, electrical, and magnetic physical degrees of freedom. In these systems, chiral structures act not only as functional scaffolds but also as bridges that link microscopic electronic states with macroscopic optoelectronic behaviors. This review follows a progressive framework to systematically present recent advances in the field of CHMHs, spanning synthetic strategies, physical mechanisms, and device implementations. The chemical routes and transfer mechanisms underlying chiral structure formation are elucidated, with an emphasis on the roles of molecular chirality and external potential field. A central focus is placed on the inherent coupling among linear/nonlinear chiroptical effects, ferroelectric/piezoelectric behaviors, and chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effects, with the “chiral structure-Rashba effect-CISS” chain identified as the key to enabling cross-coupling among spin, charge, and photons. The potential of CHMHs in the detection and emission of circularly polarized light and spin light-emitting diodes is also evaluated, underscoring their irreplaceability in multifunctional integration and magnetic-field-free spin manipulation. This review aims to provide a systematic basis for understanding the structure–function relationships in CHMHs while outlining the strategic direction of opto-electro-magnetic coupling through chirality engineering, thereby laying a foundation for future applications in quantum information platforms and low-power spintronic devices.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nano-impact electrochemistry (NIE) probes electrochemical function one nanoparticle at a time. Freely diffusing particles stochastically collide with an ultramicroelectrode, and each impact produces a current transient that reports single-entity reactivity, transport and transformation. In this review, we place the impact waveform and its data processing at the centre of the discussion and use them as a common language across systems. We describe how chronoamperometric traces are transformed into standardized observables (event counts, peak or step currents, charge, lifetimes, and waiting times), and how these, in turn, enable the extraction of electron transfer kinetics, turnover metrics and transport parameters. We then connect characteristic waveform shapes to mechanistic pictures for both pure electron transfer and coupled ion-electron transfer, using a selector framework in which potential, transport geometry, local composition and reaction timescale determine which reaction pathways are expressed. Multi-collision trajectories, confinement and adsorption/ejection are discussed as elements of a nanoparticle lifecycle. Finally, we highlight how external stimuli and multimodal couplings extend NIE toward establishing correlations between structure, environment and activity and propose a roadmap that outlines key directions and challenges for advancing NIE from studies of model nanoparticles to a broadly applicable tool for complex systems and device-level design.
{"title":"Decoding nanoscale electrochemistry with nanoparticle impacts.","authors":"Wei Xu,Yu-An Li,Pufeihong Xia,Yi-Ge Zhou","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01140j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01140j","url":null,"abstract":"Nano-impact electrochemistry (NIE) probes electrochemical function one nanoparticle at a time. Freely diffusing particles stochastically collide with an ultramicroelectrode, and each impact produces a current transient that reports single-entity reactivity, transport and transformation. In this review, we place the impact waveform and its data processing at the centre of the discussion and use them as a common language across systems. We describe how chronoamperometric traces are transformed into standardized observables (event counts, peak or step currents, charge, lifetimes, and waiting times), and how these, in turn, enable the extraction of electron transfer kinetics, turnover metrics and transport parameters. We then connect characteristic waveform shapes to mechanistic pictures for both pure electron transfer and coupled ion-electron transfer, using a selector framework in which potential, transport geometry, local composition and reaction timescale determine which reaction pathways are expressed. Multi-collision trajectories, confinement and adsorption/ejection are discussed as elements of a nanoparticle lifecycle. Finally, we highlight how external stimuli and multimodal couplings extend NIE toward establishing correlations between structure, environment and activity and propose a roadmap that outlines key directions and challenges for advancing NIE from studies of model nanoparticles to a broadly applicable tool for complex systems and device-level design.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, π-conjugated polymers (CPs) have garnered significant attention for their versatile applications in optoelectronics, energy storage, and sensing technologies. This heightened interest stems from their advantageous properties, including tunable energy levels, intrinsic flexibility, and solution processability. Despite these merits, the synthesis of CPs, particularly alternating CPs, predominantly relies on transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, such as Stille, Suzuki, Negishi, Sonogashira, Kumada, Sonogashira and direct arylation polymerization. However, these methodologies often result in homocoupling (hc) defects and substantial batch-to-batch variability, which pose significant barriers to the advancement and commercialization of CPs. This review systematically examines these challenges, offering detailed mechanistic insights into defect formation and highlighting recent strategies aimed at mitigating these issues while enhancing polymer properties. By emphasizing these mechanistic aspects, the review underscores the critical role of interdisciplinary approaches in advancing CP-based technologies, particularly for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
{"title":"Precise synthesis of conjugated polymers via reducing homocoupling defects.","authors":"Bowei Ma,Qinqin Shi,Hui Huang","doi":"10.1039/d4cs00644e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cs00644e","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, π-conjugated polymers (CPs) have garnered significant attention for their versatile applications in optoelectronics, energy storage, and sensing technologies. This heightened interest stems from their advantageous properties, including tunable energy levels, intrinsic flexibility, and solution processability. Despite these merits, the synthesis of CPs, particularly alternating CPs, predominantly relies on transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, such as Stille, Suzuki, Negishi, Sonogashira, Kumada, Sonogashira and direct arylation polymerization. However, these methodologies often result in homocoupling (hc) defects and substantial batch-to-batch variability, which pose significant barriers to the advancement and commercialization of CPs. This review systematically examines these challenges, offering detailed mechanistic insights into defect formation and highlighting recent strategies aimed at mitigating these issues while enhancing polymer properties. By emphasizing these mechanistic aspects, the review underscores the critical role of interdisciplinary approaches in advancing CP-based technologies, particularly for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Processability has emerged as a critical requirement for translating microporous materials into scalable membrane technologies, yet many porous frameworks remain difficult to fabricate as large-area, defect-free membranes. This review adopts a processability-centred perspective to examine recent advances in purely organic microporous membranes and MOF-based membranes, highlighting how molecular design, interfacial engineering, and melt- or solution-processing enable tunable porosity, improved mechanical fragility, and scalable fabrication. It further delineates how amorphous microporous organic polymers, crystalline microporous organic frameworks, polycrystalline MOFs, MOF-polymer composites, and MOF-derived glasses differ in film-forming capabilities, structural stabilities, and manufacturing feasibility, thereby revealing fundamental trade-offs between structural precision and processability. Emerging strategies-such as in situ crystallisation, solution processability, polymer-MOF hybridisation, and melt-processable MOF glasses-offer new pathways to mitigate long-standing challenges related to defect control, mechanical robustness and limited scalability. Taken together, these advances establish design principles and processing pathways for next-generation microporous membranes, and point toward practical opportunities for industrial implementation in gas separation, solvent nanofiltration, water purification, and energy-related processes.
{"title":"Processable microporous membranes: emerging platforms for separation technologies.","authors":"Shuwen Yu,Ying Chen,Zhihua Qiao,Jingwei Hou","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00543d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00543d","url":null,"abstract":"Processability has emerged as a critical requirement for translating microporous materials into scalable membrane technologies, yet many porous frameworks remain difficult to fabricate as large-area, defect-free membranes. This review adopts a processability-centred perspective to examine recent advances in purely organic microporous membranes and MOF-based membranes, highlighting how molecular design, interfacial engineering, and melt- or solution-processing enable tunable porosity, improved mechanical fragility, and scalable fabrication. It further delineates how amorphous microporous organic polymers, crystalline microporous organic frameworks, polycrystalline MOFs, MOF-polymer composites, and MOF-derived glasses differ in film-forming capabilities, structural stabilities, and manufacturing feasibility, thereby revealing fundamental trade-offs between structural precision and processability. Emerging strategies-such as in situ crystallisation, solution processability, polymer-MOF hybridisation, and melt-processable MOF glasses-offer new pathways to mitigate long-standing challenges related to defect control, mechanical robustness and limited scalability. Taken together, these advances establish design principles and processing pathways for next-generation microporous membranes, and point toward practical opportunities for industrial implementation in gas separation, solvent nanofiltration, water purification, and energy-related processes.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145961535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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