The effect of four rhizobacterial strains on the severity of spot blotch disease caused by cochliobolus sativus was evaluated for two growing seasons under rainfed conditions. Three barley genotypes were used as host plant. All strains reduced C. sativus severity, with effect more pronounced when Pseudomonas putida BTP1 and Bacillus subtilis Bs2508 were used. The disease reduction was up to 56% in Arabi Abiad / P. putida BTP1. The grain yield was not obviously affected by the presence of the rhizobacteria, except some signifitive increase in season 2. Raising the resistance by soaking seed with rhizobacterial strains might be of ultimate value in agriculture.
{"title":"Rhizobacteria-mediated Induced Resistance in Barley against Cochliobolus sativus under Field Conditions","authors":"A. Adam, M. Arabi, I. Edris, E. Al-shehadah","doi":"10.1556/038.54.2019.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.004","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of four rhizobacterial strains on the severity of spot blotch disease\u0000 caused by cochliobolus sativus was evaluated for two growing\u0000 seasons under rainfed conditions. Three barley genotypes were used as host\u0000 plant. All strains reduced C. sativus severity, with effect\u0000 more pronounced when Pseudomonas putida BTP1 and\u0000 Bacillus subtilis Bs2508 were used. The disease reduction\u0000 was up to 56% in Arabi Abiad / P. putida BTP1. The grain yield\u0000 was not obviously affected by the presence of the rhizobacteria, except some\u0000 signifitive increase in season 2. Raising the resistance by soaking seed with\u0000 rhizobacterial strains might be of ultimate value in agriculture.","PeriodicalId":7136,"journal":{"name":"Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48887403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Al-Daoude, H. Alek, M. Jawhar, E. Al-shehadah, A. Shoiab, M. Arabi
The seed-borne (Pyrenophora graminea; Pg) and foliar (Blumeria graminis; Bg) are two economically important fungal pathogens of barley worldwide. Barley plant resistance genes, as the pathogenesis related proteins play an important role in defense mechanisms. This study aimed to monitor the expression of PR2 and PAL pathogenesis related genes during compatible/incompatible barley interaction with Pg and Bg at different time points of disease development using the Quantitative Real-time PCR technique (qRT-PCR). Comparison of data showed that PR2 and PAL were significantly over expressed in infected resistant and susceptible plants as against their lower expression in controls,. Upregulation of these defense-related genes during Pg and Bg infections was companied with a slow development of disease symptoms at the time course in the resistant genotype. qRT-PCR analysis revealed higher gene expression in resistant barley plants inoculated with Pg as compared with Bg, with a maximum expression for PR2 (13.8 and 5.06-fold) and PAL (14.8 and 4.51-fold) respectively, at the latest stage of each disease development. It was also noteworthy that PR2 and PAL genes, had higher constitutive expression and faster induction for the both pathogens in the resistant genotype as compared with the susceptible one. Obtained results suggest that both genes, PR2 and PAL, positively regulate Pg- and Bg-resistance in barley plants during disease progress. These expression patterns can provide useful insights to better understanding of the barley–fungus interactions with different fungal lifestyles.
{"title":"Changes in PR2 and PAL Patterns in Barley Challenged with Leaf Stripe (Pyrenophora graminea) and Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis) Diseases","authors":"A. Al-Daoude, H. Alek, M. Jawhar, E. Al-shehadah, A. Shoiab, M. Arabi","doi":"10.1556/038.54.2019.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.005","url":null,"abstract":"The seed-borne (Pyrenophora graminea; Pg) and foliar\u0000 (Blumeria graminis; Bg) are two economically important\u0000 fungal pathogens of barley worldwide. Barley plant resistance genes, as the\u0000 pathogenesis related proteins play an important role in defense mechanisms. This\u0000 study aimed to monitor the expression of PR2 and\u0000 PAL pathogenesis related genes during\u0000 compatible/incompatible barley interaction with Pg and\u0000 Bg at different time points of disease development using\u0000 the Quantitative Real-time PCR technique (qRT-PCR). \u0000 Comparison of data showed that PR2 and PAL were\u0000 significantly over expressed in infected resistant and susceptible plants as\u0000 against their lower expression in controls,. Upregulation of these\u0000 defense-related genes during Pg and Bg\u0000 infections was companied with a slow development of disease symptoms at the time\u0000 course in the resistant genotype. qRT-PCR analysis revealed higher gene\u0000 expression in resistant barley plants inoculated with Pg as\u0000 compared with Bg, with a maximum expression for\u0000 PR2 (13.8 and 5.06-fold) and PAL (14.8 and\u0000 4.51-fold) respectively, at the latest stage of each disease development. It was\u0000 also noteworthy that PR2 and PAL genes, had\u0000 higher constitutive expression and faster induction for the both pathogens in\u0000 the resistant genotype as compared with the susceptible one.\u0000 Obtained results suggest that both genes, PR2 and\u0000 PAL, positively regulate Pg- and\u0000 Bg-resistance in barley plants during disease progress.\u0000 These expression patterns can provide useful insights to better understanding of\u0000 the barley–fungus interactions with different fungal lifestyles.","PeriodicalId":7136,"journal":{"name":"Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48105716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long-term storage of Rhynchosporium secalis cultures is a challenge for any lab managing a working collection of isolates. In this work, the viability and pathogenicity of R. secalis stock cultures...
{"title":"Viability and pathogenicity of Rhynchosporium secalis after long-term storage","authors":"M. Arabi, H. Alek, E. Al-shehadah, M. Jawhar","doi":"10.1556/038.54.2019.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.011","url":null,"abstract":"Long-term storage of Rhynchosporium secalis cultures is a challenge for any lab managing a working collection of isolates. In this work, the viability and pathogenicity of R. secalis stock cultures...","PeriodicalId":7136,"journal":{"name":"Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/038.54.2019.011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48683190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hidrogenionic potential (pH) of the baits plays a fundamental role in attracting fruit flies. So, the purposes of this study were to study the effect of pH-level on the ability of protein-based bai...
{"title":"Relationship between Hidrogenionic Potential (pH) of Protein-based Baits and Attraction of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)","authors":"N. Ghanim, M. El-Metwally","doi":"10.1556/038.54.2019.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.009","url":null,"abstract":"Hidrogenionic potential (pH) of the baits plays a fundamental role in attracting fruit flies. So, the purposes of this study were to study the effect of pH-level on the ability of protein-based bai...","PeriodicalId":7136,"journal":{"name":"Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/038.54.2019.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49175013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akram Najmi, Hussein Sadeghi Namaghi, S. Barjadze, L. Fekrat
A survey of gall-inducing aphids on elm and poplar trees was carried out during 2017 in Razavi Khorasan province, NE Iran. As a result, 15 species of gall-inducing aphids from 5 genera, all belonging to the subfamily Eriosomatinae, were recorded on 6 host plant species. The collected species included the genera Eriosoma, Kaltenbachiella, Pemphigus, Tetraneura and Thecabius. Pemphigus passeki Börner (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Pemphigus populinigrae (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Populus nigra var. italica (Salicaceae) were new records for the Iranian aphid fauna. Both new recorded species belong to the tribe Pem-phigini, subfamily Eriosomatinae. Among the identified species, 8 aphid species were new records for Razavi Khorasan province.
{"title":"Gall-inducing Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Eriosomatinae) Associated with Salicaceae and Ulmaceae in Razavi Khorasan Province, with New Records for Fauna of Iran","authors":"Akram Najmi, Hussein Sadeghi Namaghi, S. Barjadze, L. Fekrat","doi":"10.1556/038.54.2019.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.010","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of gall-inducing aphids on elm and poplar trees was carried out during\u0000 2017 in Razavi Khorasan province, NE Iran. As a result, 15 species of\u0000 gall-inducing aphids from 5 genera, all belonging to the subfamily\u0000 Eriosomatinae, were recorded on 6 host plant species. The collected species\u0000 included the genera Eriosoma, Kaltenbachiella,\u0000 Pemphigus, Tetraneura and\u0000 Thecabius. Pemphigus passeki Börner\u0000 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Pemphigus populinigrae (Schrank)\u0000 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Populus nigra var.\u0000 italica (Salicaceae) were new records for the Iranian aphid\u0000 fauna. Both new recorded species belong to the tribe Pem-phigini, subfamily\u0000 Eriosomatinae. Among the identified species, 8 aphid species were new records\u0000 for Razavi Khorasan province.","PeriodicalId":7136,"journal":{"name":"Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41356643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tóth, P. Landolt, I. Szarukán, A. Nagy, J. Jósvai
The addition of synthetic eugenol and benzyl acetate to the known floral chemical and moth attractant phenylacetaldehyde synergized attraction of the silver Y moth Autographa gamma, an important noctuid pest. Traps baited with the ternary blend caught 2 to 6 times more A. gamma moths than traps baited with phenylac-etaldehyde alone. Both female and male moths were attracted, supposedly in the natural sex ratio of the local population. More A. gamma were caught when the blend was formulated in dispenser types with higher release rates. Traps baited with the ternary lure in polyethylene bag dispensers caught 20% to 34% as many moths as were caught in traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone, suggesting that this improved bisexual lure could be efficient enough to yield a new tool for detection and monitoring of female and male A. gamma, for more reliable plant protection decisions. The same ternary lure also improved trap catches of moths over phenylacetaldehyde alone for the plusiinae pests MacDunnoughia confusa (in Europe) and Autographa californica (in North America) and for the Noctuinae cutworm Xestia c-nigrum (in North America).
{"title":"Improving Bisexual Lures for the Silver Y Moth Autographa gamma L. and Related Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)","authors":"M. Tóth, P. Landolt, I. Szarukán, A. Nagy, J. Jósvai","doi":"10.1556/038.54.2019.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.012","url":null,"abstract":"The addition of synthetic eugenol and benzyl acetate to the known floral chemical\u0000 and moth attractant phenylacetaldehyde synergized attraction of the silver Y\u0000 moth Autographa gamma, an important noctuid pest. Traps baited\u0000 with the ternary blend caught 2 to 6 times more A. gamma moths\u0000 than traps baited with phenylac-etaldehyde alone. Both female and male moths\u0000 were attracted, supposedly in the natural sex ratio of the local population.\u0000 More A. gamma were caught when the blend was formulated in\u0000 dispenser types with higher release rates. Traps baited with the ternary lure in\u0000 polyethylene bag dispensers caught 20% to 34% as many moths as were caught in\u0000 traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone, suggesting that this improved\u0000 bisexual lure could be efficient enough to yield a new tool for detection and\u0000 monitoring of female and male A. gamma, for more reliable plant\u0000 protection decisions.\u0000 The same ternary lure also improved trap catches of moths over phenylacetaldehyde\u0000 alone for the plusiinae pests MacDunnoughia confusa (in Europe)\u0000 and Autographa californica (in North America) and for the\u0000 Noctuinae cutworm Xestia c-nigrum (in North America).","PeriodicalId":7136,"journal":{"name":"Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/038.54.2019.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47370125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proteases constitute a significant part of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by fungal biocontrol agents and particularly crucial in mycoparasitism of fungal phytopathogens. Plate-based screening methods are routinely used for screening protease-producing microorganisms including fungi. Skim milk agar (SMA) is one of the most popular media for the detection of protease producing bacteria. However, SMA is not efficient to test fast growing fungi, because it does not give an estimation of the actual amount of secreted protease produced by fungal inocula. In the current study, the efficacy of two modified plate-screening methods, including split-SMA (SSMA) and minimal medium supplemented with skim milk (MSMW) was assessed for detection of protease production by three representative fungal strains including Trichoderma longibrachiatum strain N, Beauveria bassiana strain B and Purpureocillium lilacinum strain PL. Protease production was revealed on the three tested media by the three strains. However, the halo diameter of the fungal strains (a proxy for protease production) was the smallest on SMA. Furthermore, protease production could not be detected for T. longibrachiatum strain N on SMA due to its fast growth; while it showed the highest protease activity on both modified media compared with the other strains. According to the result of this study, the SSMA medium is an easy and more accurate method compared with the two other different methods as it displays the actual amount of protease produced by fungal strains and therefore this method is recommended for quantitative and qualitative detection of protease production by slow and fast growing fungi.
{"title":"Rapid and Easy Modified Plate-based Screening Methods for Quantitative and Qualitative Detection of Protease Production by Fungi","authors":"K. Karimi, A. Narmani, I. Pertot, M. Arzanlou","doi":"10.1556/038.54.2019.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.001","url":null,"abstract":"Proteases constitute a significant part of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs)\u0000 produced by fungal biocontrol agents and particularly crucial in mycoparasitism\u0000 of fungal phytopathogens. Plate-based screening methods are routinely used for\u0000 screening protease-producing microorganisms including fungi. Skim milk agar\u0000 (SMA) is one of the most popular media for the detection of protease producing\u0000 bacteria. However, SMA is not efficient to test fast growing fungi, because it\u0000 does not give an estimation of the actual amount of secreted protease produced\u0000 by fungal inocula. In the current study, the efficacy of two modified\u0000 plate-screening methods, including split-SMA (SSMA) and minimal medium\u0000 supplemented with skim milk (MSMW) was assessed for detection of protease\u0000 production by three representative fungal strains including Trichoderma\u0000 longibrachiatum strain N, Beauveria bassiana\u0000 strain B and Purpureocillium lilacinum strain PL. Protease\u0000 production was revealed on the three tested media by the three strains. However,\u0000 the halo diameter of the fungal strains (a proxy for protease production) was\u0000 the smallest on SMA. Furthermore, protease production could not be detected for\u0000 T. longibrachiatum strain N on SMA due to its fast growth;\u0000 while it showed the highest protease activity on both modified media compared\u0000 with the other strains. According to the result of this study, the SSMA medium\u0000 is an easy and more accurate method compared with the two other different\u0000 methods as it displays the actual amount of protease produced by fungal strains\u0000 and therefore this method is recommended for quantitative and qualitative\u0000 detection of protease production by slow and fast growing fungi.","PeriodicalId":7136,"journal":{"name":"Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43529734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. A. Pour, S. Tirgari, J. Shakarami, S. Imani, A. Dousti
Flies damage the livestock industry in many ways, including damages, physical disturbances, the transmissions of pathogens and the emergence of problems for livestock like Myiasis. In this research...
{"title":"Fly fauna of livestock’ s of Marvdasht County of Fars Province in the South of Iran","authors":"A. A. Pour, S. Tirgari, J. Shakarami, S. Imani, A. Dousti","doi":"10.1556/038.54.2019.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.008","url":null,"abstract":"Flies damage the livestock industry in many ways, including damages, physical disturbances, the transmissions of pathogens and the emergence of problems for livestock like Myiasis. In this research...","PeriodicalId":7136,"journal":{"name":"Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48303907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. E. Aymani, S. Gabardi, M. Artib, M. Chliyeh, K. Selmaoui, A. Touhami, R. Benkirane, A. Douira
The diversity of endomycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of Crocus sativus has been studied at five sites in the Taliouine region (Tinfat), located in Taroudant Province (Morocco), according to the number of years of soil exploitation by Saffron cultivation. In all sites, the roots of Crocus sativus carry structures of endomycorrhizal fungi. Root mycorrhizal frequencies are very high in site 1 (93.33%); site 2 (96.67%); site 4 (90%) and in site 6 (93.33%). In these sites, the spore density is, respectively, 39, 58, 138, 99 spores / 100 g of soil. The frequency of root mycorrhization is lower at the site (76.66%) which also exhibited a spore density of 27 spores / 100 g of soil. The identification of isolated spores made it possible to note the presence of 36 species belonging to 6 genera: Glomus (15 species), Acaulospora (10 species), Scutellospora (6 species), Gigaspora (2 species), Pacispora (2 species), Entrophospora (1 species). Species such as Glomus clarum, G. etunicatum, G. aggregatum, G. intraradices, Acaulospora laevis, Scutellospora coralloidea, were present in all studied sites. The greatest richness of MA fungi was registers in the site at four successive years of exploitation by Saffron (24 species), with a Shannon diversity index H ‘= 2.82 which is the highest among all studied sites, followed by the site at six years of occupation by Saffron (21 species), with H ‘= 2.61, while the lowest number of species was recorded in sites of two, three and ten years of exploitation of sol by Saffron, with H ‘= 1.77, respectively; 2.12 and 2.44. This decrease in endomycorrhizal species richness confirms that Crocus sativus residues are probably the cause. In fact, the prolonged occupation of plots with safrana has an allelopathic effect on mycoflora and on the yield of Saffron.
{"title":"Effect of the Number of Years of Soil Exploitation by Saffron Cultivation in Morocco on the Diversity of Endomycorrhizal Fungi","authors":"I. E. Aymani, S. Gabardi, M. Artib, M. Chliyeh, K. Selmaoui, A. Touhami, R. Benkirane, A. Douira","doi":"10.1556/038.54.2019.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.002","url":null,"abstract":"The diversity of endomycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of Crocus\u0000 sativus has been studied at five sites in the Taliouine region\u0000 (Tinfat), located in Taroudant Province (Morocco), according to the number of\u0000 years of soil exploitation by Saffron cultivation. In all sites, the roots of\u0000 Crocus sativus carry structures of endomycorrhizal fungi.\u0000 Root mycorrhizal frequencies are very high in site 1 (93.33%); site 2 (96.67%);\u0000 site 4 (90%) and in site 6 (93.33%). In these sites, the spore density is,\u0000 respectively, 39, 58, 138, 99 spores / 100 g of soil. The frequency of root\u0000 mycorrhization is lower at the site (76.66%) which also exhibited a spore\u0000 density of 27 spores / 100 g of soil. \u0000 The identification of isolated spores made it possible to note the presence of 36\u0000 species belonging to 6 genera: Glomus (15 species),\u0000 Acaulospora (10 species), Scutellospora (6\u0000 species), Gigaspora (2 species), Pacispora (2\u0000 species), Entrophospora (1 species). Species such as\u0000 Glomus clarum, G. etunicatum, G.\u0000 aggregatum, G. intraradices, Acaulospora\u0000 laevis, Scutellospora coralloidea, were present in\u0000 all studied sites. \u0000 The greatest richness of MA fungi was registers in the site at four successive\u0000 years of exploitation by Saffron (24 species), with a Shannon diversity index H\u0000 ‘= 2.82 which is the highest among all studied sites, followed by the site at\u0000 six years of occupation by Saffron (21 species), with H ‘= 2.61, while the\u0000 lowest number of species was recorded in sites of two, three and ten years of\u0000 exploitation of sol by Saffron, with H ‘= 1.77, respectively; 2.12 and 2.44. \u0000 This decrease in endomycorrhizal species richness confirms that Crocus\u0000 sativus residues are probably the cause. In fact, the prolonged\u0000 occupation of plots with safrana has an allelopathic effect on mycoflora and on\u0000 the yield of Saffron.","PeriodicalId":7136,"journal":{"name":"Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1556/038.54.2019.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43370511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plutella xylostella has become particularly notorious for its resistance to various insecticides. The toxicities of abamectin, hexaflumuron and indoxacarb to third instar larvae of the pest were assayed using the leaf-dipping method. The results showed that abamectin and indoxacarb with the lowest LC50 values exhibited stronger toxicity to larvae than hexaflumuron. To determine the synergism of PBO, DEM, DEF and TPP on the toxicity of tested insecticides and demonstrating possible biochemical mechanisms, an abamectin-, a hexaflu-muron- and an indoxacarb-resistant strain of P. xylostella were selected under laboratory conditions. After 10 generations of selection, the selected strains developed 14.21, 7.08, and 32.36-fold higher resistance to these insecticides, respectively. Abamectin resistance in abamectin-selected strain was suppressed with the synergists such as DEM and PBO, suggesting the involvement of monooxygeneses and glutathione S-transferase in the development of resistance in P. xylostella. Treatment with PBO and DEF significantly decreased the toxicity of hexaflumuron in the hexaflumuron-selected strain. Also, in indoxacarb-selected strain, the maximum synergism was occurred using PBO and DEF, followed by DEM and TPP. Hexaflumuron and indoxacarb synergism studies indicated in hexaflumuron resistance, monooxygenases and esterases, and in indoxacarb resistance, monooxygenases, esterases and glutathione S-transferae may be involved in the resistance mechanisms
{"title":"Insecticide Toxicity, Synergism and Resistance in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)","authors":"A. Soleymanzade, F. Khorrami, M. Forouzan","doi":"10.1556/038.54.2019.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/038.54.2019.013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Plutella xylostella has become particularly notorious for its\u0000 resistance to various insecticides. The toxicities of abamectin, hexaflumuron\u0000 and indoxacarb to third instar larvae of the pest were assayed using the\u0000 leaf-dipping method. The results showed that abamectin and indoxacarb with the\u0000 lowest LC50 values exhibited stronger toxicity to larvae than hexaflumuron. To\u0000 determine the synergism of PBO, DEM, DEF and TPP on the toxicity of tested\u0000 insecticides and demonstrating possible biochemical mechanisms, an abamectin-, a\u0000 hexaflu-muron- and an indoxacarb-resistant strain of P.\u0000 xylostella were selected under laboratory conditions. After 10\u0000 generations of selection, the selected strains developed 14.21, 7.08, and\u0000 32.36-fold higher resistance to these insecticides, respectively. Abamectin\u0000 resistance in abamectin-selected strain was suppressed with the synergists such\u0000 as DEM and PBO, suggesting the involvement of monooxygeneses and glutathione\u0000 S-transferase in the development of resistance in P.\u0000 xylostella. Treatment with PBO and DEF significantly decreased the\u0000 toxicity of hexaflumuron in the hexaflumuron-selected strain. Also, in\u0000 indoxacarb-selected strain, the maximum synergism was occurred using PBO and\u0000 DEF, followed by DEM and TPP. Hexaflumuron and indoxacarb synergism studies\u0000 indicated in hexaflumuron resistance, monooxygenases and esterases, and in\u0000 indoxacarb resistance, monooxygenases, esterases and glutathione S-transferae\u0000 may be involved in the resistance mechanisms","PeriodicalId":7136,"journal":{"name":"Acta Phytopathologica Et Entomologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44036670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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