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Physics-informed neural networks for complex fluids: opportunities and limitations 复杂流体的物理信息神经网络:机遇与局限
IF 2.6 4区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1007/s13367-025-00140-6
Jungwon Sa, Byeongju Jeon, Yonghyeon Seo, Jaeuk Lim, Siyoung Q. Choi

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) offer a transformative alternative to conventional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by embedding governing physical laws directly into neural network loss functions. While traditional CFD methods face limitations including high computational costs, mesh sensitivity, and extensive data requirements, PINNs overcome these barriers by ensuring solutions inherently satisfy conservation principles during training. This review examines PINN foundations and their dual capability in solving forward problems—predicting complex fluid behaviors—and inverse problems involving parameter identification from limited data. We categorize existing research across three dimensions: canonical flows (Couette, Poiseuille), constitutive models (non-Newtonian, viscoelastic), and mathematical formulations (Burgers, Cahn-Hilliard equations). Building on this framework, we discuss advanced PINN variants addressing limitations in accuracy, efficiency, and generalization. We conclude by outlining future directions in multiscale modeling, irregular geometries, and data-driven discovery of constitutive laws, highlighting PINNs’ potential to revolutionize computational strategies for complex fluids.

Graphical abstract

基于物理的神经网络(pinn)通过将控制物理定律直接嵌入到神经网络损失函数中,为传统的计算流体动力学(CFD)提供了一种变革性的替代方案。传统的CFD方法面临计算成本高、网格灵敏度高、数据需求大等限制,而pinn通过确保解决方案在训练过程中本质上满足守恒原则,克服了这些障碍。本文综述了PINN基础及其在解决正向问题(预测复杂流体行为)和涉及从有限数据中识别参数的逆问题方面的双重能力。我们将现有的研究分为三个维度:规范流(Couette、Poiseuille)、本构模型(非牛顿、粘弹性)和数学公式(Burgers、Cahn-Hilliard方程)。在此框架的基础上,我们讨论了解决准确性、效率和泛化限制的高级PINN变体。最后,我们概述了未来在多尺度建模、不规则几何和数据驱动的本构定律发现方面的发展方向,强调了pinn在复杂流体计算策略方面的革命性潜力。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
From 3D particle structuring to the 3D printing of silicones: A review 从3D颗粒结构到有机硅的3D打印:综述
IF 2.6 4区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1007/s13367-025-00139-z
Chanyoung Kang, Ryun Oh, Daehoon Han, Yeongun Ko, Sangchul Roh

Silicones, a class of elastomers, are widely used in various applications, including soft robotics, microfluidic devices, biomedical materials, flexible electronics, and wearable sensors. 3D printing is one of the rapidly growing additive manufacturing methods for 3D structuring of materials, and it can expand the use of silicones for diverse applications. For an extrusion-type 3D printing process, such as direct ink writing, the inks require specific rheological properties. However, silicones typically exist as a viscous fluid, making it challenging to 3D print them without additional treatment, such as the incorporation of rheology modifiers. Here, we review common fillers used to modify the rheological properties of silicone for extrusion-based 3D printing. We discuss filler structuring and the resulting emergent rheological properties of silicone. We also review past studies on the applications of 3D-printed silicones with rheology modifiers.

Graphical abstract

有机硅是一种弹性体,广泛应用于软机器人、微流体装置、生物医学材料、柔性电子产品和可穿戴传感器等领域。3D打印是快速发展的材料3D结构增材制造方法之一,它可以扩大有机硅的使用范围,用于各种应用。对于挤压型3D打印工艺,如直接墨水书写,墨水需要特定的流变特性。然而,有机硅通常以粘性流体的形式存在,这使得在没有额外处理(例如加入流变改性剂)的情况下进行3D打印具有挑战性。在这里,我们回顾了用于修改基于挤出的3D打印的硅流变学特性的常见填料。我们讨论了填料的结构和由此产生的有机硅的流变性能。我们还回顾了过去的研究与流变改性剂的3d打印有机硅的应用。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
Rheology of physiological fluids and their artificial substitutes 生理液体及其人工替代品的流变学
IF 2.6 4区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1007/s13367-025-00141-5
Jinhyeong Lee, Jiho Choi

Biological fluids exhibit complex rheological behaviors that are essential for physiological function and significantly altered in disease. Direct studies of native fluids, however, are constrained by invasive sampling, variability, and limited reproducibility, underscoring the importance of developing mimicking fluids. Unlike early substitutes based on Newtonian solutions, next-generation mimicking systems aim to reproduce non-Newtonian features such as thixotropy, and pH-dependent transitions. Recent advances highlight multicomponent formulations and simulation frameworks that more faithfully capture the defining rheological signatures of biofluids, yet most approaches remain preliminary and rely on simplified or animal-derived components. This review synthesizes progress in mimicking systems for major biofluids, identifies current challenges including limited pathological data and lack of standardized protocols, and emphasizes the need for integrated experimental and computational strategies. Looking ahead, future efforts should combine microstructural characterization, standardized rheological databases, and AI-enhanced modeling with sustainable materials. Such developments will establish physiologically accurate and reproducible mimicking fluids, enabling broad applications in diagnostics, medical device testing, and precision medicine.

Graphical abstract

生物体液表现出复杂的流变行为,这对生理功能至关重要,在疾病中也会发生显著改变。然而,对原生流体的直接研究受到侵入性采样、可变性和有限的可重复性的限制,这强调了开发模拟流体的重要性。与早期基于牛顿解决方案的替代品不同,下一代模拟系统旨在重现非牛顿特征,如触变性和ph依赖性转变。最近的进展突出了多组分配方和模拟框架,它们更忠实地捕捉生物流体的定义流变特征,但大多数方法仍然是初步的,并且依赖于简化或动物衍生的组分。这篇综述综合了主要生物流体模拟系统的进展,确定了当前的挑战,包括有限的病理数据和缺乏标准化的协议,并强调了综合实验和计算策略的必要性。展望未来,未来的努力应结合微观结构表征、标准化流变数据库和人工智能增强建模与可持续材料。这样的发展将建立生理上准确和可重复的模拟流体,使诊断、医疗设备测试和精密医学的广泛应用成为可能。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
Toroidal mixers for microfluidic assembly of therapeutic lipid nanoparticles (LNPs): a review 用于治疗性脂质纳米颗粒(LNPs)微流控组装的环形混合器:综述
IF 2.6 4区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s13367-025-00138-0
Jiwoo Choi, Haegyo Jeong, Seon Yeop Jung, Seyoung Kim

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are nanosized vehicles for gene delivery that enabled great success of mRNA vaccines in past years. Much of the success in the LNP-related gene therapeutics—vaccination, immunotherapy, and others—is in debt to its ability in packaging nucleic acids of long sequence inside the core and in delivering cargos efficiently across the plasma and endosomal membranes. Nevertheless, LNPs are structurally far from equilibrium; the particle size as well as the mass of encapsulated genes may vary widely particle-wise without timely controlled and spatially homogeneous particle growth. This raises critical needs to ensure homogeneous state of mixing during the nucleation and growth stage of LNPs with timescale of ∼10 ms. This review addresses fundamental aspects in and recent success of toroidal micromixers for the production of well-defined therapeutic LNPs, especially in the context of gene delivery systems. Toroidal micromixer is a 2D passive microfluidic device that is simple to operate, inexpensive, and has a mixing time that is sufficiently short for homogeneous LNP growth. It uses a series of toroidal channels arranged in a zig-zag configuration to interweave Dean vortex and asymmetric split-and-recombine effects. The existing commercialized toroidal mixers significantly lowered the technical barrier of microfluidic LNP production for newcoming researchers, and design of advanced toroidal mixers is actively studied in the field. We discuss the effectiveness of toroidal mixers in the production of LNPs that meet the requirements in terms of the structure and bioactivity and major factors in the toroidal mixing devices that need to be tailored when using different formulation of lipids and genes. Lastly, we summarize recent studies that used toroidal mixers with various production scales for LNPs encapsulating genes and other therapeutic cargos.

Graphical abstract

脂质纳米颗粒(LNPs)是基因传递的纳米载体,在过去的几年里使mRNA疫苗取得了巨大的成功。与lnp相关的基因疗法——疫苗接种、免疫疗法和其他疗法——的成功很大程度上归功于lnp在核心内包装长序列核酸的能力,以及在血浆和内体膜上有效运送货物的能力。然而,LNPs在结构上远未达到平衡;在没有及时控制和空间均匀的颗粒生长的情况下,被包裹基因的颗粒大小和质量可能会有很大的变化。这就提出了在时间尺度为~ 10 ms的LNPs成核和生长阶段确保均匀混合状态的关键需求。本文综述了环形微混合器在生产明确定义的治疗LNPs方面的基本方面和最近的成功,特别是在基因传递系统的背景下。环形微混合器是一种二维无源微流体装置,操作简单,价格低廉,混合时间足够短,可以均匀生长LNP。它采用一系列锯齿形的环形通道来交织迪安涡流和不对称的分裂-重组效果。现有的商业化环形混合器大大降低了新研究人员生产微流控LNP的技术壁垒,并且该领域正在积极研究先进环形混合器的设计。我们讨论了环形混合器在生产LNPs方面的有效性,这些LNPs在使用不同的脂质和基因配方时需要根据结构和生物活性以及环形混合装置的主要因素进行定制。最后,我们总结了最近使用不同生产规模的环形混合器来封装基因和其他治疗货物的LNPs的研究。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study of the rheological and viscoelastic properties of lubricating greases at high temperature 润滑脂高温流变及粘弹性的实验研究
IF 2.6 4区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1007/s13367-025-00137-1
Madjid Meriem-Benziane, Redha Mazouzi, Benyebka Bou-Saïd

This project aims to study the rheological and viscoelastic properties of lubricating greases, a technology used to prevent corrosion and characterized by their ability to withstand high temperatures. Three types of lubricating greases were tested using an Anton PAAR Rheometer at 60 °C compared to 20 °C, to demonstrate the effect of high temperatures on the viscosity decrease. The tests results of shear stress and viscosity versus shear rate were used to analyze the rheological property. Regarding the theoretical analysis, various rheological models were selected, such as the Bingham model, Herschel–Bulkley model, Casson model, power law to evaluate the flow curve data. The behavior of the greases was best expressed using the Casson and Herschel–Bulkley models. The results showed that the linear viscoelastic (LVE) range of the lubricating greases is characterized by steady flow. The experimental results show a curve of storage and loss modulus (G' and G") versus the frequency of oscillatory deformation. It was observed that the samples exhibit G' greater than G" (G' > G"); that is, the elastic behavior is greater than the viscous behavior. This variation is measured in the oscillatory deformation range, which depends on a phase angle of less than 45 degrees. In fact, the development of the rheological properties of lubricating greases depends on the homogeneity between the nature of the oils and the thickeners. Analyses can provide information that can assess the suitability of lubricants in mechanical fields, depending on operating conditions, including temperature.

Graphical Abstract

该项目旨在研究润滑脂的流变学和粘弹性,这是一种用于防止腐蚀的技术,其特点是能够承受高温。使用安东帕流变仪在60°C和20°C下测试了三种类型的润滑脂,以证明高温对粘度降低的影响。利用剪切应力和黏度随剪切速率的试验结果分析了其流变特性。在理论分析方面,选择了Bingham模型、Herschel-Bulkley模型、Casson模型、幂律等多种流变模型对流动曲线数据进行评价。使用Casson和Herschel-Bulkley模型最好地表达了润滑脂的行为。结果表明:润滑脂的线性粘弹性(LVE)范围以稳定流动为特征;实验结果显示了存储模量和损耗模量(G'和G")随振荡变形频率的变化曲线。观察到样品的G′大于G′(G′> G′);也就是说,弹性行为大于粘性行为。这种变化是在振荡变形范围内测量的,这取决于小于45度的相位角。实际上,润滑脂流变特性的发展取决于油的性质和增稠剂之间的均匀性。分析可以提供信息,根据操作条件(包括温度)评估润滑剂在机械领域的适用性。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
A review of non-newtonian flows around a sphere 非牛顿绕球流动的回顾
IF 2.6 4区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1007/s13367-025-00134-4
Subin Choi, Hyung-Jun Park, Jaekwang Kim

This review aims to present a comprehensive historical account of both experimental and numerical investigations into the flow of non-Newtonian fluids around a sphere. Non-Newtonian fluids comprise a broad spectrum of soft materials, each characterized by distinct rheological responses under shear and extensional deformation. Although the geometry of a sphere may appear deceptively simple, the flow that develops around it involves coupled shear and extensional components, thereby eliciting a wide range of rheological phenomena, including shear-thinning, viscoelastic, and thixotropic effects that are absent in Newtonian systems. Sustained scientific interest in this classical problem has led to extensive research over the past several decades, employing both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to unravel the fundamental mechanisms governing such flows. In this review, we systematically categorize non-Newtonian fluids by their rheological characteristics and trace the historical progression of studies on sphere–fluid interactions within each class. Particular emphasis is placed on highlighting seminal contributions that have shaped the current understanding, as well as recent advances that leverage modern computational techniques. We further identify emerging directions that highlight unresolved challenges and outline promising avenues for future research in non-Newtonian flow around spheres.

Graphical abstract

这篇综述的目的是提出一个全面的历史说明,实验和数值研究,以非牛顿流体围绕一个球体的流动。非牛顿流体包括各种各样的软质材料,每种材料在剪切和拉伸变形下都有不同的流变反应。尽管球体的几何形状看似简单,但其周围的流动涉及到剪切和拉伸的耦合成分,从而引发了广泛的流变现象,包括剪切变薄、粘弹性和触变效应,这些在牛顿系统中是不存在的。在过去的几十年里,对这一经典问题的持续科学兴趣导致了广泛的研究,采用实验室实验和数值模拟来揭示控制这种流动的基本机制。在这篇综述中,我们根据非牛顿流体的流变特性对它们进行了系统的分类,并追溯了每一类中球-流体相互作用研究的历史进展。特别强调的是强调那些塑造了当前理解的开创性贡献,以及利用现代计算技术的最新进展。我们进一步确定了突出未解决的挑战的新兴方向,并概述了未来研究非牛顿绕球体流动的有希望的途径。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
A numerical analysis of oscillatory squeezing films of non-Newtonian couple-stress fluids: a fourth-order finite difference method for the biharmonic equation 非牛顿耦合应力流体振荡压缩膜的数值分析:双调和方程的四阶有限差分法
IF 2.6 4区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1007/s13367-025-00135-3
Rafik Benchallal, Mohamed Khaled Gdoura, Abdelhakim Benslimane

This paper presents a numerical study of the squeeze flow of non-Newtonian couple-stress fluids between parallel discs, a phenomenon essential in engineering applications such as lubrication systems, polymer processing, engine bearings, and joint prostheses. Unlike Newtonian fluids, these fluids require microcontinuum models to account for polar effects, such as couple stresses, providing a more accurate description of their dynamics. A fourth-order finite difference method was used to solve the governing equations, with a variable transformation applied to reduce the biharmonic equation to two coupled Poisson equations. An inverse method, based on a fixed-point technique, was employed to iteratively adjust the radial pressure gradient to satisfy the boundary conditions. The results show that couple-stress parameters significantly influence velocity distribution, pressure profiles, load-carrying capacity, shear stress, and frictional forces, highlighting the potential of these fluids to enhance performance in terms of load support and friction properties compared to classical Newtonian fluids.

Graphical abstract

本文对非牛顿耦合应力流体在平行盘之间的挤压流动进行了数值研究,这是一种在润滑系统、聚合物加工、发动机轴承和关节假体等工程应用中必不可少的现象。与牛顿流体不同,这些流体需要微连续统模型来解释极性效应,如耦合应力,从而更准确地描述其动力学。采用四阶有限差分法求解控制方程,通过变量变换将双调和方程简化为两个耦合泊松方程。采用基于不动点技术的逆方法,迭代调整径向压力梯度以满足边界条件。结果表明,耦合应力参数对速度分布、压力分布、承载能力、剪切应力和摩擦力有显著影响,与经典牛顿流体相比,这些流体在负载支撑和摩擦性能方面具有更大的潜力。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
Understanding nonlinear rheology in anisotropic colloids: a review 了解各向异性胶体的非线性流变:综述
IF 2.6 4区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1007/s13367-025-00133-5
Yul Hui Shim

Anisotropic colloidal systems, such as graphene oxide, MXene, and cellulose nanocrystal suspensions, exhibit complex viscoelastic behavior due to their unique microstructural arrangements, including liquid crystallinity, domain alignment, and network formation. This review outlines recent advances in rheological methodologies used to characterize and interpret their nonlinear viscoelastic responses. Conventional oscillatory shear testing provides fundamental parameters—storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli—used to identify the linear viscoelastic region, yield point, and flow point, and to relate these to structural deformation mechanisms. More advanced techniques, including Fourier-transform rheology (FT-rheology), Lissajous–Bowditch (L–B) curve analysis, and Sequence of Physical Processes (SPP) analysis, enable quantitative evaluation of intra-cycle nonlinearities and transient structural evolution. Steady shear flow measurements further link the viscosity to liquid crystal phase and shear-induced alignment. By integrating modulus-based, intracycle local parameters, or transient parameters with structural characterization tools such as rheo-SAXS and rheo-PLI, a more complete understanding of the relationship between microstructure and rheological response is achieved. As anisotropic colloidal systems evolve and their applications diversify, the role of rheology in guiding material and process design for tailored performance is expected to become increasingly significant, particularly for high-performance coatings, printable formulations, and stimuli-responsive functional materials.

Graphical abstract

各向异性胶体体系,如氧化石墨烯、MXene和纤维素纳米晶体悬浮液,由于其独特的微观结构安排,包括液态结晶度、畴排列和网络形成,表现出复杂的粘弹性行为。本文概述了用于表征和解释其非线性粘弹性响应的流变学方法的最新进展。常规的振荡剪切测试提供了基本参数——存储(G ')和损失(G″)模量——用于识别线性粘弹性区域、屈服点和流点,并将这些参数与结构变形机制联系起来。更先进的技术,包括傅里叶变换流变学(FT-rheology)、Lissajous-Bowditch曲线分析(L-B)和物理过程序列(SPP)分析,可以定量评估周期内的非线性和瞬态结构演变。稳定剪切流测量进一步将粘度与液晶相和剪切诱导排列联系起来。通过将基于模量的、循环内的局部参数或瞬态参数与结构表征工具(如rheo-SAXS和rheo-PLI)相结合,可以更全面地了解微观结构与流变响应之间的关系。随着各向异性胶体体系的发展及其应用的多样化,流变学在指导材料和工艺设计以实现定制性能方面的作用预计将变得越来越重要,特别是在高性能涂料、可打印配方和刺激响应功能材料方面。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
Rheology of magnetorheological fluid dissolved into air bubble 磁流变液溶解于气泡中的流变性
IF 2.6 4区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1007/s13367-025-00132-6
X. H. Liu, W. L. Wang, Y. F. Shi, X. C. Liu, X. B. Han, Y. G. Fu

Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are suspensions composed of micron-sized magnetizable particles uniformly dispersed in a liquid carrier. Due to sedimentation effects, the MR fluid used in experiments required thorough stirring to ensure proper mixing of magnetic particles, carrier fluid, and additives, thereby achieving uniform dispersion of the magnetic particles within the fluid. However, during the stirring process, a significant amount of air bubbles may be introduced into the MR fluid, negatively impacting its stability. This paper primarily explores the effects of different air bubble volume fractions within the MR fluid on its performance. It compares the changes in magnetic flux density, normal stress, and shear stress by analyzing MR fluid samples of equal mass but with varying air bubble volume fractions. Experimental results show that under a constant current, a reduction in air bubble content leads to a gradual increase in magnetic flux density, reaching a peak of 330 mT. Additionally, as the magnetic flux density increases, the shear yield stress also rises, reaching its maximum value of 62.79 kPa when the air content is reduced to 0.15%.

Graphical Abstract

磁流变(MR)流体是由微米大小的可磁化颗粒均匀分散在液体载体中的悬浮液。由于沉降效应,实验中使用的磁流变液需要充分搅拌,以保证磁颗粒、载液和添加剂的适当混合,从而使磁颗粒在流体中均匀分散。然而,在搅拌过程中,大量的气泡可能被引入MR流体,对其稳定性产生负面影响。本文主要探讨了磁流变液中不同气泡体积分数对其性能的影响。通过分析相同质量但气泡体积分数不同的MR流体样品,比较磁通量密度、正应力和剪切应力的变化。实验结果表明,在恒定电流条件下,随着气泡含量的降低,磁通密度逐渐增大,达到峰值330 mT。同时,随着磁通密度的增大,剪切屈服应力也随之增大,当空气含量降低至0.15%时,剪切屈服应力达到最大值62.79 kPa。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
Review of the rheological properties of gallium-based liquid metals 镓基液态金属流变性能研究进展
IF 2.6 4区 工程技术 Q2 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1007/s13367-025-00131-7
Hyeong Yong Song, Kyu Hyun

Gallium (Ga)-based liquid metals (LMs) have attracted considerable interest in the scientific community because of their remarkable properties. Among their most notable characteristics are high surface tension, density anomalies, and outstanding electrical and thermal conductivity. Additionally, these LMs demonstrate distinctive rheological behavior. In their oxide-free state, Ga-based LMs behave as Newtonian fluids with a low viscosity comparable to that of water. However, Ga rapidly and almost immediately oxidizes when exposed to ambient atmospheric conditions, forming an oxide layer on its surface. This oxide layer imparts considerable elasticity and yield stress to the LM. In this review, we provide a summary of the literature on the viscoelastic properties of Ga-based LMs, in the presence and absence of the surface oxide layer. Furthermore, the viscoelasticity of the oxide layer has been used in a range of applications, including soft electronics, 3D printing, and microfluidic device components. Therefore, we also highlight several examples that illustrate how these viscoelastic properties can be leveraged for practical applications.

Graphical Abstract

镓(Ga)基液态金属(LMs)以其优异的性能引起了科学界的广泛关注。它们最显著的特征是高表面张力、密度异常以及出色的导电性和导热性。此外,这些lm表现出独特的流变行为。在无氧化物状态下,ga基LMs表现为牛顿流体,具有与水相当的低粘度。然而,当暴露在环境大气条件下时,Ga迅速且几乎立即氧化,在其表面形成氧化层。该氧化层赋予LM相当大的弹性和屈服应力。在这篇综述中,我们总结了关于ga基LMs在表面氧化层存在和不存在的情况下的粘弹性性能的文献。此外,氧化层的粘弹性已被用于一系列应用,包括软电子、3D打印和微流体器件组件。因此,我们还重点介绍了几个例子,说明如何将这些粘弹性特性用于实际应用。图形抽象
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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