Pub Date : 2002-08-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800406.X
M. Dubbelman, H. Weeber, R. V. D. van der Heijde, H. Völker‐Dieben
PURPOSE To obtain the shape of the posterior corneal surface in a healthy population, using Scheimpflug photography corrected for distortion due to the geometry of the Scheimpflug imaging system and the refraction of the anterior corneal surface. METHODS The posterior corneas of 83 subjects, ranging in age from 16 to 62 years, were measured in the vertical meridian using corrected Scheimpflug photography. The aspherical shape of the anterior Corneal surface was also determined in conjunction with the correction of Scheimpflug images. RESULTS The average radius of the anterior corneal surface was 7.87 +/- 0.27 mm (SD), while the average radius of the posterior corneal surface was 6.40 +/- 0.28 mm (SD). The ratio between the posterior and the anterior radius of curvature was 0.81 +/- 0.02. The asphericity of the anterior and the posterior corneal surfaces was 0.82 +/- 0.18 and 0.62 +/- 0.27, respectively. The asphericity of the posterior corneal surface decreased significantly with age. The posterior/anterior asphericity ratio is also dependent on age and was 0.98 +/- 0.17 at 16 years of age and 0.53 +/- 0.30 at 62 years of age. CONCLUSION Corrected Scheimpflug photography is an appropriate technique for measuring the radius and asphericity of the posterior corneal surface. The asphericity of the posterior corneal surface changes with age.
目的:利用Scheimpflug摄影校正由于Scheimpflug成像系统的几何形状和前角膜表面折射引起的畸变，获得健康人群后角膜表面的形状。方法对年龄16 ~ 62岁的83例患者，采用校正后的Scheimpflug摄影法，在垂直经络处测量后角膜。前角膜表面的非球形形状也与Scheimpflug图像的校正一起确定。结果角膜前表面平均半径为7.87±0.27 mm (SD)，角膜后表面平均半径为6.40±0.28 mm (SD)。前后曲率半径之比为0.81 +/- 0.02。前、后角膜表面非球形度分别为0.82 +/- 0.18和0.62 +/- 0.27。角膜后表面的非球形度随年龄的增长而明显减小。后/前非球形比也与年龄有关，16岁时为0.98 +/- 0.17,62岁时为0.53 +/- 0.30。结论经校正的Scheimpflug摄影术是测量角膜后表面半径和非球度的一种较好的方法。角膜后表面的非球形随年龄变化。
{"title":"Radius and asphericity of the posterior corneal surface determined by corrected Scheimpflug photography.","authors":"M. Dubbelman, H. Weeber, R. V. D. van der Heijde, H. Völker‐Dieben","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800406.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800406.X","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE\u0000To obtain the shape of the posterior corneal surface in a healthy population, using Scheimpflug photography corrected for distortion due to the geometry of the Scheimpflug imaging system and the refraction of the anterior corneal surface.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000The posterior corneas of 83 subjects, ranging in age from 16 to 62 years, were measured in the vertical meridian using corrected Scheimpflug photography. The aspherical shape of the anterior Corneal surface was also determined in conjunction with the correction of Scheimpflug images.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The average radius of the anterior corneal surface was 7.87 +/- 0.27 mm (SD), while the average radius of the posterior corneal surface was 6.40 +/- 0.28 mm (SD). The ratio between the posterior and the anterior radius of curvature was 0.81 +/- 0.02. The asphericity of the anterior and the posterior corneal surfaces was 0.82 +/- 0.18 and 0.62 +/- 0.27, respectively. The asphericity of the posterior corneal surface decreased significantly with age. The posterior/anterior asphericity ratio is also dependent on age and was 0.98 +/- 0.17 at 16 years of age and 0.53 +/- 0.30 at 62 years of age.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Corrected Scheimpflug photography is an appropriate technique for measuring the radius and asphericity of the posterior corneal surface. The asphericity of the posterior corneal surface changes with age.","PeriodicalId":7152,"journal":{"name":"Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86632255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800409.X
U. Celiker, N. Ilhan, I. Ozercan, T. Demir, H. Celiker
PURPOSE To investigate the role of octreotide on retinal lipid peroxidation and histopathological changes during ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R). METHODS Three groups of seven pigmented guinea pigs each were formed. These represented a control group, an ischaemia group and an ischaemia/octreotide group. One eye of each animal was selected for histopathological evaluation and the other for biochemical assay. Bilateral pressure-induced retinal ischaemia was instigated for 90 min and was followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Animals in the ischaemia/octreotide and ischaemia groups received either 10 micro g/kg of octreotide or saline, repeated five times at 6-hourly intervals, with the first dose administered 15 min prior to the ischaemic insult. Retinal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the thickness of the retinal layers were measured. These were compared with equivalent measurements of the control group. RESULTS The mean MDA level increased in the ischaemia group (p < 0.01) but not in the octreotide group (p > 0.05). Significant increases in the thickness of the overall retina (p < 0.01), inner retina (p < 0.05) ganglion cell layer (p < 0.01) inner plexiform layer (p < 0.01) and inner nuclear layer (p < 0.01) were observed in the ischaemia group. No significant difference in thickness was found in any of the layers in the ischaemia/octreotide group. CONCLUSION Octreotide reduces the increases in retinal MDA levels and retinal thickness observed during I/R.
{"title":"Octreotide reduces ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the retina.","authors":"U. Celiker, N. Ilhan, I. Ozercan, T. Demir, H. Celiker","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800409.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800409.X","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE\u0000To investigate the role of octreotide on retinal lipid peroxidation and histopathological changes during ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R).\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Three groups of seven pigmented guinea pigs each were formed. These represented a control group, an ischaemia group and an ischaemia/octreotide group. One eye of each animal was selected for histopathological evaluation and the other for biochemical assay. Bilateral pressure-induced retinal ischaemia was instigated for 90 min and was followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Animals in the ischaemia/octreotide and ischaemia groups received either 10 micro g/kg of octreotide or saline, repeated five times at 6-hourly intervals, with the first dose administered 15 min prior to the ischaemic insult. Retinal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and the thickness of the retinal layers were measured. These were compared with equivalent measurements of the control group.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The mean MDA level increased in the ischaemia group (p < 0.01) but not in the octreotide group (p > 0.05). Significant increases in the thickness of the overall retina (p < 0.01), inner retina (p < 0.05) ganglion cell layer (p < 0.01) inner plexiform layer (p < 0.01) and inner nuclear layer (p < 0.01) were observed in the ischaemia group. No significant difference in thickness was found in any of the layers in the ischaemia/octreotide group.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Octreotide reduces the increases in retinal MDA levels and retinal thickness observed during I/R.","PeriodicalId":7152,"journal":{"name":"Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89888112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800411.X
B. Friström
Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness in the world, and it is important that screening tests as well as treatment possibilities are improved continuously. A reliable but more rapid ...
青光眼是世界上最常见的致盲原因之一，重要的是要不断改进筛查试验和治疗方法。一个可靠但更迅速的…
{"title":"Aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma","authors":"B. Friström","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800411.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800411.X","url":null,"abstract":"Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness in the world, and it is important that screening tests as well as treatment possibilities are improved continuously. A reliable but more rapid ...","PeriodicalId":7152,"journal":{"name":"Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75296755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800402.X
A. Tarkkanen
{"title":"Giant cell arteritis and the ophthalmologist.","authors":"A. Tarkkanen","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800402.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800402.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7152,"journal":{"name":"Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85451068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-08-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800404.X
E.L.M. Snellen, A.L.M. Verbeek, G.W.P. Van Den Hoogen, J.R.M. Cruysberg, C. Hoyng
PURPOSE Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that low antioxidant intake may be associated with the occurrence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS We investigated this hypothesis further with a case-control study involving 72 case and 66 control patients attending the Ophthalmology Department of the University Hospital in Nijmegen. Data were collected by interview on antioxidant intake (i.e. in fruit and vegetables), cigarette smoking, sunlight exposure and familial predisposition. Antioxidant intake was calculated according to the method described in the Framingham Eye Study. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The prevalence rate of AMD in patients with low antioxidant intake and low lutein intake (dichotomized at the median value) was about twice as high as that in patients with high intake: OR = 1.7, 95% CI (0.8-3.7), and OR = 2.4, 95% CI (1.1-5.1). Further specification of intake data into quartiles of antioxidant intake and lutein/zeaxanthine intake showed a clear dose-response relationship. CONCLUSION The effect of dietary antioxidants upon macular health warrants preventive studies.
目的:实验和流行病学研究表明，低抗氧化剂摄入量可能与新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)的发生有关。方法采用奈梅亨大学医院眼科72例患者和66例对照患者的病例对照研究，进一步验证这一假设。通过访谈收集抗氧化剂摄入量(即水果和蔬菜)、吸烟、阳光照射和家族易感性方面的数据。根据弗雷明汉眼科研究中描述的方法计算抗氧化剂的摄入量。采用Logistic回归分析估计优势比(OR)和95%置信区间(CI)。结果低抗氧化剂摄入和低叶黄素摄入的患者(按中位数二分法)AMD患病率约为高摄入患者的两倍:OR = 1.7, 95% CI (0.8 ~ 3.7)， OR = 2.4, 95% CI(1.1 ~ 5.1)。进一步将摄入数据细化为抗氧化剂摄入量和叶黄素/玉米黄质摄入量的四分位数，显示出明确的剂量-反应关系。结论膳食抗氧化剂对黄斑健康的影响值得进行预防性研究。
{"title":"Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake.","authors":"E.L.M. Snellen, A.L.M. Verbeek, G.W.P. Van Den Hoogen, J.R.M. Cruysberg, C. Hoyng","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800404.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800404.X","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE\u0000Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that low antioxidant intake may be associated with the occurrence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000We investigated this hypothesis further with a case-control study involving 72 case and 66 control patients attending the Ophthalmology Department of the University Hospital in Nijmegen. Data were collected by interview on antioxidant intake (i.e. in fruit and vegetables), cigarette smoking, sunlight exposure and familial predisposition. Antioxidant intake was calculated according to the method described in the Framingham Eye Study. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The prevalence rate of AMD in patients with low antioxidant intake and low lutein intake (dichotomized at the median value) was about twice as high as that in patients with high intake: OR = 1.7, 95% CI (0.8-3.7), and OR = 2.4, 95% CI (1.1-5.1). Further specification of intake data into quartiles of antioxidant intake and lutein/zeaxanthine intake showed a clear dose-response relationship.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000The effect of dietary antioxidants upon macular health warrants preventive studies.","PeriodicalId":7152,"journal":{"name":"Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75437266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-04-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800203.X
L. Cordain, S. B. Eaton, Jennie Brand Miller, Staffan Lindeberg, Clark Jensen
The available evidence suggests that both genes and environment play a crucial role in the development of juvenile-onset myopia. When the human visual system is examined from an evolutionary perspective, it becomes apparent that humans, living in the original environmental niche for which our species is genetically adapted (as hunter-gatherers), are either slightly hypermetropic or emmetropic and rarely develop myopia. Myopia occurs when novel environmental conditions associated with modern civilization are introduced into the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The excessive near work of reading is most frequently cited as the main environmental stressor underlying the development of myopia. In this review we point out how a previously unrecognized diet-related malady (chronic hyperinsulinaemia) may play a key role in the pathogenesis of juvenile-onset myopia because of its interaction with hormonal regulation of vitreal chamber growth.
{"title":"An evolutionary analysis of the aetiology and pathogenesis of juvenile-onset myopia.","authors":"L. Cordain, S. B. Eaton, Jennie Brand Miller, Staffan Lindeberg, Clark Jensen","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800203.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800203.X","url":null,"abstract":"The available evidence suggests that both genes and environment play a crucial role in the development of juvenile-onset myopia. When the human visual system is examined from an evolutionary perspective, it becomes apparent that humans, living in the original environmental niche for which our species is genetically adapted (as hunter-gatherers), are either slightly hypermetropic or emmetropic and rarely develop myopia. Myopia occurs when novel environmental conditions associated with modern civilization are introduced into the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The excessive near work of reading is most frequently cited as the main environmental stressor underlying the development of myopia. In this review we point out how a previously unrecognized diet-related malady (chronic hyperinsulinaemia) may play a key role in the pathogenesis of juvenile-onset myopia because of its interaction with hormonal regulation of vitreal chamber growth.","PeriodicalId":7152,"journal":{"name":"Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81494403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-04-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800205.X
T. Loftsson, E. Stefánsson
Cyclodextrins are cylindrical oligosaccharides with a lipophilic central cavity and hydrophilic outer surface. They can form water-soluble complexes with lipophilic drugs, which 'hide' in the cavity. Cyclodextrins can be used to form aqueous eye drop solutions with lipophilic drugs, such as steroids and some carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The cyclodextrins increase the water solubility of the drug, enhance drug absorption into the eye, improve aqueous stability and reduce local irritation. Cyclodextrins are useful excipients in eye drop formulations of various drugs, including steroids of any kind, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, pilocarpine, cyclosporins, etc. Their use in ophthalmology has already begun and is likely to expand the selection of drugs available as eye drops. In this paper we review the properties of cyclodextrins and their application in eye drop formulations, of which their use in the formulation of dexamethasone eye drops is an example. Cyclodextrins have been used to formulate eye drops containing corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, with levels of concentration and ocular absorption which, according to human and animal studies, are many times those seen with presently available formulations. Cyclodextrin-based dexamethasone eye drops are well tolerated in the eye and seem to provide a higher degree of bioavailability and clinical efficiency than the steroid eye drop formulations presently available. Such formulations offer the possibility of once per day application of corticosteroid eye drops after eye surgery, and more intensive topical steroid treatment in severe inflammation. While cyclodextrins have been known for more than a century, their use in ophthalmology is just starting. Cyclodextrins are useful excipients in eye drop formulations for a variety of lipophilic drugs. They will facilitate eye drop formulations for drugs that otherwise might not be available for topical use, while improving absorption and stability and decreasing local irritation.
{"title":"Cyclodextrins in eye drop formulations: enhanced topical delivery of corticosteroids to the eye.","authors":"T. Loftsson, E. Stefánsson","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800205.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800205.X","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclodextrins are cylindrical oligosaccharides with a lipophilic central cavity and hydrophilic outer surface. They can form water-soluble complexes with lipophilic drugs, which 'hide' in the cavity. Cyclodextrins can be used to form aqueous eye drop solutions with lipophilic drugs, such as steroids and some carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The cyclodextrins increase the water solubility of the drug, enhance drug absorption into the eye, improve aqueous stability and reduce local irritation. Cyclodextrins are useful excipients in eye drop formulations of various drugs, including steroids of any kind, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, pilocarpine, cyclosporins, etc. Their use in ophthalmology has already begun and is likely to expand the selection of drugs available as eye drops. In this paper we review the properties of cyclodextrins and their application in eye drop formulations, of which their use in the formulation of dexamethasone eye drops is an example. Cyclodextrins have been used to formulate eye drops containing corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, with levels of concentration and ocular absorption which, according to human and animal studies, are many times those seen with presently available formulations. Cyclodextrin-based dexamethasone eye drops are well tolerated in the eye and seem to provide a higher degree of bioavailability and clinical efficiency than the steroid eye drop formulations presently available. Such formulations offer the possibility of once per day application of corticosteroid eye drops after eye surgery, and more intensive topical steroid treatment in severe inflammation. While cyclodextrins have been known for more than a century, their use in ophthalmology is just starting. Cyclodextrins are useful excipients in eye drop formulations for a variety of lipophilic drugs. They will facilitate eye drop formulations for drugs that otherwise might not be available for topical use, while improving absorption and stability and decreasing local irritation.","PeriodicalId":7152,"journal":{"name":"Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75827557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-04-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800206.X
A. Tarkkanen, T. Kivelä
John G. Lindberg, a young Finnish ophthalmology resident, started a research project in 1914 aiming at an academic dissertation. His plan was to elucidate Axenfeld's observations on iris changes in senile eyes. Axenfeld had described two types of degeneration of the iris: a hyaline degeneration of the iris pupillary zone causing poor pupillary dilatation with mydriatics and an atrophy of the iris pigment epithelium at the pupillary border. For his research Lindberg had to construct a slit-lamp biomicroscope by studying Gullstrand's monograph on the matter; slit-lamp biomicroscopes were not commercially available at that time. A Sach's lamp was used for transillumination of the iris. While conducting his research Lindberg paid attention to greyish flakes and fringes at the pupillary border. He also noted how this strange material formed a membrane on the anterior lens surface. Documentation was made by skillful hand drawings. The new phenomenon was found to be as common in cataract patients as in non-cataractous controls older than 55 years. The phenomenon was observed in 50% of glaucoma patients. Age was the decisive factor; the phenomenon was more prevalent with advancing age. Lindberg published his results as a thesis at the University of Helsinki in 1917. When attending a Nordic Congress of Ophthalmology in 1921, Lindberg met Norwegian ophthalmologist, Birger Malling, and gave him his thesis and explained the new findings. In 1920-21 Lindberg worked at Axenfeld's clinic in Freiburg, Germany. During this period he met in Basel, Switzerland, a Swiss ophthalmologist, Alfred Vogt. He told Vogt about his research and provided him with copies of his thesis. Both Malling and Vogt published papers on exfoliation in 1923 without referring to Lindberg's work. Lindberg did not, however, interfere with these papers. Thus Lindberg was forgotten by his contemporaries as a scientist. However, his main conclusions on exfoliation are still valid today. The life of this remarkable ophthalmologist is described in the present paper.
年轻的芬兰眼科住院医生约翰·g·林德伯格(John G. Lindberg)在1914年开始了一项研究项目，目的是写一篇学术论文。他的计划是阐明阿森菲尔德对老年眼睛虹膜变化的观察。Axenfeld描述了两种类型的虹膜变性:虹膜瞳孔区透明变性导致瞳孔扩张不良伴瞳孔散瞳，以及虹膜瞳孔边界色素上皮萎缩。为了他的研究，Lindberg必须通过研究Gullstrand关于这个问题的专著来构建一个裂隙灯生物显微镜;当时，裂隙灯生物显微镜还没有商业化。用萨氏灯透视虹膜。在进行他的研究时，林德伯格注意到了瞳孔边缘的灰色薄片和条纹。他还注意到这种奇怪的物质是如何在前晶状体表面形成膜的。文件是由熟练的手绘出来的。这种新现象在55岁以上的白内障患者和非白内障对照组中同样普遍。50%的青光眼患者有此现象。年龄是决定性因素;随着年龄的增长，这种现象更为普遍。林德伯格于1917年在赫尔辛基大学发表了他的论文。在1921年参加北欧眼科大会时，Lindberg遇到了挪威眼科医生Birger Malling，并将他的论文交给了他，并解释了他的新发现。1920年至1921年，林德伯格在德国弗莱堡的阿森菲尔德诊所工作。在此期间，他在瑞士巴塞尔遇到了瑞士眼科医生阿尔弗雷德·沃格特。他把自己的研究告诉了沃格特，并给他提供了论文的副本。莫林和沃格特都在1923年发表了关于去角质的论文，但没有提及林德伯格的工作。然而，林德伯格并没有干涉这些论文。因此，林德伯格作为一名科学家被他的同时代人所遗忘。然而，他关于去角质的主要结论今天仍然有效。本文描述了这位杰出的眼科医生的生活。
{"title":"John G. Lindberg and the discovery of exfoliation syndrome.","authors":"A. Tarkkanen, T. Kivelä","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800206.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800206.X","url":null,"abstract":"John G. Lindberg, a young Finnish ophthalmology resident, started a research project in 1914 aiming at an academic dissertation. His plan was to elucidate Axenfeld's observations on iris changes in senile eyes. Axenfeld had described two types of degeneration of the iris: a hyaline degeneration of the iris pupillary zone causing poor pupillary dilatation with mydriatics and an atrophy of the iris pigment epithelium at the pupillary border. For his research Lindberg had to construct a slit-lamp biomicroscope by studying Gullstrand's monograph on the matter; slit-lamp biomicroscopes were not commercially available at that time. A Sach's lamp was used for transillumination of the iris. While conducting his research Lindberg paid attention to greyish flakes and fringes at the pupillary border. He also noted how this strange material formed a membrane on the anterior lens surface. Documentation was made by skillful hand drawings. The new phenomenon was found to be as common in cataract patients as in non-cataractous controls older than 55 years. The phenomenon was observed in 50% of glaucoma patients. Age was the decisive factor; the phenomenon was more prevalent with advancing age. Lindberg published his results as a thesis at the University of Helsinki in 1917. When attending a Nordic Congress of Ophthalmology in 1921, Lindberg met Norwegian ophthalmologist, Birger Malling, and gave him his thesis and explained the new findings. In 1920-21 Lindberg worked at Axenfeld's clinic in Freiburg, Germany. During this period he met in Basel, Switzerland, a Swiss ophthalmologist, Alfred Vogt. He told Vogt about his research and provided him with copies of his thesis. Both Malling and Vogt published papers on exfoliation in 1923 without referring to Lindberg's work. Lindberg did not, however, interfere with these papers. Thus Lindberg was forgotten by his contemporaries as a scientist. However, his main conclusions on exfoliation are still valid today. The life of this remarkable ophthalmologist is described in the present paper.","PeriodicalId":7152,"journal":{"name":"Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79949373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-04-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800204.X
P. Algvere, S. Seregard
A considerable amount of new information on putative pathogenetic mechanisms in age-related maculopathy and degeneration has emerged in recent years. This comprises experimental studies on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and rod photoreceptor ageing, lipofuscin accumulation, the roles of oxidative stress and free radical formation, as well as antioxidants and other defensive mechanisms operating against environmental factors and ageing. The current application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using verteporfin marks a new era in the treatment of subfoveal classical choroidal neovascularization. Several new treatment modalities, such as transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents for inhibition of neovascularization, have emerged and are undergoing multicentre clinical trials. A period of dynamic development in this field has commenced.
{"title":"Age-related maculopathy: pathogenetic features and new treatment modalities.","authors":"P. Algvere, S. Seregard","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800204.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0420.2002.800204.X","url":null,"abstract":"A considerable amount of new information on putative pathogenetic mechanisms in age-related maculopathy and degeneration has emerged in recent years. This comprises experimental studies on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and rod photoreceptor ageing, lipofuscin accumulation, the roles of oxidative stress and free radical formation, as well as antioxidants and other defensive mechanisms operating against environmental factors and ageing. The current application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using verteporfin marks a new era in the treatment of subfoveal classical choroidal neovascularization. Several new treatment modalities, such as transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents for inhibition of neovascularization, have emerged and are undergoing multicentre clinical trials. A period of dynamic development in this field has commenced.","PeriodicalId":7152,"journal":{"name":"Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80129562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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