Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s11686-025-01165-1
Maurício Jorge, Mariana Bertholdi Ebert, Reinaldo José da Silva
Purpose
The members of the genus Diaphorocleidus (Monopisthocotyla: Dactylogyridae) infest the gills, nostrils, and body surface of characiform freshwater fishes from the Neotropical region. We characterize a new species of Diaphorocleidus from the gills of three acestrorhamphid species from the Pardo River (a sub-basin of the Paranapanema River basin) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Methods
This study includes phylogenetic analyses of molecular data (partial 28 S rDNA), as well as morphological and morphometric assessments of parasites collected from the gills of 140 fishes (i.e., 50 A. lacustris, 80 P. bockmanni, and 10 P. fasciatus).
Results
These analyses indicate that Diaphorocleidus pindamirimn. sp. is closely related to D. neotropicalis but differs primarily in the morphology of the copulatory complex and molecular data. The small subunit of the accessory piece is shaped like a chela (or fishing hook tip), which is not observed in D. neotropicalis, where the small subunit is claw-shaped.
Conclusion
Integrating morphological and molecular evidence, we describe a new species of Diaphorocleidus and propose a general morphometric scheme for the genus. These findings underscore that combining morphology with molecular data is essential for robust species delimitation and will advance taxonomic and parasitological research in the Neotropical region.
{"title":"A New Species of Diaphorocleidus (Monopisthocotyla: Dactylogyridae), a Gill Parasite from Three Neotropical Characiform Fishes from Brazil","authors":"Maurício Jorge, Mariana Bertholdi Ebert, Reinaldo José da Silva","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01165-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01165-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The members of the genus <i>Diaphorocleidus</i> (Monopisthocotyla: Dactylogyridae) infest the gills, nostrils, and body surface of characiform freshwater fishes from the Neotropical region. We characterize a new species of <i>Diaphorocleidus</i> from the gills of three acestrorhamphid species from the Pardo River (a sub-basin of the Paranapanema River basin) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This study includes phylogenetic analyses of molecular data (partial 28 S rDNA), as well as morphological and morphometric assessments of parasites collected from the gills of 140 fishes (i.e., 50 <i>A. lacustris</i>, <i>80 P. bockmanni</i>, and 10 <i>P. fasciatus</i>).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>These analyses indicate that <i>Diaphorocleidus pindamirim</i> <i>n. sp.</i> is closely related to <i>D. neotropicalis</i> but differs primarily in the morphology of the copulatory complex and molecular data. The small subunit of the accessory piece is shaped like a chela (or fishing hook tip), which is not observed in <i>D. neotropicalis</i>, where the small subunit is claw-shaped.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Integrating morphological and molecular evidence, we describe a new species of <i>Diaphorocleidus</i> and propose a general morphometric scheme for the genus. These findings underscore that combining morphology with molecular data is essential for robust species delimitation and will advance taxonomic and parasitological research in the Neotropical region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s11686-025-01156-2
Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos, Juan Andrés Niño Rodríguez, Juliana Gil-Mora, Paola Betancourt-Ruiz, Heidy- C. Martínez-Díaz, Elkin Forero-Becerra, J. Manuel Matiz-González, Eliana Bolaños, Luz-Adriana Olaya-M, Efraín Benavides, Marylin Hidalgo
Purpose
Babesia species are tick-borne protozoan parasites which affect several animal species. Babesia spp. infections are significantly important for veterinary medicine, affecting a wide range of domestic animal species such as dogs, cattle, and horses. In Colombia, studies of Babesia spp. infections in domestic animals are scarce. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the circulation of these parasites among domestic canines, bovines and equines from the department of Cauca.
Methods
Between August and November, 2017, active domestic animal sampling of cattle was performed in eight rural areas of four municipalities of Cauca department. Serum and whole-blood samples were obtained from all specimens for serological and molecular tests. Immunofluorescence assays were performed on all serum samples to detect antibodies against Babesia spp., and DNA was extracted from whole-blood samples to perform a genus-specific PCR to identify the presence of Babesia spp.
Results
A total of 198 samples were collected: 52.5% from dogs, 32.3% from horses, and 15.2% from cattle. Seroprevalence rates showed that 58.1% of domestic animals were exposed to Babesia spp., with the highest rates among equines (65.6%). Molecular detection revealed that 17.7% had an active Babesia spp. infection, being more frequent among cattle (53.3%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Babesia bigemina was the primary species identified.
Conclusion
This study provides critical data on Babesia infections in domestic animals in Cauca department, revealing active infections and previous exposures among domestic animals from the region.
{"title":"Babesia spp. in Domestic Animals from Rural Areas of Cauca Department: Previous Exposure and Molecular Detection Among Canines, Bovines and Equines","authors":"Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos, Juan Andrés Niño Rodríguez, Juliana Gil-Mora, Paola Betancourt-Ruiz, Heidy- C. Martínez-Díaz, Elkin Forero-Becerra, J. Manuel Matiz-González, Eliana Bolaños, Luz-Adriana Olaya-M, Efraín Benavides, Marylin Hidalgo","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01156-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01156-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p><i>Babesia</i> species are tick-borne protozoan parasites which affect several animal species. Babesia spp. infections are significantly important for veterinary medicine, affecting a wide range of domestic animal species such as dogs, cattle, and horses. In Colombia, studies of <i>Babesia</i> spp. infections in domestic animals are scarce. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the circulation of these parasites among domestic canines, bovines and equines from the department of Cauca.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Between August and November, 2017, active domestic animal sampling of cattle was performed in eight rural areas of four municipalities of Cauca department. Serum and whole-blood samples were obtained from all specimens for serological and molecular tests. Immunofluorescence assays were performed on all serum samples to detect antibodies against <i>Babesia</i> spp., and DNA was extracted from whole-blood samples to perform a genus-specific PCR to identify the presence of <i>Babesia</i> spp.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 198 samples were collected: 52.5% from dogs, 32.3% from horses, and 15.2% from cattle. Seroprevalence rates showed that 58.1% of domestic animals were exposed to <i>Babesia</i> spp., with the highest rates among equines (65.6%). Molecular detection revealed that 17.7% had an active <i>Babesia</i> spp. infection, being more frequent among cattle (53.3%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that <i>Babesia bigemina</i> was the primary species identified.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study provides critical data on <i>Babesia</i> infections in domestic animals in Cauca department, revealing active infections and previous exposures among domestic animals from the region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-025-01156-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145511040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s11686-025-01155-3
M. Á. Mosqueda-Cabrera, E. Sánchez-Miranda, L. D. Castillo-Loeza, G. Torres-Carrera, L. García-Prieto
Purpose
This work provides a detailed morphological description of a previously identified but unnamed lineage inside Gnathostoma spp. from Mexico.
Methods
Specimens of the four-eyed opossum Philader vossi were collected in Tlacotalpan, Veracruz, Mexico. Specimens were examined morphologically using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, we generate DNA sequences for the following loci: mitochondrial cox1 and nuclear 5.8S rRNA and ITS-2 and 28S rDNA.
Results
The new species, Gnathostoma mexicanum n. sp., differs from G. turgidum Stossich, 1902, the common gnathostomid species infecting Didelphis spp. from the Americas, in its smaller body size, fewer teeth on the cuticular spines at anterior half of body, as well as site of infection (pyloric region vs. stomach layers). Host specificity further distinguishes the two species. Additionally, molecular data show that the new species clearly diverges from its congeners.
Conclusions
This work represents the fourth Gnathostoma species described for Mexican mammals and the eight recorded in the Americas.
{"title":"A New Neotropical Species of Gnathostoma (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) from the Northern Four-Eyed Opossum Philander vossi (Marsupialia)","authors":"M. Á. Mosqueda-Cabrera, E. Sánchez-Miranda, L. D. Castillo-Loeza, G. Torres-Carrera, L. García-Prieto","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01155-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01155-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This work provides a detailed morphological description of a previously identified but unnamed lineage inside <i>Gnathostoma</i> spp. from Mexico.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Specimens of the four-eyed opossum <i>Philader vossi</i> were collected in Tlacotalpan, Veracruz, Mexico. Specimens were examined morphologically using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, we generate DNA sequences for the following loci: mitochondrial <i>cox</i>1 and nuclear 5.8S rRNA and ITS-2 and 28S rDNA.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The new species, <i>Gnathostoma mexicanum</i> n. sp., differs from <i>G. turgidum</i> Stossich, 1902, the common gnathostomid species infecting <i>Didelphis</i> spp. from the Americas, in its smaller body size, fewer teeth on the cuticular spines at anterior half of body, as well as site of infection (pyloric region vs. stomach layers). Host specificity further distinguishes the two species. Additionally, molecular data show that the new species clearly diverges from its congeners.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This work represents the fourth <i>Gnathostoma</i> species described for Mexican mammals and the eight recorded in the Americas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-025-01155-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This systematic review analyzed tick and pathogen diversity across Africa,aiming to provide a continental overview of the distribution patterns and zoonotic potential oftick-borne pathogens (TBPs). Understanding these dynamics is essential for guiding surveillanceand control efforts across regions with diverse ecological and epidemiological contexts.
Methods
The synthesis of findings was qualitative, as a formal meta-analysis and quantitativeassessment of study quality were not feasible due to the varied methodologies and outcomemeasures of the included studies. Data were systematically analyzed in R software, focusing ondescriptive statistics such as counts of tick species and the distribution of associated pathogens.To visualize these relationships, figures and graphs were generated using the ggplot2 package inR, and summary tables were created with gtsummary. Furthermore, Sankey diagrams weredeveloped via sankeymatic.com to effectively illustrate the flow and associations between tickspecies and the pathogens they harbor.
Results
West Africa exhibited the greatest number oftick species, followed by East and Central Africa. Five major tick genera were identified, withRhipicephalus being the most prevalent. A wide range of pathogens including rickettsial, viral,and protozoan agents were detected, 19 of which are known to infect humans. Crimean-Congohemorrhagic fever virus and Rickettsia africae were highlighted as particularly concerning dueto their wide distribution and zoonotic potential. Moreover, the presence of livestock pathogens such as Babesia bigemina and Ehrlichia ruminantium in both wild and domestic animals suggest a potential risk of spillover to humans.
Conclusions
Despite ongoing efforts to combat tick-borne diseases (TBDs), significant gaps remain in understanding the interconnectedness of ticks, animal hosts, and human health across Africa. Strengthening diagnostic capacity, adopting a One Health approach, and enhancing cross-border collaboration particularly in areas with high livestock movement are urgently needed. These measures are vital for improving surveillance, preventing and controlling TBDs, and protecting both public health and economic stability across the continent.
{"title":"Tick Diversity, Emerging Tick-Borne Pathogens, and Public Health Implications Across Africa: A Systematic Review","authors":"Abakundana Nsenga Ariston Gabriel, Xiao-Yang Wang, Lovel Fornah, Abebe Gedefaw Belete, Mesfin Teshome Russo, Lielt Keshamo Lota, Tenbite Daniel Mekonnen, Mulugeta Shegaze Shimbre","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01160-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01160-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>This systematic review analyzed tick and pathogen diversity across Africa,aiming to provide a continental overview of the distribution patterns and zoonotic potential oftick-borne pathogens (TBPs). Understanding these dynamics is essential for guiding surveillanceand control efforts across regions with diverse ecological and epidemiological contexts.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The synthesis of findings was qualitative, as a formal meta-analysis and quantitativeassessment of study quality were not feasible due to the varied methodologies and outcomemeasures of the included studies. Data were systematically analyzed in R software, focusing ondescriptive statistics such as counts of tick species and the distribution of associated pathogens.To visualize these relationships, figures and graphs were generated using the ggplot2 package inR, and summary tables were created with gtsummary. Furthermore, Sankey diagrams weredeveloped via sankeymatic.com to effectively illustrate the flow and associations between tickspecies and the pathogens they harbor.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>West Africa exhibited the greatest number oftick species, followed by East and Central Africa. Five major tick genera were identified, withRhipicephalus being the most prevalent. A wide range of pathogens including rickettsial, viral,and protozoan agents were detected, 19 of which are known to infect humans. Crimean-Congohemorrhagic fever virus and Rickettsia africae were highlighted as particularly concerning dueto their wide distribution and zoonotic potential. Moreover, the presence of livestock pathogens such as Babesia bigemina and Ehrlichia ruminantium in both wild and domestic animals suggest a potential risk of spillover to humans.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Despite ongoing efforts to combat tick-borne diseases (TBDs), significant gaps remain in understanding the interconnectedness of ticks, animal hosts, and human health across Africa. Strengthening diagnostic capacity, adopting a One Health approach, and enhancing cross-border collaboration particularly in areas with high livestock movement are urgently needed. These measures are vital for improving surveillance, preventing and controlling TBDs, and protecting both public health and economic stability across the continent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris, hereafter only wildcat), is a key carnivore species in Europe and faces population declines due to habitat fragmentation, hybridization with domestic cats, and disease transmission. Parasites from domestic animals pose a significant health risk, potentially affecting wildcat survival. To assess disease risks, this study examines parasite richness and abundance in three genetically distinct wildcat populations from Italy (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Basilicata, and Sicily).
Methods
Between 2005 and 2022, necropsies were conducted on wildcat carcasses collected from these regions, following standardized protocols for genetic identification, biometric measurements, and parasitological examinations. Parasites, isolated from anatomical systems, were morphologically identified. Bayesian linear mixed models evaluated the influence of sex, age, region, and organ type on parasite richness and abundance.
Results
Among 51 carcasses, 39 were genetically confirmed wildcats, 8 domestic cats, and 4 hybrids. Road accidents were the primary cause of death (84.6%). All wildcats harboured at least one parasite species, with gastrointestinal parasites in 97.4% and respiratory parasites in 64%. Toxocara cati (84.6%), Ancylostoma tubaeforme (56.4%), and Taenia taeniaeformis (82.1%) were the most prevalent species. Parasite richness and abundance were higher in intestines. In addition, parasite richness was lower in Sicilian wildcats whereas parasite abundance was lower for adult wildcats. Parasite richness and abundance show a positive linear relationship.
Conclusions
Regional and age-specific variations in parasite prevalence suggest environmental influences and an increased resistance to parasites infection in adult wildcats. The presence of parasites highlights the need for conservation efforts to mitigate disease transmission. The findings herein reported emphasize the importance of continued research to assist wildcat conservation strategies and address emerging health threats.
目的欧洲野猫（Felis silvestris silvestris，以下简称野猫）是欧洲重要的食肉动物，由于生境破碎化、与家猫杂交和疾病传播等原因，面临种群减少的危险。来自家畜的寄生虫对健康构成重大威胁，可能影响野猫的生存。为了评估疾病风险，本研究检查了来自意大利的三个遗传上不同的野猫种群（Friuli Venezia Giulia， Basilicata和Sicily）的寄生虫丰富度和丰度。方法在2005年至2022年期间，对从这些地区收集的野猫尸体进行尸检，遵循标准化的遗传鉴定、生物测量和寄生虫学检查方案。寄生虫，从解剖系统分离，形态鉴定。贝叶斯线性混合模型评估了性别、年龄、地区和器官类型对寄生虫丰富度和丰度的影响。结果51具尸体中野猫39只，家猫8只，杂交猫4只。道路交通事故是死亡的主要原因（84.6%）。所有野猫至少携带一种寄生虫，其中胃肠道寄生虫占97.4%，呼吸道寄生虫占64%。以猫弓形虫（84.6%）、管形钩虫（56.4%）和带绦虫（82.1%）最常见。寄生虫丰富度和丰度在肠道中较高。此外，西西里野猫的寄生丰富度较低，而成年野猫的寄生丰度较低。寄生虫丰富度与丰度呈线性正相关。结论区域和年龄的寄生虫流行率差异表明环境影响和成年野猫对寄生虫感染的抵抗力增强。寄生虫的存在突出表明需要采取保护措施以减轻疾病传播。本文报告的研究结果强调了继续研究以协助野猫保护战略和解决新出现的健康威胁的重要性。
{"title":"Survey on Endoparasite Diversity in European Wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris) in Italy","authors":"Stefano Anile, Ettore Napoli, Paola Beraldo, Stefano Pesaro, Egidio Mallia, Gabriella Gaglio, Emanuele Brianti","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01150-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01150-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The European wildcat (<i>Felis silvestris silvestris</i>, hereafter only wildcat), is a key carnivore species in Europe and faces population declines due to habitat fragmentation, hybridization with domestic cats, and disease transmission. Parasites from domestic animals pose a significant health risk, potentially affecting wildcat survival. To assess disease risks, this study examines parasite richness and abundance in three genetically distinct wildcat populations from Italy (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Basilicata, and Sicily).</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Between 2005 and 2022, necropsies were conducted on wildcat carcasses collected from these regions, following standardized protocols for genetic identification, biometric measurements, and parasitological examinations. Parasites, isolated from anatomical systems, were morphologically identified. Bayesian linear mixed models evaluated the influence of sex, age, region, and organ type on parasite richness and abundance.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Among 51 carcasses, 39 were genetically confirmed wildcats, 8 domestic cats, and 4 hybrids. Road accidents were the primary cause of death (84.6%). All wildcats harboured at least one parasite species, with gastrointestinal parasites in 97.4% and respiratory parasites in 64%. <i>Toxocara cati</i> (84.6%), <i>Ancylostoma tubaeforme</i> (56.4%), and <i>Taenia taeniaeformis</i> (82.1%) were the most prevalent species. Parasite richness and abundance were higher in intestines. In addition, parasite richness was lower in Sicilian wildcats whereas parasite abundance was lower for adult wildcats. Parasite richness and abundance show a positive linear relationship.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Regional and age-specific variations in parasite prevalence suggest environmental influences and an increased resistance to parasites infection in adult wildcats. The presence of parasites highlights the need for conservation efforts to mitigate disease transmission. The findings herein reported emphasize the importance of continued research to assist wildcat conservation strategies and address emerging health threats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s11686-025-01142-8
Doaa Abdulfttah Ahmad Amer, Fatma Mohamad El-Lessy, Ashraf M. Barakat, Rehab Mohamed El Shahat, Sabry A. Sadek, Reda M. Abdelhameed, Mona Mohammed Elderbawy
Purpose
Current treatments for toxoplasmosis are often limited. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of Allium sativum (garlic) extract loaded onto Fe-MOFs in a murine model of chronic toxoplasmosis.
Methods
Sixty-five mice were assigned to seven groups. All groups, except the healthy control (GI), were infected with the Toxoplasma gondii ME49 strain. Treatments included Fe-MOFs (GIII), spiramycin (GIV), spiramycin@Fe-MOFs (GV), garlic extract (GVI), and garlic extract@Fe-MOFs (GVII). In vitro drug toxicity for garlic, Fe-MOFs, and garlic extract@Fe-MOFs were detected. Brain cysts counted, histopathological changes in various organs, and parasite DNA load (P29 gene) were assessed post-treatment using real-time PCR.
Results
Spiramycin@Fe-MOFs (GV) and garlic extract @Fe-MOFs (GVII) groups showed a significant reduction in brain cyst burden (39.63% and 59.45%, respectively), along with marked improvement in histopathological changes compared to the other treated infected groups.
Conclusion
These findings support garlic@Fe-MOFs as a potential treatment for toxoplasmosis, demonstrating enhanced efficacy, reduced toxicity, and improved histopathological outcomes.
{"title":"Therapeutic Effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) Extract Using Nanotechnology on Murine Chronic Toxoplasmosis","authors":"Doaa Abdulfttah Ahmad Amer, Fatma Mohamad El-Lessy, Ashraf M. Barakat, Rehab Mohamed El Shahat, Sabry A. Sadek, Reda M. Abdelhameed, Mona Mohammed Elderbawy","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01142-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01142-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Current treatments for toxoplasmosis are often limited. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of <i>Allium sativum</i> (garlic) extract loaded onto Fe-MOFs in a murine model of chronic toxoplasmosis.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Sixty-five mice were assigned to seven groups. All groups, except the healthy control (GI), were infected with the <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> ME49 strain. Treatments included Fe-MOFs (GIII), spiramycin (GIV), spiramycin@Fe-MOFs (GV), garlic extract (GVI), and garlic extract@Fe-MOFs (GVII). In vitro drug toxicity for garlic, Fe-MOFs, and garlic extract@Fe-MOFs were detected. Brain cysts counted, histopathological changes in various organs, and parasite DNA load (P29 gene) were assessed post-treatment using real-time PCR.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Spiramycin@Fe-MOFs (GV) and garlic extract @Fe-MOFs (GVII) groups showed a significant reduction in brain cyst burden (39.63% and 59.45%, respectively), along with marked improvement in histopathological changes compared to the other treated infected groups.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings support garlic@Fe-MOFs as a potential treatment for toxoplasmosis, demonstrating enhanced efficacy, reduced toxicity, and improved histopathological outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11686-025-01142-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s11686-025-01162-4
Deborah O. Akinyemi, Adedolapo B. Olorunfemi, Olugbenga Akinola, Oyindamola O. Abiodun, Olusegun K. Afolabi, Bolaji N. Thomas, Grace O. Gbotosho, Olusola Ojurongbe
Background
Malaria drug resistance remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating the continuous search for effective and affordable treatment options. This study evaluated the antimalarial potential, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities of Blighia sapida ethanolic leaf extract using an in vivo approach.
Methods
Peter’s 4-day suppressive test and Rane’s curative test were used to determine the antimalarial activity of varying doses (50 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg body weight) of the ethanol extract of B. sapida in Swiss mice inoculated intravenously with chloroquine-resistant ANKA. Piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin (18/4 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. Parasitological outcomes, antioxidant status, and biochemical markers of the treatments were evaluated.
Results
The extract was non-toxic up to 5000 mg/kg. It produced dose-dependent antiplasmodial effects, with maximum suppressive and curative activities of 77.02% and 71.94%, respectively, at 800 mg/kg. Hepatoprotective effects were statistically significant across doses, with the 400 mg/kg dose showing the strongest effect, as evidenced by markedly reduced serum AST (84.93 U/L) and ALT (68.48 U/L) compared to the negative control (133.88 and 93.92 U/L). Antioxidant status was also improved, with significant (p < 0.05) reductions in liver MDA and nitrite levels, particularly at 800 mg/kg (MDA: 0.22 nmol/mg protein; nitrite: 3.79 µmol/mg protein).
Conclusion
These findings highlight the promising antimalarial, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties of B. sapida and provide insights into its bioactive compounds, supporting its potential for developing novel antimalarial therapeutics. Further studies can be done to isolate and characterize the active compounds responsible for these effects.
{"title":"Antimalarial, Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Ethanol Extract of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig (Sapindaceae) in Plasmodium berghei-infected Mice","authors":"Deborah O. Akinyemi, Adedolapo B. Olorunfemi, Olugbenga Akinola, Oyindamola O. Abiodun, Olusegun K. Afolabi, Bolaji N. Thomas, Grace O. Gbotosho, Olusola Ojurongbe","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01162-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01162-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Malaria drug resistance remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating the continuous search for effective and affordable treatment options. This study evaluated the antimalarial potential, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities of <i>Blighia sapida</i> ethanolic leaf extract using an in vivo approach.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Peter’s 4-day suppressive test and Rane’s curative test were used to determine the antimalarial activity of varying doses (50 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg body weight) of the ethanol extract of <i>B. sapida</i> in Swiss mice inoculated intravenously with chloroquine-resistant ANKA. Piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin (18/4 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. Parasitological outcomes, antioxidant status, and biochemical markers of the treatments were evaluated.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The extract was non-toxic up to 5000 mg/kg. It produced dose-dependent antiplasmodial effects, with maximum suppressive and curative activities of 77.02% and 71.94%, respectively, at 800 mg/kg. Hepatoprotective effects were statistically significant across doses, with the 400 mg/kg dose showing the strongest effect, as evidenced by markedly reduced serum AST (84.93 U/L) and ALT (68.48 U/L) compared to the negative control (133.88 and 93.92 U/L). Antioxidant status was also improved, with significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) reductions in liver MDA and nitrite levels, particularly at 800 mg/kg (MDA: 0.22 nmol/mg protein; nitrite: 3.79 µmol/mg protein).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings highlight the promising antimalarial, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties of <i>B. sapida</i> and provide insights into its bioactive compounds, supporting its potential for developing novel antimalarial therapeutics. Further studies can be done to isolate and characterize the active compounds responsible for these effects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s11686-025-01154-4
Laya Shamsi, Mina Mamizadeh, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Ali Pouryousef, Maryam Kheiry, Milad Badri, Ali Asghari , Fariba Shadfar
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Free-living amoebae (FLA) are widespread protozoa found in various water sources and can cause serious human infections. Identifying their occurrence and diversity in environmental waters is crucial for public health risk assessment and prevention. This study aimed to systematically review the prevalence and species/genotype distribution of FLA in different Iranian water sources.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A systematic search was conducted in major international (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) and Persian (SID, MagIran) databases from inception up to June 6, 2025. Eligible studies reporting the detection of FLA from Iranian water sources were included. In total, 58 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 4,387 water samples from 24 provinces. Water sources were categorized into five groups: drinking/domestic water (six studies, 454 samples), natural recreational water (14 studies, 606 samples), artificial recreational water (16 studies, 1,666 samples), surface/stagnant water (eight studies, 703 samples), and mixed water (14 studies, 958 samples). Statistical analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software, applying a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I<sup>2</sup> statistic. Sensitivity analysis was performed by sequentially removing individual studies, and meta-regression was applied to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on publication year, water type, geographical region, climate zone, and sample size.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The pooled prevalence of FLA in Iranian water sources was 40.2% (95% CI: 33.7–47.1%). Among water categories, the highest contamination was observed in surface/stagnant waters (59.9%), followed by mixed waters (42.5%), natural recreational waters (42.1%), drinking/domestic waters (38.0%), and artificial recreational waters (29.0%). By climate zone, water sources in warm/humid and temperate/humid areas showed the highest prevalence (49.2% and 44.7%, respectively). Provincially, the highest contamination rates were recorded in Sistan and Baluchestan (88.2%), Hamedan (87.5%), Kermanshah (76.7%), Khuzestan (71.7%), and North Khorasan (68.0%). Ten FLA genera were reported from Iranian water resources: <i>Acanthamoeba</i>, <i>Naegleria</i>, <i>Vahlkampfia</i>, <i>Vermamoeba</i>, <i>Vannella</i>, <i>Platyamoeba</i>, <i>Saccamoeba</i>, <i>Balamuthia</i>, <i>Protacanthamoeba</i>, and <i>Stenamoeba</i>. Reported species/genotypes included <i>Acanthamoeba</i> T2-T6, T11, T13, and T15; <i>Naegleria fultoni</i>, <i>N. pagei</i>, <i>N. clarki</i>, <i>N. carteri</i>, <i>N. australiensis</i>, <i>N. gruberi</i>, <i>N. dobsoni</i>, <i>N. americana</i>, <i>N. polaris</i>, <i>N. lovaniensis</i>, and <i>N. philippinensis</i>; <i>Vahlkampfia avara</i>; <i>Vermamoeba vermiformis</i>; <i>Vannella persistens</i>; <i>Saccamoeba limax</i>; <i>Stenamoeba polymorpha</i>; <i
{"title":"Prevalence of Free-Living Amoebae in Various Water Sources in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Laya Shamsi, Mina Mamizadeh, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Ali Pouryousef, Maryam Kheiry, Milad Badri, Ali Asghari , Fariba Shadfar","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01154-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01154-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Free-living amoebae (FLA) are widespread protozoa found in various water sources and can cause serious human infections. Identifying their occurrence and diversity in environmental waters is crucial for public health risk assessment and prevention. This study aimed to systematically review the prevalence and species/genotype distribution of FLA in different Iranian water sources.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A systematic search was conducted in major international (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) and Persian (SID, MagIran) databases from inception up to June 6, 2025. Eligible studies reporting the detection of FLA from Iranian water sources were included. In total, 58 studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 4,387 water samples from 24 provinces. Water sources were categorized into five groups: drinking/domestic water (six studies, 454 samples), natural recreational water (14 studies, 606 samples), artificial recreational water (16 studies, 1,666 samples), surface/stagnant water (eight studies, 703 samples), and mixed water (14 studies, 958 samples). Statistical analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software, applying a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I<sup>2</sup> statistic. Sensitivity analysis was performed by sequentially removing individual studies, and meta-regression was applied to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on publication year, water type, geographical region, climate zone, and sample size.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The pooled prevalence of FLA in Iranian water sources was 40.2% (95% CI: 33.7–47.1%). Among water categories, the highest contamination was observed in surface/stagnant waters (59.9%), followed by mixed waters (42.5%), natural recreational waters (42.1%), drinking/domestic waters (38.0%), and artificial recreational waters (29.0%). By climate zone, water sources in warm/humid and temperate/humid areas showed the highest prevalence (49.2% and 44.7%, respectively). Provincially, the highest contamination rates were recorded in Sistan and Baluchestan (88.2%), Hamedan (87.5%), Kermanshah (76.7%), Khuzestan (71.7%), and North Khorasan (68.0%). Ten FLA genera were reported from Iranian water resources: <i>Acanthamoeba</i>, <i>Naegleria</i>, <i>Vahlkampfia</i>, <i>Vermamoeba</i>, <i>Vannella</i>, <i>Platyamoeba</i>, <i>Saccamoeba</i>, <i>Balamuthia</i>, <i>Protacanthamoeba</i>, and <i>Stenamoeba</i>. Reported species/genotypes included <i>Acanthamoeba</i> T2-T6, T11, T13, and T15; <i>Naegleria fultoni</i>, <i>N. pagei</i>, <i>N. clarki</i>, <i>N. carteri</i>, <i>N. australiensis</i>, <i>N. gruberi</i>, <i>N. dobsoni</i>, <i>N. americana</i>, <i>N. polaris</i>, <i>N. lovaniensis</i>, and <i>N. philippinensis</i>; <i>Vahlkampfia avara</i>; <i>Vermamoeba vermiformis</i>; <i>Vannella persistens</i>; <i>Saccamoeba limax</i>; <i>Stenamoeba polymorpha</i>; <i","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145511029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larval metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis), primarily affects the liver and can invide other organs. Given its extremely poor prognsis, witha 10-year mortality rate exceeding 90% in untreated cases, this study aimed to investigate the characteristics and compositional alterations of the intestinal microbiota in AE-infected hosts and evaluate associated intestinal mucosal damage.
Methods
We established a mouse model of AE for analysis. Fecal samples were collected from 12 AE-infected mice and 12 age-matched healthy controls at 3 and 6 months post-infection. Gut microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Intestinal tissues were subjected to histopathological exnamination using hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E staining), Alcian blue-glucogen staining (AB-PAS staining), and Lendrum’s fluorescent peach red staining, to evaluate mucosal structural integrity and quantify the Paneth and goblet cells.
Results
The analysis revealed significant alterations in intestinal microbiota diversity and composition in AE-infected mice compared with controls, with changes becoming more pronounced as the infection progressed. Minimal disruption in microbial ecology was observed at 3 months, whereas substantial reductions in alpha diversity and distinct shifts in beta diversity emerged after 6 months of chronic infection. Phylum-level analysis showed an early increase in Verrucomicrobiota, Bacteroidota, and Campylobacterota at 3 months, followed by a marked enrichment of Verrucomicrobiota and Actinobacteriota at 6 months when compared with controls. At the genus level, AE infection led to a rapid depletion of Ligilactobacillus and Lactobacillus between 3 and 6 months, while Akkermansia abundance significantly increased. Histopathological examination of intestinal tissue further demonstrated severe mucosal damage, including villous atrophy, reduced crypt depth, a pronounced decrease in Paneth cell density (P < 0.01), and reduced goblet cell counts (P < 0.05), collectively indicating compromised intestinal barrier integrity.
Conclusion
AE infection induces progressive gut microbiota dysbiosis and compromises intestinal barrier integrity. The specific microbial shifts, particularly the depletion of Ligilactobacillus and enrichment of Akkermansia, represent promising diagnostic biomarkers and potential targets for probiotic supplementation or microbial modulation. To further clarify their roles, future research should incorporate multi-omics strategies, including metagenomics and metabolomics, within larger cohorts to better characterize microbiota-host metabolic interactions and to validate stage-specific microbial biomarkers in AE.
{"title":"Investigation of the Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Mucosa in Mice Infected with Echinococcus multilocularis","authors":"Deping Cao, Wenjun Huang, Mingquan Pang, Jiajing Li, Haitao Huang, Hui Ma, Dayu Li, Yufei Qin, Xiaohong Peng, Haining Fan","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01166-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01166-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larval metacestode of <i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i> (<i>E. multilocularis</i>), primarily affects the liver and can invide other organs. Given its extremely poor prognsis, witha 10-year mortality rate exceeding 90% in untreated cases, this study aimed to investigate the characteristics and compositional alterations of the intestinal microbiota in AE-infected hosts and evaluate associated intestinal mucosal damage.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We established a mouse model of AE for analysis. Fecal samples were collected from 12 AE-infected mice and 12 age-matched healthy controls at 3 and 6 months post-infection. Gut microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Intestinal tissues were subjected to histopathological exnamination using hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E staining), Alcian blue-glucogen staining (AB-PAS staining), and Lendrum’s fluorescent peach red staining, to evaluate mucosal structural integrity and quantify the Paneth and goblet cells.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The analysis revealed significant alterations in intestinal microbiota diversity and composition in AE-infected mice compared with controls, with changes becoming more pronounced as the infection progressed. Minimal disruption in microbial ecology was observed at 3 months, whereas substantial reductions in alpha diversity and distinct shifts in beta diversity emerged after 6 months of chronic infection. Phylum-level analysis showed an early increase in Verrucomicrobiota, Bacteroidota, and Campylobacterota at 3 months, followed by a marked enrichment of Verrucomicrobiota and Actinobacteriota at 6 months when compared with controls. At the genus level, AE infection led to a rapid depletion of <i>Ligilactobacillus</i> and <i>Lactobacillus</i> between 3 and 6 months, while <i>Akkermansia</i> abundance significantly increased. Histopathological examination of intestinal tissue further demonstrated severe mucosal damage, including villous atrophy, reduced crypt depth, a pronounced decrease in Paneth cell density (<i>P</i> < 0.01), and reduced goblet cell counts (<i>P</i> < 0.05), collectively indicating compromised intestinal barrier integrity.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>AE infection induces progressive gut microbiota dysbiosis and compromises intestinal barrier integrity. The specific microbial shifts, particularly the depletion of <i>Ligilactobacillus</i> and enrichment of <i>Akkermansia</i>, represent promising diagnostic biomarkers and potential targets for probiotic supplementation or microbial modulation. To further clarify their roles, future research should incorporate multi-omics strategies, including metagenomics and metabolomics, within larger cohorts to better characterize microbiota-host metabolic interactions and to validate stage-specific microbial biomarkers in AE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s11686-025-01161-5
Merve Gundogdu, Zeynep Islek
Purpose
Gene editing technologies have emerged as a crucial approach totackling parasitic infections. Recent research underscores the potential of protozoan parasites, including Leishmania, to utilize gene editing strategies, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas (CRISPR-associated proteins)(CRISPR/Cas9) to edit parasite genomes, modify virulence factors, and alter host immune responses. This review aims to explore the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in the study of Leishmania and Leishmaniasis, focusing on its applications in understanding mechanisms and developing novel editing strategies.
Methods
The immunological response of the mammalian host and the nature of the Leishmania parasites play essential roles in the formation and progression of parasitic diseases. Among alternative treatment strategies, CRISPR/Cas9 has attracted attention as a promising tool for introducing protective or therapeutic mutations in Leishmaniasis. This review will provide recent insights into the role of gene editing, especially CRISPR/Cas9, in host-pathogen interactions, intercellular communication, immunomodulation, and pathogenesis of Leishmania.
Results
Current findings reveal that CRISPR/Cas9 enables efficient modification of Leishmania genomes, providing valuable insights into parasite biology, host-pathogen interactions, intercellular communication, immunomodulation, and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, immunotherapeutic models are being investigated to explore the potential applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in theranostics.
Conclusion
CRISPR/Cas9 has attracted attention as a promising tool for introducing protective or therapeutic mutations in Leishmaniasis. Integrating CRISPR/Cas9 with Leishmania-related research opens new avenues for disease control and understanding, while biologically inspired immunomodulatory strategies highlight its emerging role in next-generation parasite-targeted immunotherapy.
{"title":"Genetic Manipulation Tools in Leishmania: From CRISPR/Cas9 to Vaccine Strategies for Disease Control","authors":"Merve Gundogdu, Zeynep Islek","doi":"10.1007/s11686-025-01161-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11686-025-01161-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Gene editing technologies have emerged as a crucial approach totackling parasitic infections. Recent research underscores the potential of protozoan parasites, including <i>Leishmania</i>, to utilize gene editing strategies, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas (CRISPR-associated proteins)(CRISPR/Cas9) to edit parasite genomes, modify virulence factors, and alter host immune responses. This review aims to explore the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 in the study of <i>Leishmania </i>and Leishmaniasis, focusing on its applications in understanding mechanisms and developing novel editing strategies.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The immunological response of the mammalian host and the nature of the <i>Leishmania </i>parasites play essential roles in the formation and progression of parasitic diseases. Among alternative treatment strategies, CRISPR/Cas9 has attracted attention as a promising tool for introducing protective or therapeutic mutations in Leishmaniasis. This review will provide recent insights into the role of gene editing, especially CRISPR/Cas9, in host-pathogen interactions, intercellular communication, immunomodulation, and pathogenesis of <i>Leishmania</i>.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Current findings reveal that CRISPR/Cas9 enables efficient modification of <i>Leishmania </i>genomes, providing valuable insights into parasite biology, host-pathogen interactions, intercellular communication, immunomodulation, and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, immunotherapeutic models are being investigated to explore the potential applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in theranostics.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>CRISPR/Cas9 has attracted attention as a promising tool for introducing protective or therapeutic mutations in Leishmaniasis. Integrating CRISPR/Cas9 with <i>Leishmania</i>-related research opens new avenues for disease control and understanding, while biologically inspired immunomodulatory strategies highlight its emerging role in next-generation parasite-targeted immunotherapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6932,"journal":{"name":"Acta Parasitologica","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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