Purpose: The formalin-ethyl acetate (FEA) concentration method is commonly used in routine clinical practice to detect parasite eggs in feces. This procedure involves extraction of oil with the organic solvent ethyl acetate (EA), which reduces fecal sediment and provides a cleaner background for microscopic analysis. However, clinically, some sediment failed to float after EA treatment.
Methods: Hexane, commonly used in the food oil extraction from oilseeds did not float the feces. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that neither the amount of the oil nor the classes of the oil determined was differed whether hexane or EA was used to float the feces. Oil red, Bodipy and Calcofluor staining showed that the unabsorbed oil droplets in the fecal sediment were trapped within the leaf structure. HCl or acetic acid was added to see if the acid residue could dissolve the cellulose of the leaf to promote the bulk float.
Results: Our result showed that the fecal bulk contained the loosened mesophyll cell wall. The addition of acid residues improved fecal bulk float. The proximity of cellulose fiber to EA, but not hexane, may enhance the efficacy of oil extraction from cellulose.
Conclusion: This is the first report that the interaction of cellulose with ethyl acetate in fecal solution has an effect on bulk float. This study improves the understanding of fecal bulk flotation and may assist in the visualization of parasite eggs in clinical practice with non-floating fecal samples in the FEA concentration method.
目的:常规临床实践中常用福尔马林-醋酸乙酯(FEA)浓缩法检测粪便中的寄生虫卵。该方法是用有机溶剂乙酸乙酯(EA)提取油脂,从而减少粪便沉淀物,为显微分析提供更干净的背景。方法:从油籽中提取食用油时常用的正己烷不能使粪便上浮。气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析表明,无论是使用正己烷还是 EA 使粪便上浮,所测定的油量和油的类别都没有差别。油红、Bodipy 和钙氟染色表明,粪便沉积物中未被吸收的油滴被困在叶片结构中。加入盐酸或醋酸以观察酸残留物是否能溶解叶片的纤维素,从而促进叶片的漂浮:结果:我们的研究结果表明,粪便沉积物中含有松动的叶肉细胞壁。添加酸残留物可改善粪便的漂浮性。纤维素纤维与 EA(而非正己烷)的接近可能会提高从纤维素中萃取油脂的效果:这是首次报道纤维素与粪便溶液中的乙酸乙酯相互作用会影响粪便的体积浮力。这项研究加深了人们对粪便大量漂浮的理解,可能有助于在临床实践中使用 FEA 浓缩法检测不漂浮的粪便样本中的寄生虫卵。
{"title":"Improvement of the Diagnostic Method for the Detection of Parasite Eggs Using the Formalin Ethyl Acetate Concentration Technique.","authors":"Jia-Hung Liou, Te-Ling Lu, Hui-Fen Cheng, Long-Wei Lin, Po-Cheng Kung, Hong-Jing Chuang, Te-Hsiu Lee, Chee-Hong Chan, Te-Jung Lu","doi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00871-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-024-00871-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The formalin-ethyl acetate (FEA) concentration method is commonly used in routine clinical practice to detect parasite eggs in feces. This procedure involves extraction of oil with the organic solvent ethyl acetate (EA), which reduces fecal sediment and provides a cleaner background for microscopic analysis. However, clinically, some sediment failed to float after EA treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hexane, commonly used in the food oil extraction from oilseeds did not float the feces. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that neither the amount of the oil nor the classes of the oil determined was differed whether hexane or EA was used to float the feces. Oil red, Bodipy and Calcofluor staining showed that the unabsorbed oil droplets in the fecal sediment were trapped within the leaf structure. HCl or acetic acid was added to see if the acid residue could dissolve the cellulose of the leaf to promote the bulk float.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our result showed that the fecal bulk contained the loosened mesophyll cell wall. The addition of acid residues improved fecal bulk float. The proximity of cellulose fiber to EA, but not hexane, may enhance the efficacy of oil extraction from cellulose.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first report that the interaction of cellulose with ethyl acetate in fecal solution has an effect on bulk float. This study improves the understanding of fecal bulk flotation and may assist in the visualization of parasite eggs in clinical practice with non-floating fecal samples in the FEA concentration method.</p>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141995048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00878-z
A B Machado, R O Simões, A Maldonado, M A J Santos, J L Luque
Objectives: An integrative taxonomic description of Aponurus laguncula (Lecithasteridae), a digenean parasitic species of Chaetodipterus faber (Acanthuriformes) from Brazilian Southeast, is provided. Morphological techniques, as whole mounted slides, histology and scanning electron microscopy, and molecular analyses supported that integrative description.
Methods: Fifteen digenean specimens were stained in hydrochloric carmine and mounted on permanent slides. Two specimens were stained in hematoxylin and eosin following histological routine processing. Four parasites were dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, critical point dried with carbon dioxide and coated with gold to scanning electron microscopy analysis. Sequence of the large ribosomal subunit (28S rDNA) gene was generated and used to construct a phylogeny based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses.
Results: Morphological description and morphometric data obtained in present study were in accordance with previous studies of the species. Use of another morphological techniques, as scanning electron microscopy and histology, corroborated the observed features of whole mounted slides. Also, they provided a better observation of previous reported characteristics and new features reporting, such as an elongated hermaphroditic duct, a smooth tegument and cells that compose the prostatic gland. The molecular sequence obtained in the present study formed a robust clade with available sequences of species of Aponurus.
Conclusions: The integrative taxonomic approach successfully combined morphological observations, including both previously reported features and new descriptions from histological and electron microscopy analyses, with molecular data to identify these specimens as A. laguncula. Moreover, the detailed characterization of structures, such as the gonads in A. laguncula, that would be challenging to analyze using a single technique, was possible. Further molecular studies with less conserved genetic markers should be conducted to understand phylogenetic relationships between Aponurus species.
{"title":"Morphological and Molecular Analyses of Aponurus laguncula Looss, 1907 (Digenea: Lecithasteridae) Parasitic in Atlantic Spadefish Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782) (Acanthuriformes: Ephippidae) from Brazilian Coastal Zone.","authors":"A B Machado, R O Simões, A Maldonado, M A J Santos, J L Luque","doi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00878-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-024-00878-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>An integrative taxonomic description of Aponurus laguncula (Lecithasteridae), a digenean parasitic species of Chaetodipterus faber (Acanthuriformes) from Brazilian Southeast, is provided. Morphological techniques, as whole mounted slides, histology and scanning electron microscopy, and molecular analyses supported that integrative description.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen digenean specimens were stained in hydrochloric carmine and mounted on permanent slides. Two specimens were stained in hematoxylin and eosin following histological routine processing. Four parasites were dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, critical point dried with carbon dioxide and coated with gold to scanning electron microscopy analysis. Sequence of the large ribosomal subunit (28S rDNA) gene was generated and used to construct a phylogeny based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Morphological description and morphometric data obtained in present study were in accordance with previous studies of the species. Use of another morphological techniques, as scanning electron microscopy and histology, corroborated the observed features of whole mounted slides. Also, they provided a better observation of previous reported characteristics and new features reporting, such as an elongated hermaphroditic duct, a smooth tegument and cells that compose the prostatic gland. The molecular sequence obtained in the present study formed a robust clade with available sequences of species of Aponurus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The integrative taxonomic approach successfully combined morphological observations, including both previously reported features and new descriptions from histological and electron microscopy analyses, with molecular data to identify these specimens as A. laguncula. Moreover, the detailed characterization of structures, such as the gonads in A. laguncula, that would be challenging to analyze using a single technique, was possible. Further molecular studies with less conserved genetic markers should be conducted to understand phylogenetic relationships between Aponurus species.</p>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142003363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00904-0
Ali Asghari, Shirin Jalili, Nader Azadi
Purpose: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Toxocara spp. are two types of parasites that can infect humans and various animals, including dogs. Police dogs and their trainers have a vital role in law enforcement, and their health and well-being are crucial for them to effectively carry out their duties. No study has yet been conducted on the prevalence of T. gondii and Toxocara spp. infections among police dogs and their trainers in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the sero-molecular prevalence of T. gondii and Toxocara spp. infections in police dogs and their trainers in Tehran, the capital of Iran.
Methods: In Tehran province, the anti-narcotics police have nearly 200 well-trained police dogs. Each dog is assigned a dedicated trainer and upon completing missions, is housed separately in a designated area. In the present study, a total of 150 samples were gathered. These included 50 blood samples from randomly selected police dogs, 50 fecal samples from the same dogs, and 50 blood samples from their trainers. The Modified Agglutination Test (MAT) was performed to detect T. gondii antibodies in dog blood samples and the ELISA system was utilized to identify anti-Toxoplasma and anti-Toxocara antibodies in the sera of the dog trainers. A specific segment of the SAG2 and ITS genes were amplified via nested-PCR in order to molecularly detect T. gondii in human blood samples and Toxocara spp. in dog fecal samples.
Results: Regarding serological findings, the prevalence of T. gondii in dog and human blood samples was 4% (2/50) and 10% (5/50), respectively. According to reports, the seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in human blood samples was 6% (3/50). No statistically significant association was found between the prevalence of the examined parasites and variables (age, sex, and breed) in dogs, as well as the age variable in military personnel. Molecular findings showed that out of the 50 dog fecal samples and 50 human blood samples, there was no presence of Toxocara spp. and T. gondii, respectively.
Conclusion: Understanding the prevalence of parasitic infections helps public health officials assess the risk to human and animal populations. This information can guide the development of prevention and control measures to reduce the spread of these infections. Overall, the prevalence of parasitic infections, particularly T. gondii and Toxocara spp., in police dogs and their trainers remains uncertain and necessitates further in-depth research.
{"title":"First Sero-Molecular Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. Infections in the Police Dogs and Their Trainers in Iran.","authors":"Ali Asghari, Shirin Jalili, Nader Azadi","doi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00904-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-024-00904-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Toxocara spp. are two types of parasites that can infect humans and various animals, including dogs. Police dogs and their trainers have a vital role in law enforcement, and their health and well-being are crucial for them to effectively carry out their duties. No study has yet been conducted on the prevalence of T. gondii and Toxocara spp. infections among police dogs and their trainers in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the sero-molecular prevalence of T. gondii and Toxocara spp. infections in police dogs and their trainers in Tehran, the capital of Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In Tehran province, the anti-narcotics police have nearly 200 well-trained police dogs. Each dog is assigned a dedicated trainer and upon completing missions, is housed separately in a designated area. In the present study, a total of 150 samples were gathered. These included 50 blood samples from randomly selected police dogs, 50 fecal samples from the same dogs, and 50 blood samples from their trainers. The Modified Agglutination Test (MAT) was performed to detect T. gondii antibodies in dog blood samples and the ELISA system was utilized to identify anti-Toxoplasma and anti-Toxocara antibodies in the sera of the dog trainers. A specific segment of the SAG2 and ITS genes were amplified via nested-PCR in order to molecularly detect T. gondii in human blood samples and Toxocara spp. in dog fecal samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regarding serological findings, the prevalence of T. gondii in dog and human blood samples was 4% (2/50) and 10% (5/50), respectively. According to reports, the seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in human blood samples was 6% (3/50). No statistically significant association was found between the prevalence of the examined parasites and variables (age, sex, and breed) in dogs, as well as the age variable in military personnel. Molecular findings showed that out of the 50 dog fecal samples and 50 human blood samples, there was no presence of Toxocara spp. and T. gondii, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Understanding the prevalence of parasitic infections helps public health officials assess the risk to human and animal populations. This information can guide the development of prevention and control measures to reduce the spread of these infections. Overall, the prevalence of parasitic infections, particularly T. gondii and Toxocara spp., in police dogs and their trainers remains uncertain and necessitates further in-depth research.</p>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00872-5
Triet Nhat Truong, Haley Rebecca Dutton, Edward Charles Netherlands, Louis Heyns DuPreez, Francois Jakob Jacobs, Stephen Ashton Bullard
Purpose: This paper aims to describe Plenivitellinum kifi n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Azygiidae) infecting the gastrointestinal tract of the African tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus Castelnau, 1861 (Characiformes: Alestidae) in the Kavango River, Namibia. We revise the diagnosis of Azygiidae Lühe, 1909 to accommodate this new species.
Methods: The worm was heat-killed, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, stained in Van Cleave's and Ehrlich's hematoxylins, cleared in clove oil, and mounted on glass slide using Canada balsam.
Results: The new azygiid resembles species of Otodistomum Stafford, 1904 by having an elongate body, a ventral sucker that is wider than the oral sucker and that is in the anterior half of the body, a pre-testicular ovary, a uterus that primarily occupies the inter-caecal space between the ovary and the ventral sucker, and a vitellarium that is restricted to the hindbody and that is confluent posteriorly in the post-testicular region. The new genus differs from all species of Azygiidae by having the combination of a ventral sucker that is wider than the oral sucker (vs. narrower), an elongate prostatic sac that extends posteriad to near the posterior margin of the ventral sucker (vs. an ovoid prostatic sac that is wholly anterior to or slightly overlaps the anterior margin of the ventral sucker), a vitellarium that nearly fills the post-testicular space and that extends posteriad beyond the caecal tips (vs. a vitellarium that is separate posteriorly or that is restricted to the anterior half of the post-testicular space and does not extend posteriad beyond the caecal tips), and an I-shaped excretory bladder (vs. Y-shaped).
Conclusion: This study documents the first record of an azygiid from Africa and the first record of an azygiid infecting a characiform fish.
目的:本文旨在描述纳米比亚卡万戈河中感染非洲虎鱼Hydrocynus vittatus Castelnau, 1861 (Characiformes: Alestidae) 胃肠道的Plenivitellinum kifi n. gen.我们修订了 Azygiidae Lühe, 1909 的诊断,以适应这一新物种:方法:将蠕虫加热杀死,用 10%的中性缓冲福尔马林固定,用 Van Cleave 和 Ehrlich 的苏木精染色,用丁香油清洗,并用加拿大香脂将其安装在玻璃载玻片上:结果:该新属与 Otodistomum Stafford, 1904 的物种相似,具有细长的身体、比口吸盘宽且位于身体前半部的腹吸盘、睾丸前卵巢、主要占据卵巢与腹吸盘之间的盲肠间隙的子宫,以及局限于后躯并在睾丸后部汇合的玻璃体。该新属与 Azygiidae 的所有种都不同,其腹面吸盘比口腔吸盘宽(而口腔吸盘较窄),前列腺囊细长,向后延伸至腹面吸盘后缘附近(而前列腺囊呈卵圆形,向后延伸至腹面吸盘后缘附近)。卵圆形前列腺囊完全位于腹吸盘前缘或与腹吸盘前缘略有重叠),卵黄囊几乎填满睾丸后间隙并向后延伸至盲肠尖以外(与卵黄囊向后分离或仅限于睾丸后间隙的前半部分且不向后延伸至盲肠尖以外),以及 I 形排泄膀胱(与 Y 形排泄膀胱):本研究首次记录了非洲的颧骨鱼,也首次记录了颧骨鱼感染翘嘴鱼的情况。
{"title":"First Azygiid Reported from Africa or a Characiform Fish: Plenivitellinum kifi n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Azygiidae) Infecting the Gut of African Tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus Castelnau, 1861 (Characiformes: Alestidae) from the Kavango River.","authors":"Triet Nhat Truong, Haley Rebecca Dutton, Edward Charles Netherlands, Louis Heyns DuPreez, Francois Jakob Jacobs, Stephen Ashton Bullard","doi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00872-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-024-00872-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This paper aims to describe Plenivitellinum kifi n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Azygiidae) infecting the gastrointestinal tract of the African tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus Castelnau, 1861 (Characiformes: Alestidae) in the Kavango River, Namibia. We revise the diagnosis of Azygiidae Lühe, 1909 to accommodate this new species.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The worm was heat-killed, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, stained in Van Cleave's and Ehrlich's hematoxylins, cleared in clove oil, and mounted on glass slide using Canada balsam.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The new azygiid resembles species of Otodistomum Stafford, 1904 by having an elongate body, a ventral sucker that is wider than the oral sucker and that is in the anterior half of the body, a pre-testicular ovary, a uterus that primarily occupies the inter-caecal space between the ovary and the ventral sucker, and a vitellarium that is restricted to the hindbody and that is confluent posteriorly in the post-testicular region. The new genus differs from all species of Azygiidae by having the combination of a ventral sucker that is wider than the oral sucker (vs. narrower), an elongate prostatic sac that extends posteriad to near the posterior margin of the ventral sucker (vs. an ovoid prostatic sac that is wholly anterior to or slightly overlaps the anterior margin of the ventral sucker), a vitellarium that nearly fills the post-testicular space and that extends posteriad beyond the caecal tips (vs. a vitellarium that is separate posteriorly or that is restricted to the anterior half of the post-testicular space and does not extend posteriad beyond the caecal tips), and an I-shaped excretory bladder (vs. Y-shaped).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study documents the first record of an azygiid from Africa and the first record of an azygiid infecting a characiform fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141900564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00888-x
Faezeh Hamidi, Niloofar Taghipour
Background: miRNAs are known as non-coding RNAs that can regulate gene expression. They are reported in many microorganisms and their host cells. Parasite infection can change or shift host miRNAs expression, which can aim at both parasite eradication and infection.
Purpose: This study dealt with examination of miRNA expressed in intestinal protozoan, coccidia , as well as profile changes in host cell miRNA after parasitic infection and their role in protozoan clearance/ survival.
Methods: The authors searched ISI Web of Sciences, Pubmed, Scholar, Scopus, another databases and articles published up to 2024 were included. The keywords of miRNA, intestinal protozoa, toxoplasma and some words associated with topics were used in this search.
Results: Transfection of miRNA mimics or inhibitors can control parasitic diseases, and be introduced as a new therapeutic option in parasitology.
Conclusion: This review can be used to provide up-to date knowledge for future research on these issues.
背景:miRNA 被称为非编码 RNA,可调控基因表达。据报道,它们存在于许多微生物及其宿主细胞中。目的:本研究探讨了肠道原生动物球虫体内表达的 miRNA,以及寄生虫感染后宿主细胞 miRNA 的变化及其在原生动物清除/存活中的作用:作者检索了 ISI Web of Sciences、Pubmed、Scholar、Scopus 等数据库,收录了截至 2024 年发表的文章。检索中使用了 miRNA、肠道原生动物、弓形虫以及一些与主题相关的关键词:结果:转染 miRNA 模拟物或抑制剂可控制寄生虫病,并可作为寄生虫学的一种新的治疗方法:本综述可为今后有关这些问题的研究提供最新知识。
{"title":"miRNA, New Perspective to World of Intestinal Protozoa and Toxoplasma.","authors":"Faezeh Hamidi, Niloofar Taghipour","doi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00888-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-024-00888-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>miRNAs are known as non-coding RNAs that can regulate gene expression. They are reported in many microorganisms and their host cells. Parasite infection can change or shift host miRNAs expression, which can aim at both parasite eradication and infection.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study dealt with examination of miRNA expressed in intestinal protozoan, coccidia , as well as profile changes in host cell miRNA after parasitic infection and their role in protozoan clearance/ survival.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authors searched ISI Web of Sciences, Pubmed, Scholar, Scopus, another databases and articles published up to 2024 were included. The keywords of miRNA, intestinal protozoa, toxoplasma and some words associated with topics were used in this search.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Transfection of miRNA mimics or inhibitors can control parasitic diseases, and be introduced as a new therapeutic option in parasitology.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review can be used to provide up-to date knowledge for future research on these issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141999246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Cerebral toxoplasmosis is a severe symptom of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection that often affects individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and can be fatal. T. gondii exhibits diverse strains with varied virulence, such as cerebral toxoplasmosis, which is connected with a specific strain. Molecular methods were used to investigate the genotype of the parasite. Some researchers have used genetic markers, such as the dense granule proteins GRA6 and GRA7, in order to identify T. gondii genotype. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of GRA6 and GRA7 as genetic markers for determining T. gondii strain from cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with toxoplasmic encephalitis.
Method: 160 serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from 2013 to 2022. The serum samples were initially tested using ELISA anti Toxoplasma IgG, and the CSF was subsequently PCR of 5'SAG2 gene for those positive IgG. A total of 69 CSF successfully positive on PCR of 5'SAG2 were included for analysis of GRA6 and GRA7 by performing PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for determination of T. gondii type.
Result: The findings of this study indicate that the use of GRA7 is better than GRA6 when using direct clinical samples. Out of the 69 samples analyzed, total of 36 samples (52.17%) were positive for GRA7. The cases can be classified as type I: 86,1% (31/36), type III: 2,7% (1/36) and atypical: 11,1% (4/36).
Conclusion: Comparison results between GRA6 and GRA7 for genotype determination shows good results on GRA7. GRA7 can be used as a genetic marker to find out the genotype of T. gondii in direct clinical samples where GRA6 cannot be used.
{"title":"Comparative GRA6 and GRA7 for their Utility as Genetic Markers in the Genotyping of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis in Cerebrospinal Fluid.","authors":"Nora Harminarti, Ika Puspa Sari, Wayan Tunas Artama, Darma Imran, Agnes Kurniawan","doi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00901-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-024-00901-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cerebral toxoplasmosis is a severe symptom of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection that often affects individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and can be fatal. T. gondii exhibits diverse strains with varied virulence, such as cerebral toxoplasmosis, which is connected with a specific strain. Molecular methods were used to investigate the genotype of the parasite. Some researchers have used genetic markers, such as the dense granule proteins GRA6 and GRA7, in order to identify T. gondii genotype. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of GRA6 and GRA7 as genetic markers for determining T. gondii strain from cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with toxoplasmic encephalitis.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>160 serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from 2013 to 2022. The serum samples were initially tested using ELISA anti Toxoplasma IgG, and the CSF was subsequently PCR of 5'SAG2 gene for those positive IgG. A total of 69 CSF successfully positive on PCR of 5'SAG2 were included for analysis of GRA6 and GRA7 by performing PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for determination of T. gondii type.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The findings of this study indicate that the use of GRA7 is better than GRA6 when using direct clinical samples. Out of the 69 samples analyzed, total of 36 samples (52.17%) were positive for GRA7. The cases can be classified as type I: 86,1% (31/36), type III: 2,7% (1/36) and atypical: 11,1% (4/36).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Comparison results between GRA6 and GRA7 for genotype determination shows good results on GRA7. GRA7 can be used as a genetic marker to find out the genotype of T. gondii in direct clinical samples where GRA6 cannot be used.</p>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Gastrointestinal (GI) helminthic infections pose substantial public health threat, particularly in northern Thailand, with a heightened concern in Nan province. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of GI helminthic infections in Nan province and identify associated risk factors in local population.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2022. Fecal specimens were collected and examined using Kato-Katz technique and Formalin Ethyl-Acetate Concentration Technique (FECT). Univariate analysis employed the Chi-square test to explore correlations, while logistic regression was defined risk factors associated with parasite infections.
Results: Among 739 individuals surveyed, 14.34% were revealed GI helminthic infections. Notably, infection rates were higher in males (20.40%) compared to females (8.95%), with a notable prevalence among individuals aged ≥ 60 (17.78%) and high infection rate was demonstrated in Kiew Chan village (21.67%). The most commonly detected helminths were minute intestinal flukes (MIFs) (10.01%) and Capillaria spp. (3.11%). Males were significantly associated with GI helminthic infections, while individuals aged 40-49 and aged 50-59 commonly displayed of parasite infections. Additionally, Kiew Chan village exhibited a significant association with GI helminthic infections, followed by Sop Puen village. Furthermore, fecal specimens of 13 rodent specimens were frequency revealed Strongyloides spp. (92.30%) and mostly exposed Ancylostoma caninum (41.93%) among 93 canines.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the imperative for immediate public health interventions in Nan province and analogous areas in northern Thailand. Implementing strategies to enhance sanitation infrastructure and promote hygiene education can significantly contribute for reducing the prevalence of GI helminthic infections and improve overall community health.
{"title":"Gastrointestinal Helminthic Infection among the Population in Northern Thailand.","authors":"Ampas Wisetmora, Oranard Wattanawong, Adulsak Wijit, Jutikarn Phukowluan, Ampol Nachairan, Prueksarawuth Jaksuay, Sivapong Sungpradit, Nuttapon Ekobol, Thidarut Boonmars, Alisa Boonsuya, Phornphitcha Pechdee, Chutharat Thanchonnang, Nav La, Nathkapach K Rattanapitoon, Patpicha Arunsan, Schawanya K Rattanapitoon","doi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00892-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-024-00892-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Gastrointestinal (GI) helminthic infections pose substantial public health threat, particularly in northern Thailand, with a heightened concern in Nan province. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of GI helminthic infections in Nan province and identify associated risk factors in local population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2022. Fecal specimens were collected and examined using Kato-Katz technique and Formalin Ethyl-Acetate Concentration Technique (FECT). Univariate analysis employed the Chi-square test to explore correlations, while logistic regression was defined risk factors associated with parasite infections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 739 individuals surveyed, 14.34% were revealed GI helminthic infections. Notably, infection rates were higher in males (20.40%) compared to females (8.95%), with a notable prevalence among individuals aged ≥ 60 (17.78%) and high infection rate was demonstrated in Kiew Chan village (21.67%). The most commonly detected helminths were minute intestinal flukes (MIFs) (10.01%) and Capillaria spp. (3.11%). Males were significantly associated with GI helminthic infections, while individuals aged 40-49 and aged 50-59 commonly displayed of parasite infections. Additionally, Kiew Chan village exhibited a significant association with GI helminthic infections, followed by Sop Puen village. Furthermore, fecal specimens of 13 rodent specimens were frequency revealed Strongyloides spp. (92.30%) and mostly exposed Ancylostoma caninum (41.93%) among 93 canines.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight the imperative for immediate public health interventions in Nan province and analogous areas in northern Thailand. Implementing strategies to enhance sanitation infrastructure and promote hygiene education can significantly contribute for reducing the prevalence of GI helminthic infections and improve overall community health.</p>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to estimate the molecular infection prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep liver tissues destined for human consumption. A total number of 224 liver tissues were collected from slaughtered sheep in Sejnane slaughterhouse (Northwest Tunisia). PCR was used to detect T. gondii DNA in liver tissues followed by phylogenetic analysis of amplicons. The phylogenetic tree was then constructed to compare the partial sequences of the ITS1 gene with GenBank sequences.The overall molecular prevalence of T. gondii in sheep livers was 25% (56/224). The highest molecular prevalence of T. gondii was recorded in sheep aged of less than one year old (27.3%; 52/190). Infection prevalence was significantly higher in Noire de Thibar breed (33%; 17/51) compared to other breeds (p = 0.023). There were no differences depicted according to sheep's gender. The T. gondii sequences obtained in the present study (GenBank accession numbers: OR509829 and OR509830) were 98.40-100% homologous to T. gondii sequences published in the GenBank. These results highlight a high level of T. gondii contamination of tissues destined for human consumption. Further studies are needed to improve our knowledge on different genotypes of T. gondii that infect Tunisian sheep population.
{"title":"First Molecular and Phylogenetic Identification of Toxoplasma Gondii in Sheep Liver Intended for Human Consumption in Northern Tunisia.","authors":"Yosra Amdouni, Ines Hammami, Nadia Farhat, Mourad Rekik, Mohamed Gharbi","doi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00894-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-024-00894-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to estimate the molecular infection prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep liver tissues destined for human consumption. A total number of 224 liver tissues were collected from slaughtered sheep in Sejnane slaughterhouse (Northwest Tunisia). PCR was used to detect T. gondii DNA in liver tissues followed by phylogenetic analysis of amplicons. The phylogenetic tree was then constructed to compare the partial sequences of the ITS1 gene with GenBank sequences.The overall molecular prevalence of T. gondii in sheep livers was 25% (56/224). The highest molecular prevalence of T. gondii was recorded in sheep aged of less than one year old (27.3%; 52/190). Infection prevalence was significantly higher in Noire de Thibar breed (33%; 17/51) compared to other breeds (p = 0.023). There were no differences depicted according to sheep's gender. The T. gondii sequences obtained in the present study (GenBank accession numbers: OR509829 and OR509830) were 98.40-100% homologous to T. gondii sequences published in the GenBank. These results highlight a high level of T. gondii contamination of tissues destined for human consumption. Further studies are needed to improve our knowledge on different genotypes of T. gondii that infect Tunisian sheep population.</p>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142016006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: In recent years, the trichomonosis in raccoon dogs in China had occurred frequently. Pentatrichomonas hominis had been described in raccoon dogs in China in some previous studies. PURPOSE TO REVEAL: whether raccoon dogs can be infected by other trichomonad species besides P. hominis, and clarify the prevalence and species distribution of trichomonad in raccoon dogs.
Methods: Herein, the 389 fecal samples were collected from farm-raised raccoon dogs in Hebei Province, all the samples were detected using the microscopic examination and several fecal samples containing trichomonad-like organisms were processed, cultured, stained, and photographed. Meanwhile, all the samples were screened by the species-specific nested PCR based on the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene of P. hominis,Tritrichomonas foetus and Tetratrichomonas buttreyi, respectively, and all positive secondary PCR amplications obtained in this study were sequenced, aligned and analysed.
Results: 62 fecal samples (15.9%,62/389) were trichomonad-positive under light microscopy, and the trichomonad-like cells were clearly observed in the culture contents. The PCR results showed that 100 samples were trichomonad-positive, including 45 P. hominis-positive samples (11.6%,45/389), 32 T. foetus-positive samples (8.2%,32/389), and 33 T. buttreyi-positive samples (8.5%,33/389), respectively. Double mixed infections were observed in 10 samples. The prevalence of T. foetus and P. hominis were both significantly higher in raccoon dogs with diarrhea (13.9%, and 25.0%) than that in raccoon dogs without diarrhea (7.6%, and 9.3%) (p < 0.05).All samples confirmed as trichomonad-positive under microscopy were also found to be trichomonad-positive by PCR analysis. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the sequences obtained in this study belonged to P. hominis, T. foetus and T. buttreyi SSU rRNA, respectively. Among them, the T. buttreyi SSU rRNA sequences obtained in this study harbored the new sequence polymorphisms. Based on preliminary morphological and molecular analyses, raccoon dogs are considered as the new host of T. foetus and T. buttreyi.
Conclusion: This is the first report about the identifcation and prevalence of T. foetus and T. buttreyi in raccoon dogs in China, and the results increase our knowledge about the host range and prevalence of trichomonad species.
背景:近年来,中国貉犬滴虫病频发。以前的一些研究曾描述过中国貉犬中的人型五联单胞菌。目的:揭示貉犬是否会感染除人型五联单胞菌以外的其他毛滴虫,并明确毛滴虫在貉犬中的流行情况和种类分布。方法:收集河北省养殖貉犬粪便样本389份,对所有样本进行显微镜检测,并对含有毛滴虫样生物的多份粪便样本进行处理、培养、染色和拍照。同时,对所有样本分别进行了基于人犬毛滴虫、胎儿毛滴虫和臀部毛滴虫小亚基 rRNA(SSU rRNA)基因的物种特异性巢式 PCR 检测,并对检测结果进行了测序、比对和分析:结果:62 份粪便样本(15.9%,62/389 份)在光镜下呈滴虫阳性,培养内容物中可清晰观察到滴虫样细胞。聚合酶链式反应(PCR)结果显示,100 份样本为滴虫阳性,其中包括 45 份人型滴虫阳性样本(11.6%,45/389)、32 份胎盘滴虫阳性样本(8.2%,32/389)和 33 份对接滴虫阳性样本(8.5%,33/389)。在 10 个样本中观察到双重混合感染。腹泻浣熊犬的胎生 T. 和 P. hominis 感染率(13.9% 和 25.0%)均显著高于未腹泻的浣熊犬(7.6% 和 9.3%)(p 结论:浣熊犬腹泻时,胎生 T. 和 P. hominis 的感染率均显著高于未腹泻的浣熊犬:这是中国首次报道貉子体内T. foetus和T. buttreyi的鉴定和流行情况,结果增加了我们对毛滴虫宿主范围和流行情况的了解。
{"title":"The First Report of Tritrichomonas Foetus and Tetratrichomonas Buttreyi in Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes Procyonoides) in China.","authors":"Dong-Qian Chen, Qiu-Yue Wang, Qiao-Qiao Li, Xin-Yu Luo, Xing-Hua Wu, Ji-Pu Wang, Si-Chao Gao, Xin-Chao Liu, WenChao Li","doi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00858-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-024-00858-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, the trichomonosis in raccoon dogs in China had occurred frequently. Pentatrichomonas hominis had been described in raccoon dogs in China in some previous studies. PURPOSE TO REVEAL: whether raccoon dogs can be infected by other trichomonad species besides P. hominis, and clarify the prevalence and species distribution of trichomonad in raccoon dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Herein, the 389 fecal samples were collected from farm-raised raccoon dogs in Hebei Province, all the samples were detected using the microscopic examination and several fecal samples containing trichomonad-like organisms were processed, cultured, stained, and photographed. Meanwhile, all the samples were screened by the species-specific nested PCR based on the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene of P. hominis,Tritrichomonas foetus and Tetratrichomonas buttreyi, respectively, and all positive secondary PCR amplications obtained in this study were sequenced, aligned and analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>62 fecal samples (15.9%,62/389) were trichomonad-positive under light microscopy, and the trichomonad-like cells were clearly observed in the culture contents. The PCR results showed that 100 samples were trichomonad-positive, including 45 P. hominis-positive samples (11.6%,45/389), 32 T. foetus-positive samples (8.2%,32/389), and 33 T. buttreyi-positive samples (8.5%,33/389), respectively. Double mixed infections were observed in 10 samples. The prevalence of T. foetus and P. hominis were both significantly higher in raccoon dogs with diarrhea (13.9%, and 25.0%) than that in raccoon dogs without diarrhea (7.6%, and 9.3%) (p < 0.05).All samples confirmed as trichomonad-positive under microscopy were also found to be trichomonad-positive by PCR analysis. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the sequences obtained in this study belonged to P. hominis, T. foetus and T. buttreyi SSU rRNA, respectively. Among them, the T. buttreyi SSU rRNA sequences obtained in this study harbored the new sequence polymorphisms. Based on preliminary morphological and molecular analyses, raccoon dogs are considered as the new host of T. foetus and T. buttreyi.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first report about the identifcation and prevalence of T. foetus and T. buttreyi in raccoon dogs in China, and the results increase our knowledge about the host range and prevalence of trichomonad species.</p>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141417197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00885-0
Didem Pekmezci, Alparslan Yildirim, Zeynep Nurselin Kot, Gamze Nur Konacoglu, Onder Duzlu, Gamze Yetismis, Sadullah Uslu, Seray Toz, Yusuf Ozbel, Abdullah Inci, Gokmen Zafer Pekmezci
Purpose: The objectives of the present study are to determine the molecular prevalence of Leishmania spp. in the owned domestic cats in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye and analyze the associated risk factors in FeL.
Methods: Conjunctival swabs (CS), blood, demographic, and clinical data were collected from 150 owned cats brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital during 2020-2022. Leishmania kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from CS was screened by TaqMan Real-Time PCR (qPCR) with the genus-specific primers and a probe.
Results: All qPCR positive products were also amplified and sequenced to identify Leishmania species by ITS1 primers. Molecular prevalence of L. infantum found as 12.6% (19/150) in the observed cats in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between neutered and intact cats with regarding to L. infantum positivity. Intact cats found to be 0.368 times more prone to be L. infantum-positive (L+). Dermatological lesions were found the most common (26.3%) problems in the L + cats. The median leucocyte count was the only parameter that was found statistically (p < 0.05) lower in the L + group (6.60) than the negative group (L-) (8.96), when comparing the WBC, NEU/LYM, MONO/LYM, EOS/LYM and PLT/LYM values.
Conclusion: This study presented the molecular occurrence of FeL in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye for the first time indicating that the carrier status of the cats makes them alternative reservoirs for possible zoonotic transmission of L. infantum in this zone.
{"title":"First Molecular Evidence of Leishmania Infantum in Domestic Cats and Associated Risk Factors from the Black Sea Region of Türkiye.","authors":"Didem Pekmezci, Alparslan Yildirim, Zeynep Nurselin Kot, Gamze Nur Konacoglu, Onder Duzlu, Gamze Yetismis, Sadullah Uslu, Seray Toz, Yusuf Ozbel, Abdullah Inci, Gokmen Zafer Pekmezci","doi":"10.1007/s11686-024-00885-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-024-00885-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objectives of the present study are to determine the molecular prevalence of Leishmania spp. in the owned domestic cats in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye and analyze the associated risk factors in FeL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Conjunctival swabs (CS), blood, demographic, and clinical data were collected from 150 owned cats brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital during 2020-2022. Leishmania kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) from CS was screened by TaqMan Real-Time PCR (qPCR) with the genus-specific primers and a probe.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All qPCR positive products were also amplified and sequenced to identify Leishmania species by ITS1 primers. Molecular prevalence of L. infantum found as 12.6% (19/150) in the observed cats in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between neutered and intact cats with regarding to L. infantum positivity. Intact cats found to be 0.368 times more prone to be L. infantum-positive (L+). Dermatological lesions were found the most common (26.3%) problems in the L + cats. The median leucocyte count was the only parameter that was found statistically (p < 0.05) lower in the L + group (6.60) than the negative group (L-) (8.96), when comparing the WBC, NEU/LYM, MONO/LYM, EOS/LYM and PLT/LYM values.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study presented the molecular occurrence of FeL in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye for the first time indicating that the carrier status of the cats makes them alternative reservoirs for possible zoonotic transmission of L. infantum in this zone.</p>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}