Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00631
Jeremy R. Gauthier, Scott A. Mabury
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) can be found in nearly every aqueous environmental compartment, including rainwater, snow, surface waters, lakes, and oceans. Despite the global distribution of PFAS in the aquatic environment, little is known regarding their diffusion through aqueous systems. This can be limiting for passive sampling techniques, which depend on accurate diffusion coefficients to relate sampler concentrations of PFAS to system-wide concentrations. Existing methods for the measurement of aqueous diffusivity can be time-consuming, challenging, and subject to error when measuring highly fluorinated surfactants. In the present study, we employ fluorine NMR diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (19F DOSY) to experimentally determine the aqueous diffusion coefficient accurately for 47 PFAS. Aqueous diffusion was found to decrease with increasing fluorinated chain length and increase with the inclusion of ether linkages. The impacts of the ionic strength, temperature, and concentration on the aqueous diffusion of PFAS were also examined. The 19F NMR DOSY method demonstrates reasonable agreement with literature values where available. Numerous PFAS do not have published aqueous diffusion coefficients, which are reported here for the first time. This data allow passive sampling and environmental modeling methods to be greatly improved for monitoring PFAS in the aquatic environment.
{"title":"Experimentally Determined Aqueous Diffusion Coefficients of PFAS Using 19F NMR Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy","authors":"Jeremy R. Gauthier, Scott A. Mabury","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00631","url":null,"abstract":"Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) can be found in nearly every aqueous environmental compartment, including rainwater, snow, surface waters, lakes, and oceans. Despite the global distribution of PFAS in the aquatic environment, little is known regarding their diffusion through aqueous systems. This can be limiting for passive sampling techniques, which depend on accurate diffusion coefficients to relate sampler concentrations of PFAS to system-wide concentrations. Existing methods for the measurement of aqueous diffusivity can be time-consuming, challenging, and subject to error when measuring highly fluorinated surfactants. In the present study, we employ fluorine NMR diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (<sup>19</sup>F DOSY) to experimentally determine the aqueous diffusion coefficient accurately for 47 PFAS. Aqueous diffusion was found to decrease with increasing fluorinated chain length and increase with the inclusion of ether linkages. The impacts of the ionic strength, temperature, and concentration on the aqueous diffusion of PFAS were also examined. The <sup>19</sup>F NMR DOSY method demonstrates reasonable agreement with literature values where available. Numerous PFAS do not have published aqueous diffusion coefficients, which are reported here for the first time. This data allow passive sampling and environmental modeling methods to be greatly improved for monitoring PFAS in the aquatic environment.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00399
Thamiris Ferreira de Souza, Guilherme Max Dias Ferreira
Rising concerns about pesticide contamination in water bodies have driven the development of technologies to mitigate the water crisis. Recognized for its adsorption effectiveness and affordability, biochar is considered a sustainable adsorbent for water treatment. This review critically examines recent studies on biochar’s application for pesticide removal. It addresses (i) the effectiveness of biochar and its relationship with pyrolysis conditions and modification strategies; (ii) mechanisms and properties controlling pesticide adsorption; (iii) real-world applications and large-scale implementation; and (iv) challenges and future research perspectives. Biochar’s performance is highly dependent on precursor biomass, pyrolysis conditions, modification techniques, and pesticide properties. Among the 76 works evaluated, the number of pesticides studied is limited compared to the variety in use globally, with atrazine present in 22% of them. Issues regarding compliance with regulatory standards, potential environmental risks, and the need for greener modification techniques require further investigation. Biochar faces competition from other adsorbents, and the lack of production standards may hinder its adoption. Future research should optimize biochar under real environmental conditions and evaluate its economic and environmental impacts to support broader, sustainable applications. Collaborations among scientists, government officials, farmers, and the industrial sector are advisable to foster innovative initiatives in this field.
{"title":"Biochars as Adsorbents of Pesticides: Laboratory-Scale Performances and Real-World Contexts, Challenges, and Prospects","authors":"Thamiris Ferreira de Souza, Guilherme Max Dias Ferreira","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00399","url":null,"abstract":"Rising concerns about pesticide contamination in water bodies have driven the development of technologies to mitigate the water crisis. Recognized for its adsorption effectiveness and affordability, biochar is considered a sustainable adsorbent for water treatment. This review critically examines recent studies on biochar’s application for pesticide removal. It addresses (i) the effectiveness of biochar and its relationship with pyrolysis conditions and modification strategies; (ii) mechanisms and properties controlling pesticide adsorption; (iii) real-world applications and large-scale implementation; and (iv) challenges and future research perspectives. Biochar’s performance is highly dependent on precursor biomass, pyrolysis conditions, modification techniques, and pesticide properties. Among the 76 works evaluated, the number of pesticides studied is limited compared to the variety in use globally, with atrazine present in 22% of them. Issues regarding compliance with regulatory standards, potential environmental risks, and the need for greener modification techniques require further investigation. Biochar faces competition from other adsorbents, and the lack of production standards may hinder its adoption. Future research should optimize biochar under real environmental conditions and evaluate its economic and environmental impacts to support broader, sustainable applications. Collaborations among scientists, government officials, farmers, and the industrial sector are advisable to foster innovative initiatives in this field.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00405
Yuan-yuan Wang, Wen Zhang, Jun Jiang, Shengguo Xue
Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is a potential method to obtain the sustainable removal of Sb and As cocontaminations in the groundwater. In this work, we wrapped goethite onto sand with cement to prepare slow-release PRB fillers via a granulation process. Through the optimization of composition ratio, particle size, and curing time, the prepared goethite-based fillers could achieve the synergistic immobilization capacity of 8.0 mg kg–1 for Sb and 21.7 mg kg–1 for As in the alkaline environment, maintaining the same capacity and reaction rate as the goethite before granulation. The remediation durability for actual groundwater (initial concentration of Sb: 0.3 mg L–1; As: 0.8 mg L–1) was evaluated by column experiments, and the effective service time of fillers in a practical PRB (the width, thickness, and height are 27 × 1.5 × 12 m) was predicted to be 5.04 years. Specifically, the slow-release behavior of granulated particles under the alkaline environments guaranteed the supplementation of reactive iron–calcium-based components at the interface to sustainably immobilize Sb and As. These findings demonstrate the practical promise of goethite-based PRB fillers for synergistic immobilization of Sb and As in groundwater.
{"title":"Synergistic Immobilization of Antimony and Arsenic in Groundwater by Goethite-Based Permeable Reactive Barriers","authors":"Yuan-yuan Wang, Wen Zhang, Jun Jiang, Shengguo Xue","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00405","url":null,"abstract":"Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is a potential method to obtain the sustainable removal of Sb and As cocontaminations in the groundwater. In this work, we wrapped goethite onto sand with cement to prepare slow-release PRB fillers via a granulation process. Through the optimization of composition ratio, particle size, and curing time, the prepared goethite-based fillers could achieve the synergistic immobilization capacity of 8.0 mg kg<sup>–1</sup> for Sb and 21.7 mg kg<sup>–1</sup> for As in the alkaline environment, maintaining the same capacity and reaction rate as the goethite before granulation. The remediation durability for actual groundwater (initial concentration of Sb: 0.3 mg L<sup>–1</sup>; As: 0.8 mg L<sup>–1</sup>) was evaluated by column experiments, and the effective service time of fillers in a practical PRB (the width, thickness, and height are 27 × 1.5 × 12 m) was predicted to be 5.04 years. Specifically, the slow-release behavior of granulated particles under the alkaline environments guaranteed the supplementation of reactive iron–calcium-based components at the interface to sustainably immobilize Sb and As. These findings demonstrate the practical promise of goethite-based PRB fillers for synergistic immobilization of Sb and As in groundwater.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00167
Mohsen Asadi, Daniel Hamilton, Corwyn Shomachuk, Femi F. Oloye, Chantel De Lange, Jiaqi Liang, Pu Xia, Charles A. Osunla, Jenna Cantin, Edgard M. Mejia, Branden S. J. Gregorchuk, Michael G. Becker, Chand Mangat, Markus Brinkmann, Paul D. Jones, John P. Giesy, Kerry N. McPhedran
Conventional wastewater surveillance (WS) relies on highly trained personnel, advanced instrumentation, and significant resources, making the development and use of simple, rapid, and sensitive alternative technologies valuable for reducing costs, time, and labor intensity. For the first time, this study investigated the use of two well-developed rapid systems, including the GeneXpert and LuminUltra, in parallel with a conventional WS reference methodology for the assessment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in three cities: Saskatoon, Prince Albert, and North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada. RNA extractions from wastewater samples were carried out for the conventional reference and LuminUltra methods, while GeneXpert was used for both raw and concentrated wastewater samples. Bland–Altman plots showed a combination of systematic bias and random error between these real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-based systems. Additionally, results indicated the reasonable performance of GeneXpert in viral detection with a sensitivity rate of >98%, as compared to the conventional reference methodology of 100% and LuminUltra with >65%. A Spearman correlation test showed meaningful relationships between the GeneXpert and conventional reference methodology viral level results across all cities, indicating GeneXpert’s reliability for accurate viral detection and disease prevalence determination, specifically in limited-resource communities, with a shorter processing time and cost-effectiveness in analysis.
{"title":"Assessment of Rapid and Conventional RT-qPCR-Based Systems for Wastewater Surveillance","authors":"Mohsen Asadi, Daniel Hamilton, Corwyn Shomachuk, Femi F. Oloye, Chantel De Lange, Jiaqi Liang, Pu Xia, Charles A. Osunla, Jenna Cantin, Edgard M. Mejia, Branden S. J. Gregorchuk, Michael G. Becker, Chand Mangat, Markus Brinkmann, Paul D. Jones, John P. Giesy, Kerry N. McPhedran","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00167","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional wastewater surveillance (WS) relies on highly trained personnel, advanced instrumentation, and significant resources, making the development and use of simple, rapid, and sensitive alternative technologies valuable for reducing costs, time, and labor intensity. For the first time, this study investigated the use of two well-developed rapid systems, including the GeneXpert and LuminUltra, in parallel with a conventional WS reference methodology for the assessment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in three cities: Saskatoon, Prince Albert, and North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada. RNA extractions from wastewater samples were carried out for the conventional reference and LuminUltra methods, while GeneXpert was used for both raw and concentrated wastewater samples. Bland–Altman plots showed a combination of systematic bias and random error between these real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-based systems. Additionally, results indicated the reasonable performance of GeneXpert in viral detection with a sensitivity rate of >98%, as compared to the conventional reference methodology of 100% and LuminUltra with >65%. A Spearman correlation test showed meaningful relationships between the GeneXpert and conventional reference methodology viral level results across all cities, indicating GeneXpert’s reliability for accurate viral detection and disease prevalence determination, specifically in limited-resource communities, with a shorter processing time and cost-effectiveness in analysis.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00133
Alexander K.T. Kirschner, Iris Schachner-Groehs, Rita B. Linke, Andreas H. Farnleitner
Referring to the recent publication by Tarek et al., (1) we want to seize the opportunity to mention the topic of extraction efficiency and loss of DNA (and nucleic acids in general) when analyzing water samples for genetic targets. This is often not sufficiently considered in study conception, sample processing, or evaluation and interpretation of data. In many studies, researchers use standard DNA extraction protocols or DNA extraction kits designed for water samples to determine genetic targets of fecal pollution or antimicrobial resistance (e.g., via qPCR) without considering potential environmental factors that may impact DNA extraction efficiency. Often, as a measure of qPCR performance, the limit of detection (LOD) or quantification (LOQ) of the qPCR is reported. (2) However, when environmental samples are analyzed, the sample limit of detection (sLOD) or threshold of detection (ToD) should be reported, taking quality control considerations and measures along the whole chain of analysis (WCA) (3) into account. DNA extraction efficiency is one of the most important sources of bias in this respect, as it can vary significantly, (4) specifically when inorganic particles are abundant, potentially capturing the free DNA released from the cells during the DNA extraction process. (5) In the recent publication on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in surface waters of a mixed watershed, (1) 16S-rRNA-gene copy numbers were reported to range from 2.48 log<sub>10</sub> (=3 × 10<sup>2</sup>) to 6.36 log<sub>10</sub> (=2.3 × 10<sup>6</sup>) gene copies per milliliter. When assuming an average of eight 16S-rRNA-gene copies per bacterial cell for a mixed bacterial community, (6) the lower value would correspond to approximately 40 cells per milliliter of surface river water. The bacterial cell count of highly pristine river water and pristine groundwater usually is on the order of 10<sup>4</sup>–10<sup>5</sup> cells per milliliter, (7) so that such a low cell count of 40 cells per milliliter is extremely unrealistic. Unfortunately, the authors did not mention or discuss this topic or the high variability of 16-rRNA-gene copy numbers observed in their paper but stated that “the catchments of the investigated streams are generally characterized by steep slopes, resulting in high water runoff rates and elevated water velocities during storm events”. (1) On the basis of our own experience, (8) this leads us to conclude that DNA extraction efficiency might have temporally been impaired, most likely during such storm events resulting in a large amount of inorganic suspended solids in the water. In a highly turbid shallow lake in Austria, we have observed greater impairment of DNA extraction efficiency during storm events, when inorganic sediment particles of the lake bottom were resuspended in the water column. (4,5) Furthermore, in a very recent study on ARGs in the Danube River, we had samples that showed unrealistically low 16S-rRNA-gene copy numbers (10<su
{"title":"Correspondence on “Tracking Sources and Dissemination of Indicator Antibiotic Resistance Genes at a Watershed Scale”. Be Aware of DNA Loss during Extraction from Water Samples!","authors":"Alexander K.T. Kirschner, Iris Schachner-Groehs, Rita B. Linke, Andreas H. Farnleitner","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00133","url":null,"abstract":"Referring to the recent publication by Tarek et al., (1) we want to seize the opportunity to mention the topic of extraction efficiency and loss of DNA (and nucleic acids in general) when analyzing water samples for genetic targets. This is often not sufficiently considered in study conception, sample processing, or evaluation and interpretation of data. In many studies, researchers use standard DNA extraction protocols or DNA extraction kits designed for water samples to determine genetic targets of fecal pollution or antimicrobial resistance (e.g., via qPCR) without considering potential environmental factors that may impact DNA extraction efficiency. Often, as a measure of qPCR performance, the limit of detection (LOD) or quantification (LOQ) of the qPCR is reported. (2) However, when environmental samples are analyzed, the sample limit of detection (sLOD) or threshold of detection (ToD) should be reported, taking quality control considerations and measures along the whole chain of analysis (WCA) (3) into account. DNA extraction efficiency is one of the most important sources of bias in this respect, as it can vary significantly, (4) specifically when inorganic particles are abundant, potentially capturing the free DNA released from the cells during the DNA extraction process. (5) In the recent publication on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in surface waters of a mixed watershed, (1) 16S-rRNA-gene copy numbers were reported to range from 2.48 log<sub>10</sub> (=3 × 10<sup>2</sup>) to 6.36 log<sub>10</sub> (=2.3 × 10<sup>6</sup>) gene copies per milliliter. When assuming an average of eight 16S-rRNA-gene copies per bacterial cell for a mixed bacterial community, (6) the lower value would correspond to approximately 40 cells per milliliter of surface river water. The bacterial cell count of highly pristine river water and pristine groundwater usually is on the order of 10<sup>4</sup>–10<sup>5</sup> cells per milliliter, (7) so that such a low cell count of 40 cells per milliliter is extremely unrealistic. Unfortunately, the authors did not mention or discuss this topic or the high variability of 16-rRNA-gene copy numbers observed in their paper but stated that “the catchments of the investigated streams are generally characterized by steep slopes, resulting in high water runoff rates and elevated water velocities during storm events”. (1) On the basis of our own experience, (8) this leads us to conclude that DNA extraction efficiency might have temporally been impaired, most likely during such storm events resulting in a large amount of inorganic suspended solids in the water. In a highly turbid shallow lake in Austria, we have observed greater impairment of DNA extraction efficiency during storm events, when inorganic sediment particles of the lake bottom were resuspended in the water column. (4,5) Furthermore, in a very recent study on ARGs in the Danube River, we had samples that showed unrealistically low 16S-rRNA-gene copy numbers (10<su","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00572
Junling Li, Yunnuo Cai, Zhuorong Du, Zengli Zhang, Jiafu Li
Although free amino acids (FAAs) are known as an important precursor of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), their levels and composition in source water as well as their contributions to drinking water N-DBPs are not clear. This review provides a summary of occurrence and compositions of FAAs in different water sources as well as their molar yields and contributions to N-DBPs formation. Moreover, the impacts of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on N-DBPs formation are also summarized. The average concentrations of FAAs in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs were 439, 402, and 370 nM (about 56.2, 51.5, and 47.4 μg/L), in which cysteine, ornithine, alanine, glutamic acid, and serine were dominant among individual FAAs, with an average level of 25.6, 8.6, 6.2, 6.0, and 5.3 μg/L, respectively. During the chlorination process, the molar yields of FAA for dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), dichloroacetamide (DCAM), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) were not detectable (ND)-7.1, ND-3.55, ND-0.93, and ND-1.99 μmol/mmol, respectively, contributing 7.0%, 11.9%, 0.3%, and 10.3%, on average, to drinking water N-DBPs. During chloramination, the molar yields of FAA fall within ND-5.55, ND-3.55, 0.4-176, and ND-1.52 μmol/mmol, constituting on average 5.3%, 18.4%, 0.8%, and 3.0% of DBPs’ formation in drinking water. The information provided may help enrich the knowledge of FAAs and gain insights toward the importance of FAAs in forming N-DBPs.
{"title":"Review of Free Amino Acids in Source Water (River, Lake, and Reservoir): Occurrence, Composition, Molar Yields, Formation Potential, and Contribution to N-DBPs","authors":"Junling Li, Yunnuo Cai, Zhuorong Du, Zengli Zhang, Jiafu Li","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00572","url":null,"abstract":"Although free amino acids (FAAs) are known as an important precursor of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), their levels and composition in source water as well as their contributions to drinking water N-DBPs are not clear. This review provides a summary of occurrence and compositions of FAAs in different water sources as well as their molar yields and contributions to N-DBPs formation. Moreover, the impacts of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on N-DBPs formation are also summarized. The average concentrations of FAAs in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs were 439, 402, and 370 nM (about 56.2, 51.5, and 47.4 μg/L), in which cysteine, ornithine, alanine, glutamic acid, and serine were dominant among individual FAAs, with an average level of 25.6, 8.6, 6.2, 6.0, and 5.3 μg/L, respectively. During the chlorination process, the molar yields of FAA for dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), dichloroacetamide (DCAM), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) were not detectable (ND)-7.1, ND-3.55, ND-0.93, and ND-1.99 μmol/mmol, respectively, contributing 7.0%, 11.9%, 0.3%, and 10.3%, on average, to drinking water N-DBPs. During chloramination, the molar yields of FAA fall within ND-5.55, ND-3.55, 0.4-176, and ND-1.52 μmol/mmol, constituting on average 5.3%, 18.4%, 0.8%, and 3.0% of DBPs’ formation in drinking water. The information provided may help enrich the knowledge of FAAs and gain insights toward the importance of FAAs in forming N-DBPs.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coagulation is widely used in water treatment, generating large volumes of water treatment residual (WTR), most of which is aluminum salt-based water treatment residual (Al-WTR). This waste is environmentally and financially costly to manage. Al-WTR, however, can be upcycled into value-added products such as ceramsite, a porous material that can be used for adsorption or other beneficial purposes. Here, we review the fabrication processes for transforming Al-WTR into ceramsite, the strategies for enhancing its performance, and its potential environmental applications. Ceramsite has exhibited potential as an adsorbent in removing pollutants such as phosphorus and heavy metals as well as being a biofilm-supporting medium. Moreover, ceramsite has shown the effective removal of emerging pollutants from water matrices. Therefore, ceramsite represents a promising strategy for valorizing Al-WTR. Further investigations are required to improve the ceramsite performance and assess its applicability in environmental engineering. Furthermore, we also discuss the current challenges and barriers associated with the application of the Al-WTR-derived ceramsite and possible mitigation strategies. This Review aims to stimulate further research and development in sustainable WTR management, thereby contributing to the development of a circular economy in the water treatment sector.
{"title":"Toward a Circular Economy in Water Treatment: Upcycling Aluminum Salt-Based Water Treatment Residual into An Effective Adsorbent–Ceramsite","authors":"Jianfei Chen, Seyed Hesam-Aldin Samaei, Rifat Rahman, Leslie J. Robbins, Jinkai Xue","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00344","url":null,"abstract":"Coagulation is widely used in water treatment, generating large volumes of water treatment residual (WTR), most of which is aluminum salt-based water treatment residual (Al-WTR). This waste is environmentally and financially costly to manage. Al-WTR, however, can be upcycled into value-added products such as ceramsite, a porous material that can be used for adsorption or other beneficial purposes. Here, we review the fabrication processes for transforming Al-WTR into ceramsite, the strategies for enhancing its performance, and its potential environmental applications. Ceramsite has exhibited potential as an adsorbent in removing pollutants such as phosphorus and heavy metals as well as being a biofilm-supporting medium. Moreover, ceramsite has shown the effective removal of emerging pollutants from water matrices. Therefore, ceramsite represents a promising strategy for valorizing Al-WTR. Further investigations are required to improve the ceramsite performance and assess its applicability in environmental engineering. Furthermore, we also discuss the current challenges and barriers associated with the application of the Al-WTR-derived ceramsite and possible mitigation strategies. This Review aims to stimulate further research and development in sustainable WTR management, thereby contributing to the development of a circular economy in the water treatment sector.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00066
Eung Seok Lee, Lizhi Tong, Yongje Kim, Yongcheol Kim, Franklin W. Schwartz
Managing contamination by urban storm runoff is challenging because of numerous contaminant sources, the first flush phenomenon, and the fast drainage of stormwater by storm sewers. This paper presents the results of laboratory batch, column, and flow-through tests involving a novel in situ chemical oxidation scheme that combines oxidation and slow-release systems to reduce organic pollutants in urban storm runoff. In batch tests, the persulfate/iron system yielded the best overall removal efficiencies for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and naphthalene, although the removal rates rapidly decreased after 2 to 3 min due to oxidation of ferrous iron in the solution. Slow-release persulfate (SRP), slow-release hydrogen peroxide (SRH), and slow-release Fe2+ (SRI) were created by dispersing salts in paraffin wax matrices in a cylindrical mold. Results of column tests indicated that the slow-release forms could release oxidants and Fe2+ in a controlled and continuing manner, and the release rates are constrained by the solubility of the dispersed salts and the mixing ratios of the salts and matrices. In the flow-through remedial tests, 89% of naphthalene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, 83% of toluene, and 73% of benzene were removed within 20 min when SRP and SRI were used together. These results suggested that the slow-release oxidants could be installed in multiple storm sewer inlets to rapidly reduce any oxidizable pollutants in storm runoff.
{"title":"Managing Storm Runoff Contamination Using Slow-Release Oxidants: Laboratory Investigations","authors":"Eung Seok Lee, Lizhi Tong, Yongje Kim, Yongcheol Kim, Franklin W. Schwartz","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00066","url":null,"abstract":"Managing contamination by urban storm runoff is challenging because of numerous contaminant sources, the first flush phenomenon, and the fast drainage of stormwater by storm sewers. This paper presents the results of laboratory batch, column, and flow-through tests involving a novel in situ chemical oxidation scheme that combines oxidation and slow-release systems to reduce organic pollutants in urban storm runoff. In batch tests, the persulfate/iron system yielded the best overall removal efficiencies for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and naphthalene, although the removal rates rapidly decreased after 2 to 3 min due to oxidation of ferrous iron in the solution. Slow-release persulfate (SRP), slow-release hydrogen peroxide (SRH), and slow-release Fe<sup>2+</sup> (SRI) were created by dispersing salts in paraffin wax matrices in a cylindrical mold. Results of column tests indicated that the slow-release forms could release oxidants and Fe<sup>2+</sup> in a controlled and continuing manner, and the release rates are constrained by the solubility of the dispersed salts and the mixing ratios of the salts and matrices. In the flow-through remedial tests, 89% of naphthalene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, 83% of toluene, and 73% of benzene were removed within 20 min when SRP and SRI were used together. These results suggested that the slow-release oxidants could be installed in multiple storm sewer inlets to rapidly reduce any oxidizable pollutants in storm runoff.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-31DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00591
Kai Chen Goh, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Hui Hwang Goh, Dongdong Zhang, Meihui Jiang, Wei Dai, Muhammad Imran Khan, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Faissal Aziz, Abdelkader Anouzla, Christia Meidiana
Climate change poses challenges to infrastructure resilience in Southeast Asia’s flood-prone regions. This study identifies and evaluates strategies for enhancing infrastructure resilience through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Using a mixed-method approach, we analyzed the case studies and conducted quantitative assessments of flood mitigation efforts. Data were collected (2021–2024) through site visits, interviews with key stakeholders, and analysis of historical flood and infrastructure performance data. Data analysis involved statistical methods for assessing their effectiveness and comparative analyses across them. Singapore reduced flood-prone areas by 30% using integrated WWTP technologies with drainage systems, while Malaysia developed resilient infrastructure networks with WWTPs designed to withstand extreme weather, preventing 85% of contamination cases. Thailand combined green and blue infrastructure with WWTPs, decreasing flood vulnerability by 25%. Indonesia invested in decentralized WWTPs in urban areas, increasing infrastructure resilience by 40%. Nature-based solutions, such as ecological restoration, reduce flooding impacts by 20%. The implications for policymakers and practitioners include the need to integrate advanced technologies and nature-based solutions to bolster infrastructure resilience and mitigate flooding risks. This study offers insights into developing effective climate change adaptation strategies in flood-vulnerable regions, emphasizing the critical role of WWTPs in enhancing infrastructure resilience.
{"title":"Strengthening Infrastructure Resilience for Climate Change Mitigation: Case Studies from the Southeast Asia Region with a Focus on Wastewater Treatment Plants in Addressing Flooding Challenges","authors":"Kai Chen Goh, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Hui Hwang Goh, Dongdong Zhang, Meihui Jiang, Wei Dai, Muhammad Imran Khan, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Faissal Aziz, Abdelkader Anouzla, Christia Meidiana","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00591","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change poses challenges to infrastructure resilience in Southeast Asia’s flood-prone regions. This study identifies and evaluates strategies for enhancing infrastructure resilience through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia. Using a mixed-method approach, we analyzed the case studies and conducted quantitative assessments of flood mitigation efforts. Data were collected (2021–2024) through site visits, interviews with key stakeholders, and analysis of historical flood and infrastructure performance data. Data analysis involved statistical methods for assessing their effectiveness and comparative analyses across them. Singapore reduced flood-prone areas by 30% using integrated WWTP technologies with drainage systems, while Malaysia developed resilient infrastructure networks with WWTPs designed to withstand extreme weather, preventing 85% of contamination cases. Thailand combined green and blue infrastructure with WWTPs, decreasing flood vulnerability by 25%. Indonesia invested in decentralized WWTPs in urban areas, increasing infrastructure resilience by 40%. Nature-based solutions, such as ecological restoration, reduce flooding impacts by 20%. The implications for policymakers and practitioners include the need to integrate advanced technologies and nature-based solutions to bolster infrastructure resilience and mitigate flooding risks. This study offers insights into developing effective climate change adaptation strategies in flood-vulnerable regions, emphasizing the critical role of WWTPs in enhancing infrastructure resilience.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.4c00433
David M. Stanbury
The three inorganic chloramines play central roles in aqueous chloramination processes. Mechanisms involving these species are required to obey the principle of detailed balancing, but very few published examples meet this requirement. There are at least 77 publications with chloramine mechanisms that violate the principle of detailed balancing. In this work, the violations are summarized, a set of reaction equilibrium constants and rate constants is proposed that should facilitate the development of acceptable mechanisms, and solutions to the published errors are proposed.
{"title":"Kinetics and Equilibria Interconverting Aqueous Inorganic Chloramines: Errors and Corrections","authors":"David M. Stanbury","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00433","url":null,"abstract":"The three inorganic chloramines play central roles in aqueous chloramination processes. Mechanisms involving these species are required to obey the principle of detailed balancing, but very few published examples meet this requirement. There are at least 77 publications with chloramine mechanisms that violate the principle of detailed balancing. In this work, the violations are summarized, a set of reaction equilibrium constants and rate constants is proposed that should facilitate the development of acceptable mechanisms, and solutions to the published errors are proposed.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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